ʻO nā mea nānā a me ka nānā ʻana
He mea hoʻohana ʻia ka scanner no ka heluhelu mau ʻana: he kiʻi, barcode a i ʻole magnetic code, nā nalu lekiō, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o kahi ʻano uila (maʻamau maʻamau). Hoʻopili ka scanner i nā kahawai o ka ʻike, heluhelu a hoʻopaʻa inoa paha iā lākou.
Nā 40 ʻO ka mea hana mua i hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo ka progenitor o ka fax/scanner i hoʻomohala ʻia i ka makahiki XNUMX e kahi mea hoʻokumu Scottish. Aleksandra Akāka mea i ike mua ia mea haku o ka uaki uila mua.
Ma ka lā 27 o Mei, 1843, ua loaʻa iā Bain kahi palapala palapala Pelekane (No. 9745) no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana. kekaha uila ʻO Odraz hoʻomaikaʻi manawa, NS sila uila a, a laila hana i kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kekahi patent i hoʻopuka ʻia i ka makahiki 1845.
I loko o kāna wehewehe patent, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Bain e hiki ke kope ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e pili ana i nā mea conductive a me nā mea hana ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopuka kāna mīkini i nā kiʻi maikaʻi ʻole a maikaʻi ʻole ke hoʻohana, ʻo ka mea nui no ka mea ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia ka transmitter a me ka mea hoʻokipa. Manaʻo Bain fax Ua hoʻomaikaʻi iki ʻia i ka makahiki 1848 e kekahi physicist Pelekane Frederica Bakewellakā, ua hoʻopuka pū ka mea Bakewell (1) i nā kope maikaʻi ʻole.
1861 ʻO ka mīkini fax electromechanical hana mua i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kālepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "kāʻei kapu'(2) ua hana ʻia e kahi physicist Italia Giovannigo Casellego. I nā makahiki XNUMX, ʻo ka pantelegraph he mea ia no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā kikokikona kākau lima, nā kaha kiʻi a me nā pūlima ma luna o nā laina telegraph. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hana hōʻoia hōʻoia i nā kālepa panakō.
He mīkini i hana ʻia me ka hao hoʻolei a ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, no mākou i kēia lā he palaka, akā ʻoi loa pono i ka manawaUa hana ʻo ia ma ke kākau ʻana i ka mea hoʻouna i ka leka ma ka pepa tin me ka inika non-conductive. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻāpana i kahi pā metala curved. Ua nānā ka peni a ka mea hoʻouna i ka palapala kumu, ma muli o kona mau laina like (ʻekolu laina no ka millimeter).
Ua hoʻouna ʻia nā hōʻailona ma ke telegarapa i ke kikowaena, kahi i hōʻailona ʻia ai ka memo me ka inika polū Prussian, i loaʻa ma muli o ka hopena kemika, ʻoiai ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka pepa i loko o ka mea hoʻokipa me ka potassium ferrocyanide. No ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nānā like ʻana o nā nila ʻelua i ka wikiwiki like, ua hoʻohana nā mea hoʻolālā i ʻelua mau uaki pololei loa e hoʻokele ai i kahi pendulum, a ua hoʻopili ʻia i nā mea hana a me nā kāʻei e hoʻomalu i ka neʻe ʻana o nā nila.
1913 kū aʻe belinographʻo wai ka mea hiki ke ʻimi i nā kiʻi me kahi paʻi kiʻi. Manaʻo Eduard Belin (3) ʻae ʻia ka hoʻouna ʻana ma nā laina kelepona a lilo i kumu ʻenehana no ka lawelawe ʻo AT&T Wirephoto. Belinograph ʻae kēia i nā kiʻi e hoʻouna ʻia i nā wahi mamao ma luna o ke kelepona a me nā pūnaewele kelepona.
I ka makahiki 1921, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia nā kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana nā hawewe lekiō. I ka hihia o kahi belinograph, hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea uila e ana i ka ikaika o ka mālamalama. Hoʻouna ʻia nā pae māmā māmā i ka mea hoʻokipakahi e hiki ai i ke kumu kukui ke hana hou i ka ikaika i ana ʻia e ka mea hoʻouna ma ke paʻi ʻana ma ka pepa kiʻi. Hoʻohana nā mea kope kope i kēia manawa i kahi loina like loa e hopu ʻia ai ka mālamalama e nā mea ʻike kamepiula a hoʻokumu ʻia ka paʻi ma luna. ʻenehana laser.
3. ʻO Eduard Belin me kahi kanaka hoʻopaʻa kiʻi
1914 Mole ʻenehana ʻike ʻike maka (optic character recognition), hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā kikokikona holoʻokoʻa i loko o kahi faila kiʻi, palapala bitmap, ka lā mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua. A laila kēia Emanuel Goldberg i Edmund Fournier d'Albe hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa i nā polokalamu OCR mua.
ʻO Goldberg hana i ka mīkini hiki ke heluhelu i nā huaʻōlelo a hoʻololi iā lākou i loko code telegraph. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻo d'Albe i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka optophone. He mīkini paʻi paʻi hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka kikokikona i paʻi ʻia e hana i nā leo ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa, pili kēlā me kēia me kahi ʻano a i ʻole leka. ʻO ke ʻano OCR, ʻoiai ua hoʻomohala ʻia i nā makahiki he mau makahiki, hana like ia me nā mea hana mua.
1924 Richard H. Kaulana mea hana hou kiʻi kiʻi uila uila (4). Hoʻohana ʻo ia e hoʻouna i ke kiʻi o ka pelekikena ʻO Calvin Coolidge mai Nu Ioka a Lākana i ka makahiki 1924, ke kiʻi mua i hoʻouna ʻia ma ka lekiō. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hana a Ranger ma ke kālepa ʻana i ka makahiki 1926 a ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei e hoʻouna i nā palapala ʻāina a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe.
4. Ka hana hou ʻana o ka photoroentgenogram mua na Richard H. Ranger.
1950 Hoʻolālā ʻia e Benedict Cassin mea hoʻopaʻa haʻi pololei ma mua o ka hoʻomohala holomua ʻana o ka mea ʻike scintillation kuhikuhi. I ka makahiki 1950, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Cassin i ka ʻōnaehana scanning automated mua, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻenekini-driven scintillation detector pili i ka mīkini paʻi relay.
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia scanner e ʻike i ka thyroid gland ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka iodine radioactive. I ka makahiki 1956, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Kuhl a me kāna mau hoa hana i kahi scanner Cassin i hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻike a me ka hoʻonā. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā radiopharmaceuticals kikoʻī kikoʻī, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia kahi ʻano pāʻoihana o kēia ʻōnaehana mai ka hopena o 50s a i ka 70s mua e nānā i nā kino nui o ke kino.
1957 kū aʻe pahu pahu, ka mea mua i hana ʻia e hana me ka lolouila e hana i ka nānā ʻana kikohoʻe. Ua kūkulu ʻia ma ka US National Bureau of Standards e kahi hui i alakaʻi ʻia e Russell A. Kirsch, ʻoiai e hana ana ma ka kamepiula mua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o ʻAmelika (i mālama ʻia i loko o ka hoʻomanaʻo), ka Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC), i ʻae i ka hui o Kirsch e hoʻokolohua me nā algorithms i hoʻomaka i ka hoʻoili kiʻi a me ka ʻike kumu.
ʻO Russell lāua ʻo Kirshovi ua hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi lolouila no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā loina ʻike ʻano he nui i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokō ʻia i ka lako. Pono kēia i kahi mea hoʻokomo i hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kiʻi i ke ʻano kūpono. hale kūʻai ma ka hoʻomanaʻo kamepiula. No laila ua hānau ʻia ka mīkini kikohoʻe.
CEAC Scanner hoʻohana i ka pahu kaʻa a me ka photomultiplier e ʻike i nā noʻonoʻo mai kahi kiʻi liʻiliʻi i kau ʻia ma ka pahu. ʻO ka mask i hoʻonoho ʻia ma waena o ke kiʻi a me ka photomultiplier ua tessellated, i.e. hoʻokaʻawale i ke kiʻi i kahi mākia polygonal. ʻO ke kiʻi mua i nānā ʻia ma ka scanner he kiʻi 5x5 cm o ke keiki kāne ʻekolu mahina a Kirsch, ʻo Walden (5). ʻO ke kiʻi ʻeleʻele a me ke keʻokeʻo he 176 pixels i kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao.
60s-90s Ke kenekulia iwakālua ʻO ka ʻenehana nānā 3D mua ua hana ʻia i nā makahiki 60 o ke kenekulia i hala. Ua hoʻohana nā mea ʻimi mua i nā kukui, nā kamera, a me nā projectors. Ma muli o ka palena ʻana o ka ʻenehana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka manawa a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā mea. Ma hope o 1985, ua hoʻololi ʻia lākou e nā scanners e hiki ke hoʻohana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo, nā lasers, a me ka pale e hopu ai i kahi i hāʻawi ʻia. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka laser waena waena (TLS) i hoʻomohala ʻia mai nā noi i ka lewa a me nā polokalamu pale.
ʻO ke kumu nui o ke kālā no kēia mau papahana ʻokiʻoki mai nā keʻena aupuni o ʻAmelika e like me ka Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Ua hoʻomau kēia a hiki i ka makahiki 90, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka ʻenehana he mea waiwai nui no nā noi ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana. Breakthrough i ka wā e pili ana i ka hoʻokō pāʻoihana 3D laser scanning (6) ʻo ia ka puka ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana TLS e pili ana i ka triangulation. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hāmeʻa kipi e Xin Chen no Mensi, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1987 e Auguste D'Aligny a me Michel Paramitioti.
5. ʻO ke kiʻi mua i nānā ʻia e ka SEAC scanner
6. Ka ʻike ʻana i ka laser scanning ground-based TLS
1963 ʻO Kelemānia mea hoʻokumu ʻO Rudolf Hell hōʻike i kahi hana hou hou, chromograph, i wehewehe ʻia i loko o nā haʻawina ʻo "ka scanner mua i ka mōʻaukala" (ʻoiai e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ʻoihana kūʻai mua o kāna ʻano i ka ʻoihana paʻi). I ka makahiki 1965 ua hana ʻo ia i ka pahu ʻōnaehana kikokiko uila mua me ka hoʻomanaʻo kikohoʻe (puke kamepiula) hoʻololi i ka ʻoihana paʻi a puni ka honua.. I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka "digital compositor" mua - Digiset. ʻO Rudolf Hella's DC 300 kālepa kālepa mai ka makahiki 1971 ua hoʻohanohano ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻea i ka honua.
7. Ka mea nāna i hana i ka mīkini heluhelu Kurzweil.
1974 ke kumu Nā mea hana OCRe like me kā mākou i ʻike ai i kēia lā. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia manawa Kurzweil Computer Products, Inc. Ma hope mai i kapa ʻia ʻo ia he futurist a hoʻolaha i ka "technological singularity", ua hana ʻo ia i kahi noi kipi o ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona a me nā hōʻailona. ʻO kona manaʻo ke kūkulu ʻana i mīkini heluhelu no ka poʻe makapō, ka mea e hiki ai i ka poe makamaka ke heluhelu puke ma o ka lolouila.
Ua hana ʻo Ray Kurzweil a me kāna hui ʻO ka mīkini heluhelu a Kurzweil (Xnumx) a Omni-Font OCR Technology Software. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia polokalamu no ka ʻike ʻana i ke kikokikona ma kahi mea i nānā ʻia a hoʻololi iā ia i ʻikepili ma ke ʻano kikokikona. ʻO kāna mau hana i alakaʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻenehana ma hope a he mea nui loa. Ma ka olelo ana huaʻōlelo synthesizer i papa ʻimi paʻa.
ʻO Kurzweil flatbed scanner mai nā makahiki 70. ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 64 kilobytes o ka hoʻomanaʻo. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nā ʻenekinia i ka hoʻonā a me ka mana hoʻomanaʻo o ka scanner, e ʻae ana i kēia mau mea hana e hopu i nā kiʻi a hiki i 9600 dpi. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi optical, ke kikokikona, palapala lima lima a i ʻole nā mea a me ka hoʻololi ʻana iā lākou i kiʻi kikohoʻe i loaʻa nui i nā makahiki 90.
I ke kenekulia 5400, ua lilo nā mīkini paʻi paʻa i mea maʻalahi a hilinaʻi hoʻi, ma mua no nā keʻena a ma hope no nā hale (i hui pinepine ʻia me nā mīkini fax, kope, a me nā mea paʻi). Kapa ʻia ia i kekahi manawa he reflective scanning. Hana ia ma ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i ka mea i nānā ʻia me ke kukui keʻokeʻo a me ka heluhelu ʻana i ka ikaika a me ke kala o ke kukui i ʻike ʻia mai ia mea. Hoʻolālā ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i nā paʻi a i ʻole nā mea paʻa paʻa ʻē aʻe, loaʻa iā lākou kahi luna hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokipa maʻalahi i nā puke nui, nā makasina, a me nā mea hou aku. .
1994 Ke hoʻomaka nei ʻo 3D Scanners i kahi hopena i kapa ʻia KA KAKAIKAU. Ua hiki i kēia ʻōnaehana ke nānā wikiwiki a pololei i nā mea me ka mālama ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā kikoʻī. ʻElua makahiki ma hope mai, hāʻawi ka hui like ʻenehana ModelMaker (8), i kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻenehana pololei mua e "hopu i nā mea XNUMXD maoli".
2013 Hoʻohui ʻo Apple ʻO nā mīkini paʻi manamana lima paʻi ID (9) no nā smartphones āna i hana ai. Hoʻohui nui ʻia ka ʻōnaehana me nā polokalamu iOS, e ʻae ana i nā mea hoʻohana e wehe i ka hāmeʻa, a me ke kūʻai ʻana mai nā hale kūʻai kiʻi Apple like ʻole (iTunes Store, App Store, iBookstore) a hōʻoia i nā uku Apple Pay. I ka makahiki 2016, komo ka kāmeʻa Samsung Galaxy Note 7 i ka mākeke, ʻaʻole i hoʻolako wale ʻia me kahi mīkini manamana lima, akā pū kekahi me ka iris scanner.
8. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona scanner ModelMaker 3D
9. Paʻi ID Scanner ma iPhone
Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka scanner
He mea hoʻohana ʻia ka scanner no ka heluhelu mau ʻana: he kiʻi, barcode a i ʻole magnetic code, nā nalu lekiō, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o kahi ʻano uila (maʻamau maʻamau). Hoʻopili ka scanner i nā kahawai o ka ʻike, heluhelu a hoʻopaʻa inoa paha iā lākou.
No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea heluhelu maʻamau, akā he mea heluhelu i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu (no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole kiʻi kahi kiʻi kiʻi i ke kiʻi holoʻokoʻa i ka manawa hoʻokahi e like me ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, akā ke kākau nei i nā laina holomua o ke kiʻi - no laila ua heluhelu ka scanner. ke neʻe nei ke poʻo, a i ʻole ke nānā ʻia ka mea ma lalo).
mākaʻikaʻi maka
ʻO ka ʻike maka ma nā kamepiula he mea hoʻokomo ʻaoʻao e hoʻololi i ke kiʻi paʻa o kahi mea maoli (e laʻana, he lau, ka ʻili o ka honua, ka retina kanaka) i ke ʻano kikohoʻe no ka hana kamepiula hou. ʻO ka faila kamepiula i loaʻa mai ka nānā ʻana i kahi kiʻi i kapa ʻia he scan. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mīkini ʻimi no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kiʻi (DTP), ka ʻike lima lima, ka palekana a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele, ka mālama ʻana i nā palapala a me nā puke kahiko, ʻepekema a me ka noiʻi olakino, etc.
ʻO nā ʻano o nā mea nānā kiʻi optical:
- mīkini paʻa lima
- papa ʻimi paʻa
- pahu pahu
- ʻimi paheʻe
- kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni
- Helu Barcode Scanner
- 3D scanner (spatial)
- ʻimi puke
- hōʻike aniani
- prism scanner
- puluniu optic scanner
ʻUme mākenēki
He poʻo ko kēia poʻe heluhelu e heluhelu ana i ka ʻike maʻamau i kākau ʻia ma ke kāʻei magnetic. Pēlā e mālama ʻia ai ka ʻike, no ka laʻana, ma ka hapa nui o nā kāleka uku.
Digital
Heluhelu ka mea heluhelu i ka ʻike i mālama ʻia ma ka hale hana ma o ka launa pū ʻana me ka ʻōnaehana ma ka hale. No laila, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻae ʻia ka mea hoʻohana kamepiula me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kāleka kikohoʻe.
Radio
Heluhelu ka mea heluhelu ma ka lekiō (RFID) i ka ʻike i mālama ʻia i loko o ka mea. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka laulā o ia mea heluhelu mai kahi liʻiliʻi a hiki i kekahi mau kenimika, ʻoiai ʻo ka poʻe heluhelu me ka laulā o nā ʻumi kenimika ke kaulana pū kekahi. Ma muli o ko lākou maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ke hoʻololi nei lākou i nā ʻōnaehana heluhelu magnetic, no ka laʻana i nā ʻōnaehana mana komo.
