E hakakā ana nā pūʻali RSI ma ke alahaka ʻo Anzio

Kākoʻo no ka mortar Italian 81mm i ke ahi.

Ma Ianuali 22, 1944, ma Italia, ma kahi o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Anzio, ma hope o nā pūʻali Kelemania, ua pae ka XNUMXth American Corps (ma hope i kākoʻo ʻia e nā pūʻali koa Pelekane) ma lalo o ke kauoha a General John Lucas. . ʻO kā lākou pahuhopu, ʻo ia ke kāʻalo ʻana i nā pā kaua o ka Laina Gustav, e ʻoki i kona poʻe pale mai ke koena o ka pūʻali koa Kelemania ma Italia, a wehe koke i ke alanui i Roma. Ma mua o lākou he mau ʻāpana o ka German XNUMXth Parachute Corps o General Alfred Schlermm a me ka LXXVI Panzer Corps o General Trugott Erra. Ua kākoʻo ʻia ka poʻe Kelemania i ka hakakā ʻana i nā hui e ko lākou mau hoa Italia mai ka pūʻali koa o ka Italian Social Republic.

ʻO ka hāʻawi pio ʻana o Italia i nā pūʻali Anglo-ʻAmelika i ka lā 8 o Kepakemapa, 1943, ua hoʻonāukiuki i ka hopena koke mai Kelemania, ka mea i uhaki i ka Pact of Steel e hoʻopili ana iā lākou i Italia a hoʻouka i nā pūʻali Italia i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka hema o Farani, nā Balkans, Helene a me Italia ponoʻī. Ua hoʻopilikia koke ʻia nā pūʻali koa Italia a hāʻule ka hapa nui o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka noho ʻana o Kelemania. ʻO ka mōʻī, ke aupuni, a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻauwaʻa aliʻi i puʻuhonua ma nā ʻāina i noho ʻia e nā hui. Ma ka lā 23 o Kepakemapa, 1943, ma nā ʻāina i hoʻomalu ʻia e Kelemania, ʻo Benito Mussolini, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma muli o kahi hana wiwo ʻole a nā poʻe hoʻokele Kelemania, hoʻolaha i kahi mokuʻāina hou - ka Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI).

Ma waho aʻe o nā pūʻali koa honua - Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (ENR) - ke aupuni Mussolini, e hilinaʻi ana i nā kuʻikahi o Germany, ua hoʻonohonoho i kahi hui Waffen-SS e kaua ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻEkolu Reich, ma kahi o 20 1944 kanaka i hala. nā luna, nā luna ʻole a me nā koa (ma ka "peak form" i Dekemaba 15, ua helu ʻia ʻo 1944 1 kanaka). I ka manawa i hana ʻia ai, ua kapa ʻia ka hui ʻo Italienische Freiwilligen Verland (SS Legion Italiana), ma Malaki 1 ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia i 1. Italienische Freiwilligen Sturmbrigade (9a Brigata d'Assalto), i Iune i ka 1st Sturmbrigade Italienische Freiwilligen Legion, i Sepatemaba ua 1945th SS Grenadier Brigade (Italian No. 29), a ma Malaki 1 ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mahele ma lalo o ka inoa 28th SS Grenadier Division (Italian No. 1943). ʻO kāna mau alakaʻi: mai 28 ʻOkakopa 6 SS-Brigadeführer Peter Hansen (ma waena o 1943 ʻOkakopa a me 10 Kekemapa 1944 i alakaʻi ʻia e SS-Standartenführer Gustav Lombard), mai 20 Mei 1944 SS-Oberführer Otto Jungkuntz a mai 10 ʻAukake XNUMX. Heldmann. ʻO Waffen Brigadeführer Pietro Manelli ka mea nānā i nā hui Italia o Waffen-SS. ʻAʻole i hana kēia ʻāpana ma ke ʻano he hana paʻa. ʻO ka Italian Legion o ka SS, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka Volunteer Legion o ka Armed Militia (Milizia Armata), ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa infantry a me XNUMX mau pūʻali koa infantry kūʻokoʻa i hoʻonoho ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole ma ka ʻĀkau o Italia.

Ma ʻOkakopa 10, 1943, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka RSI (Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana, ANR). ʻO ka Folgore Parachute Regiment (Reggimento Paracadutisti "Folgore") aia nō hoʻi ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka Hui Kūʻai Kūʻai. ʻElua mau lā ma hope mai, i ka pane ʻana i ke kāhea ʻana o ke kaʻao ʻo Colonel Ernesto Botto, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻāpana mokulele. He hoʻokele koa ʻo Botto i ke kumu, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻōki i ka lele ʻana ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana o kona wāwae. ʻO ia ke kumu i loaʻa ai ka inoa ʻo "Iron Leg". Eia kekahi, ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻo ia iā Field Marshal Wolfram von Richthofen (ka luna o ka German Air Fleet 2), ka mea i hoihoi i kāna ʻoihana a me ka wiwo ʻole. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua ʻākoakoa nā kānaka 7 no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana a ke konela ma nā mokulele like ʻole. nā pailaka a me nā ʻenehana mokulele. Ma waho aʻe o Adriano Visconti, nā pailaka hoʻokele e like me Hugo Drago, Mario Bellagambi a me Tito Falconi, a me nā mea hoʻokele torpedo kaulana e like me Marino Marini (hoʻopakele ʻia ma hope o ka pana ʻia ʻana ma luna o ke Kaiwaenahonua e ka poʻe holo moku U-331 German. i Pepeluali 1942), ʻo Carlo Fagioni, Irnerio Bertuzzi a me Ottone Sponza.

Ma ka manao o Capt. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Carlo Fagioni, kahi pūʻali o nā torpedo bombers ma Florence Airport, i hoʻomaka ʻia me 3 mokulele Savoia-Marchetti SM.79. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu ua lawe ʻia ʻo ia i Venice a hoʻolako ʻia me nā mīkini 12 o ia ʻano like. I ka lā 1 o Ianuali 1944, ʻekolu mau pūʻali koa Gruppo Autonomo Aeroiluranti "Buscaglia" i hōʻea i ka mākaukau kaua. Ua kapa ʻia ka pūʻulu ma hope o ka luna o ka 281st Squadron a ma hope o ka 132nd Bombardment Squadron, Major V. Carlo Emanuel Buscaglia. Ma ka lā 12 o Nowemapa, 1942, ua pana ʻia ʻo ia e kahi mea kaua Spitfire i ke kaua kūʻē ʻana i nā moku Allied ma ke awa o Bougi ma Algiers, i haʻi ʻia ua make a ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka Medal Gula "No Valor". No ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ia, ua kapa nā hoa hana i ka hui hou ma hope ona1.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka RSI Navy (Marina Nazionale Repubblicana, MNR) ma Kepakemapa 30, 1943. ʻAʻole i hilinaʻi ka poʻe Kelemania i ko lākou mau hoa pili, no laila, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā moku ʻItalia a lākou i hopu ai (a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a laila hoʻāla a kūkulu hou) i komo i ka lawelawe me ka Kriegsmarine. hae, me na alakai Kelemania - oiai ma kekahi mau wahi, aia no na luina Italia (i loko o na ohua). No kēia kumu, liʻiliʻi nā ʻāpana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka MNR. ʻO nā moku nui loa o ka RSI Navy he mau moku torpedo (6 nui a me 18 medium), he mau submarine ko lākou (3 medium, 1 liʻiliʻi a me 14 liʻiliʻi; o ka 5 hope loa i hana ʻia ma ke Kai ʻEleʻele), nā mea hahai holoholona (6). -7 ), ma ka liʻiliʻi he 1 minesweeper a me kekahi mau kakini (kahi kakini?) mau moku kiaʻi kōkua. ʻO nā mea hope ma lalo o ka German Port Guard Flotillas (Hafenschutzflottille) ma Venice, Genoa a me La Spezia. Malia paha no ka manawa pōkole, ua loaʻa pū i ka MPR kahi corvette. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka "auwaʻa ʻeleʻele" (ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo RSI fleet) i mālama i nā kūlana anti-aircraft ma nā moku holo moku e kūkulu ʻia nei: Caio Mario ma Genoa, Vesuvio a me Etna ma Trieste.