Ke ʻimi nei i nā malihini ma Mars. Inā he ola, ola paha?

Loaʻa iā Mars nā mea a pau e pono ai ke ola. Hōʻike ka loiloi o nā meteorites mai Mars aia nā mea ma lalo o ka ili o ka honua e hiki ke kākoʻo i ke ola, ma ke ʻano o nā microorganisms. Ma kekahi mau wahi, noho pū kekahi microbes terrestrial i nā kūlana like.

I kēia mau lā, ua aʻo nā mea noiʻi ma Brown University hui kemika o nā meteorites martian - nā ʻāpana pōhaku i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai Mars a pau i ka honua. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana e hiki ke pili i kēia mau pōhaku me ka wai. hana i ka ikehu kemikae hiki ai i nā microorganism ke ola, e like me ka hohonu ma ka Honua.

Ua aʻo ʻia nā meteorites hiki paha iā lākou, e like me ka poʻe ʻepekema, ke lilo i hōʻike hōʻike no ka hapa nui ʻāʻī o mars'o ia ho'i, ua kūpono kekahi hapa nui o ka honua i ke ola. "ʻO nā ʻike koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi ʻepekema o nā papa ma lalo o ka ʻili ma na wahi a pau he wai honua ma Marsaia ka manawa kūpono o ke komo ʻana i lawa ikehu kemikae hoʻomau i ke ola microbial, "wahi a Jesse Tarnas, ke poʻo o ka hui noiʻi, i loko o kahi hoʻolaha.

I loko o nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia ma ka Honua he nui nā mea ola e noho hohonu ana ma lalo o ka ʻili, a nele i ke komo ʻana i ka mālamalama, e huki i ko lākou ikehu mai nā huahana o nā hopena kemika e hiki mai ana ke hoʻopili ʻia ka wai me nā pōhaku. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hopena radiolysis. Hana ʻia kēia i ka wā e hoʻokaʻawale ai nā molekole wai i ka hydrogen a me ka oxygen. Hoʻoheheʻe ka hydrogen i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wai i kēia wahi a me kekahi mau minela e like me Piro e hoʻomohu i ka oxygen e hana ai sulfur.

Hiki iā lākou ke komo i ka hydrogen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai a hoʻohana iā ia ma ke ʻano he wahie ma ka hana ʻana me ka oxygen mai nā sulfate. No ka laʻana, ma Kanada Naʻu ʻo Kidd Creek (1) Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano microbes ma kahi o ʻelua mau kilomita ka hohonu i ka wai kahi i komo ʻole ai ka lā i loko o hoʻokahi piliona makahiki.

1. ʻImi ʻo Boston Dynamics robot i ka maina

Kidd Creek

W ʻO Martian meteorite ua loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi nā mea e pono ai no ka radiolysis i nā nui e lawa ai ke ola. no laila, ua paʻa mau nā wahi o ka wā kahiko a hiki i kēia manawa.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina mua nā meheu o nā ʻōnaehana wai honua ma ka honua. Aia kekahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi e mau ana ia mau ʻōnaehana i kēia lā. Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina hou, no ka laʻana, hiki i ka loko o lalo o ka lepo ma lalo o ka hau. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻimi ʻana i lalo o ka lepo ma mua o ka ʻimi ʻana, akā, e like me nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala, ʻaʻole kēia he hana hiki ʻole iā mākou ke hoʻokō.

Nā hōʻailona kemika

I ka makahiki 1976 NASA Viking 1 (2) pae ma ka papu Chryse Planitia. Ua lilo ia i mea pae ʻāina mua i pae maikaʻi ma Mars. "Ua hiki mai nā hōʻailona mua i ka wā i loaʻa ai iā mākou nā kiʻi o ka Viking e hōʻike ana i nā kaha kālai ʻia ma ka Honua, ma muli o ka ua," wahi āna. Alexander Hayes, ka luna o ka Cornell Center no Astrophysics a me Planetary Science, ma kahi ninaninau me Inverse. “Ua lōʻihi ʻo ia ma Mars wai wainana i kalai ka ili a Ua hoopiha ia i na lua, i loko o na loko".

Vikings 1 a me 2 Ua loaʻa iā lākou nā "laboratories" astrobiological liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka moku e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau hoʻokolohua ʻimi. meheu o ke ola ma Mars. ʻO ka hoʻokolohua ʻo Tagged Ejection ka hui ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka lepo Martian me nā kulu wai i loaʻa i kahi hopena nutrient a me kekahi. Kelepona hana e aʻo i nā mea kinoea hiki ke hana nā mea ola ma Mars.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka laʻana lepo i hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o ka metabolismakā, ʻaʻole i ʻae ka poʻe ʻepekema inā he hōʻailona ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia hopena aia ke ola ma Mars, no ka mea, hiki ke hana ʻia ke kinoea e kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ke ola. Eia kekahi laʻana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoikaika i ka lepo ma ka hana ʻana i ke kinoea. ʻO kekahi hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi ʻia e ka mikiona Viking e ʻimi i nā ʻāpana o nā mea kūlohelohe a ʻaʻohe mea i loaʻa. He kanahā mau makahiki ma hope mai, mālama nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia mau hoʻokolohua mua me ka kānalua.

I Dekemaba 1984 V. Allan Hills Ua loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o Mars ma Antarctica. , ua kaumaha ma kahi o ʻehā paona a mai Mars mai paha ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana o ka wā kahiko mai ka ʻili. ʻulaʻula honua i ka honua.

I ka makahiki 1996, ua nānā kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema i loko o kahi ʻāpana meteorite a loaʻa kahi ʻike kupaianaha. I loko o ka meteorite, ʻike lākou i nā hale e like me nā mea i hiki ke hana ʻia e nā microbes (3) loaʻa maikaʻi ke alo o na mea olaola. ʻAʻole i ʻae ʻia nā ʻōlelo mua o ke ola ma Mars no ka mea ua loaʻa i nā ʻepekema nā ala ʻē aʻe e wehewehe ai i nā hale i loko o ka meteorite, me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kūlohelohe i hoʻopōʻino ʻia mai nā mea mai ka Honua.

3. Micrograph o kahi meteorite Martian

Poalua 2008 ʻuhane palaualelo ua hāʻule i kahi ʻano ʻano ʻē e puka mai ana mai ka ʻili Martian ma ka lua Gusev. Kapa ʻia ka hale ʻo "cauliflower" no kona ʻano (4). Pela ma ka Honua hana silica pili me ka hana microbial. Ua manaʻo koke kekahi poʻe ua hana ʻia lākou e ka maʻi bacteria Martian. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia lākou e nā kaʻina non-biological e like me ka ʻili makani.

Ma kahi kokoke i ʻumi makahiki ma hope, nona ka NASA Lasik Curiosity ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o ka sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus a me carbon (mea waiwai nui) i ka wā e wili ana i loko o ka pōhaku Martian. Ua loaʻa pū i ka rover nā sulfate a me nā sulfides i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i meaʻai no nā microbes ma Mars mau piliona makahiki i hala.

Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ua loaʻa paha i nā ʻano microbes ka nui o ka ikehu ʻai pōhaku martian. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā minerala i ke ʻano kemika o ka wai ma mua o ka hemo ʻana mai Mars. Wahi a Hayes, palekana ka inu ʻana o nā kānaka.

4Martian 'cauliflower' kiʻi ʻia

Rover ʻuhane

I ka makahiki 2018, ua ʻike pū ʻo Curiosity i nā hōʻike hou aʻe ka noho ana o ka methane ma ka lewa Martian. Ua hōʻoia kēia i ka nānā mua ʻana i ka nui o ka methane e nā orbiter a me nā rovers. Ma ka Honua, ua manaʻo ʻia ka methane he biosignature a me ka hōʻailona o ke ola. ʻAʻole lōʻihi ka methane kinoea ma hope o ka hana ʻana.ka wāwahi ʻana i nā molekala ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike nā hopena noiʻi e piʻi a emi ana ka nui o ka methane ma Mars ma muli o ke kau. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka poʻe ʻepekema e manaʻoʻiʻo hou aʻe ua hana ʻia ka methane e nā mea ola ma Mars. ʻO kekahi poʻe, manaʻoʻiʻo hiki ke hana ʻia ka methane ma Mars me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kemika inorganic i ʻike ʻole ʻia.

I Mei o kēia makahiki, ua hoʻolaha ʻo NASA, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o ka Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) data, hale kemika lawe lima ma luna o CuriosityAia paha nā paʻakai organik ma Mars, hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona hou aʻe i kēia Honua Hula i ka manawa i ola ai.

Wahi a kahi puke e pili ana i ke kumuhana ma ka Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, hiki i nā paʻakai organik e like me ka hao, calcium, a me ka magnesium oxalates a me nā acetates hiki ke nui i nā sediment ili ma Mars. ʻO kēia mau paʻakai ke koena kemika o nā pūhui mea ola. Hoʻolālā ʻia ʻO ka European Space Agency ExoMars rover, ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia me ka hiki ke wili i kahi hohonu o ʻelua mau mika, e hoʻolako ʻia me kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻO ka mea kani a Goddardnāna e kālailai i ka haku mele ʻana o nā papa hohonu o ka ʻāina Martian a hiki paha ke aʻo hou aku e pili ana i kēia mau mea olaola.

Hoʻolako ʻia ka rover hou me nā mea hana e ʻimi ai i nā meheu o ke ola

Mai ka makahiki 70, a i ka manawa a me nā misionari, ua hōʻike ʻia ka nui o nā hōʻike Hiki i Mars ke ola i kona mōʻaukala muai ka wā he honua pumehana ka honua. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe o nā mea i ʻike ʻia i hāʻawi i nā hōʻike hōʻoia o ke ola ʻana o ke ola Martian, i ka wā ma mua a i kēia manawa paha.

E hoʻomaka ana i Pepeluali 2021, makemake nā ʻepekema e ʻimi i kēia mau hōʻailona hypothetical mua o ke ola. ʻAʻole like me kāna mea ma mua, ʻo ka Curiosity rover me ka hale hana MSL ma luna o ka moku, ua lako ia e ʻimi a loaʻa ia mau ʻano.

Hoʻomau ka hoʻomanawanui i ka lua o ka loko, ma kahi o 40 km laula a me 500 mika ka hohonu, he lua pele aia ma kahi kīʻaha ma ka ʻākau o ka equator Martian. Aia i loko o ka luawai ʻo Jezero Crater kekahi loko i manaʻo ʻia ua maloʻo ma waena o 3,5 a me 3,8 biliona makahiki i hala aku nei, i lilo ia i wahi kūpono no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻāpana o nā microorganism kahiko i hiki ke noho i loko o nā wai o ka loko. ʻAʻole e aʻo wale ka hoʻomanawanui i nā pōhaku Martian, akā e hōʻiliʻili pū i nā laʻana pōhaku a mālama iā lākou no kahi misionari e hiki mai ana e hoʻi i ka Honua, kahi e nānā ʻia ai lākou i loko o ka hale hana.

5. Ka ʻike ʻana i ka hana SuperCam ma luna o ka Perseverance rover.

ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i nā biosignatures e pili ana i ka nui o nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka Mastcam-Z (aia ma ka mast o ka rover), hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā pahuhopu hoihoi ʻepekema.

Hiki i ka hui ʻepekema misionari ke hoʻokomo i ka mea hana. ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka supercam e kuhikuhi ana i ka kukuna laser ma ka pahu hopu o ka hoihoi (5), ka mea i hana i kahi ao liilii o na mea ano e hiki ke nana ia. Inā hoʻohiki kēia mau ʻikepili, hiki i ka pūʻulu mana ke hāʻawi i ka mea noiʻi i kauoha. lima lopako roverhana i ka noiʻi hohonu. Hoʻolako ʻia ka lima me kekahi PIXL (Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry), e hoʻohana ana i kahi kukuna X-ray ikaika loa e ʻimi ai i nā meheu kemika o ke ola.

Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mea hana SHERLOCK (ka nānā ʻana i nā wahi noho e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻopuehu Raman a me ka luminescence no nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea kemika), ua hoʻolako ʻia me kāna laser ponoʻī a hiki ke ʻike i ka ʻike ʻana o nā molekala kūlohelohe a me nā minela i hana ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni wai. hui pū, SHERLOCK i PIXEL Manaʻo ʻia lākou e hāʻawi i nā palapala ʻāina hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o nā mea, nā minerala a me nā ʻāpana i nā pōhaku Martian a me nā sediments, e ʻae ana i nā astrobiologists e loiloi i kā lākou haku mele ʻana a ʻike i nā mea hoʻohālike maikaʻi loa e hōʻiliʻili.

Ke hana nei ʻo NASA i kahi ala ʻē aʻe i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā microbes ma mua. ʻAʻole like download vikingʻAʻole ʻimi ka hoʻomanawanui i nā hōʻailona kemika o ka metabolism. Akā, e lele ʻo ia ma luna o ka ʻili o Mars no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā waihona. Loaʻa paha iā lākou nā mea ola make, no laila, ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka metabolism, akā hiki i kā lākou haku mele ke haʻi nui iā mākou e pili ana i ke ola i hala ma kēia wahi. Nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e Perseverance pono lākou e hōʻiliʻili a hoʻihoʻi ʻia i ka Honua no kahi misionari e hiki mai ana. E hoʻokō ʻia kā lākou loiloi i loko o nā keʻena hana honua. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia e ʻike ʻia ka hōʻike hope loa o ke ola ʻana o nā Martians mua ma ka Honua.

Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema e ʻike i kahi hiʻohiʻona ma Mars ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e kekahi mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ke ola ʻana o ke ola microbial kahiko. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hana noʻonoʻo e like paha stromatolite.

Ma ka honua, stromatolite (6) nā puʻu pōhaku i hana ʻia e nā microorganism ma nā kahakai kahiko a ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe kahi i nui ai ka ikehu no ka metabolism a me ka wai.

ʻAʻole hele ka hapa nui o ka wai i ka lewa

ʻAʻole mākou i hōʻoia i ka noho ʻana o ke ola i ka wā hohonu o Mars, akā ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou i ka mea i hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia (inā nalo maoli ke ola, ʻaʻole i hele hohonu ma lalo o ka ʻili, no ka laʻana). ʻO ke kumu o ke ola, e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, ʻo ia ka wai. Kuhi ʻia mars mua hiki ke komo i loko o ka wai wai e uhi ai i kona ʻili holoʻokoʻa me kahi papa mai 100 a 1500 m mānoanoa. I kēia mau lā, ua like ʻo Mars me kahi wao nahele maloʻo.a ke hoʻāʻo nei ka poʻe ʻepekema e ʻike i ke kumu o kēia mau loli.

E ho'āʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e wehewehe pehea i nalowale ai ka wai o Marsaia ma kona ʻili he mau piliona makahiki i hala. No ka hapa nui o ka manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ua pakele ka nui o ka wai kahiko o Mars ma kona lewa a i ka lewa. Ma kahi o ka manawa like, ua kokoke e nalowale ʻo Mars i kāna kahua hoʻokele honua, e pale ana i kona lewa mai kahi jet o nā ʻāpana e puka mai ana mai ka Lā. Ma hope o ka nalo ʻana o ke kahua magnetic ma muli o ka hana a ka Lā, ua hoʻomaka ka nalo o ka lewa Martian.a nalowale ka wai me ia. ʻO ka hapa nui o ka wai i nalowale i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o nā pōhaku i ka ʻōpala o ka honua, e like me kahi noiʻi NASA hou.

Ua kālailai nā kānaka ʻepekema i kahi pūʻulu ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana iā Mars i nā makahiki he nui, a ma muli o ia mau mea, akā naʻe, ua hiki lākou i ka hopena. ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wai mai ka lewa ma ka lewa, he kuleana wale no ka nalowale hapa o ka wai mai ke kaiapuni o Martian. Hōʻike kā lākou helu ʻana i ka nui o ka wai i kēia manawa pōkole e pili ana i nā minela i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o kēia mau loiloi Evie Sheller mai Caltech a me kāna hui ma ka 52nd Planetary and Lunar Science Conference (LPSC). Ua paʻi ʻia kekahi ʻatikala e hōʻuluʻulu ana i nā hopena o kēia hana ma ka puke pai ʻo Nauka.

Ma nā haʻawina, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka nānā kūikawā i ka moe kolohe. maʻiʻo deuterium (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka isotope o ka hydrogen) i loko o ka hydrogen. Kānl hiki maoli i ka wai ma kahi o 0,02 pakeneka. e kū'ē i ka heleʻana o ka hydrogen "maʻamau". ʻO ka hydrogen maʻamau, ma muli o kona nui atomic haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka puka ʻana i waho o ka lewa i ka lewa. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka deuterium i ka hydrogen e haʻi pololei iā mākou i ka wikiwiki o ka puka ʻana o ka wai mai Mars a i ka lewa.

Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka lākiō i ʻike ʻia o ka deuterium i ka hydrogen a me nā hōʻike geological no ka nui o ka wai i ka wā ma mua o Martian e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai o ka honua ma muli o ka pakele ʻana o ka lewa i ka wā Martian i hala. ākea. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi mīkini e hoʻopili ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lewa me ka hopu ʻana i kekahi wai i loko o nā pōhaku. Ma ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku, hiki i ka wai ke hoʻokumu i ka pālolo a me nā minerala hydrated ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia ka hana like ma ka Honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ma kā mākou honua, ʻo ka hana o nā papa tectonic e alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻāpana kahiko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua me nā mineral hydrated i loko o ka ʻaʻahu, a laila hoʻolei ʻia ka wai i ka lewa ma muli o nā kaʻina lua pele. Ma Mars me ka ʻole o nā papa tectonic, ʻo ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka ʻōpala o ka honua he hana hiki ʻole ke hoʻohuli ʻia.

Apana loko Martian Lake

Hoʻomaka mākou me ke ola ma lalo o ka honua a hoʻi hou i ka hopena. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo kona wahi noho kūpono ma Kūlana Martian Hiki ke hūnā ʻia nā loko ma lalo o nā papa lepo a me ka hau. ʻElua makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻolaha nā ʻepekema honua i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi loko nui wai paʻakai ma lalo o ka hau ma ka Pole Hema o Marsi halawai me ka ohohia ma kekahi aoao, aka me ke kanalua kekahi.

Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 2020, ua hōʻoia hou nā mea noiʻi i ke ola o kēia loko a loaa hou mai ekolu. ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka puke pai Nature Astronomy, ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili radar mai ka mokulele Mars Express. "Ua ʻike mākou i ka waihona wai like i ʻike ʻia ma mua, akā ua ʻike pū mākou i ʻekolu mau waihona wai a puni ka waihona nui," wahi a Elena Pettinelli ʻepekema honua mai ke Kulanui o Roma, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kākau o ka noiʻi. "He ʻōnaehana paʻakikī." Ua hohola ʻia nā loko ma kahi o 75 tausani mau kilomika kilomika. He wahi kēia ma kahi o ka hapalima o ka nui o Kelemānia. He 30 kilomika ke anawaena o ka loko waena nui a ua ho'opuni 'ia e 'ekolu loko li'ili'i, he mau kilomika ka laula o kēlā me kēia.

7. ʻIke ʻia o nā loko wai lalo o Martian

ma nā loko subglacial, no ka laʻana ma Antarctica. Eia naʻe, hiki ke pilikia ka nui o ka paʻakai ma nā kūlana Martian. Ua manaoia nā loko ma lalo o ka honua ma mars (7) pono ka nui o ka paʻakai i hiki i ka wai ke hoʻomau i ka wai. Hiki i ka wela mai ka hohonu o Mars ke hana ma lalo o ka ʻili, akā ʻo kēia wale nō, wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ʻaʻole lawa ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka hau. "Mai ka manaʻo wela, he paʻakai loa kēia wai," wahi a Pettinelli. Hiki i nā loko i ʻelima mau manawa o ka paʻakai o ka wai kai ke kākoʻo i ke ola, akā ke hoʻokokoke ka manaʻo i ka XNUMX mau manawa i ka paʻakai o ka wai kai, ʻaʻohe ola.

Inā hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa hope ola ma mars a inā hōʻike nā haʻawina DNA e pili ana nā mea ola o Martian me ka Honua, hiki i kēia ʻike ke hoʻololi i ko mākou ʻike i ke kumu o ke ola ma ke ʻano ākea, e hoʻololi i ko mākou ʻike mai ka Honua a i ka Honua. Inā hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻaʻohe pili o nā malihini Martian i ko mākou ola a ua hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi he kipi. Hōʻike kēia he mea maʻamau ke ola ma ka lewa no ka mea i hoʻomaka kūʻokoʻa ia ma ka honua mua kokoke i ka Honua.