ʻO nā wahie kakolina diesel

Nā hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o ka wahie diesel

I ke kaʻina hana hoʻohālikelike, ʻike ʻia ka wahie diesel e nā ʻano aʻe:

• helu cetane, i manaʻo ʻia he ana o ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻā ʻana;
• ka ikaika evaporation;
• mānoanoa;
• viscosity;
• mahana mānoanoa;
• maʻiʻo o nā ʻano haumia, ʻo ka sulfur.

ʻO ka helu cetane o nā māka hou a me nā ʻano o ka wahie diesel mai 40 a 60. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā māka wahie me ka helu cetane kiʻekiʻe loa no nā ʻenekini o nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa. ʻO ia wahie ka mea ʻoi loa ka volatile, e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka smoothness o ka ignition a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana. Hoʻohana nā ʻenekini lohi (kau moku) i nā wahie me ka helu cetane ma lalo o 40. ʻO kēia wahie ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, waiho i ka nui o ke kalapona, a loaʻa iā ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o ka sulfur.

He mea hoʻohaumia koʻikoʻi ka Sulfur i kēlā me kēia ʻano wahie diesel, no laila e hoʻomalu pono ʻia kona pākēneka. No laila, e like me nā lula o ka European Union, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sulfur i nā mea hana wahie diesel ma mua o ka pae o 10 mau ʻāpana i ka miliona. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa sulfur maʻiʻo e hōʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā pūhui sulfur e pili ana me ka ua waikawa. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka pākēneka o ka sulfur i ka wahie diesel e hoʻemi ana i ka helu cetane, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano mea hoʻohui i nā hōʻailona hou e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā kūlana hoʻomaka ʻana.

ʻO ka hapa pakeneka o ka wahie e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i kona ʻano hou. ʻO nā kumu nui o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o ka wahie diesel ʻo ia ka mahu wai, ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, hiki ke condensing i loko o nā pahu. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka wahie diesel no ka wā lōʻihi e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka fungus, ma muli o ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i nā kānana wahie a me nā nozzles.

Manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka palekana o nā pahu o ka wahie diesel ma mua o ka ʻaila (ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka puhi ʻana), a ʻoi aku hoʻi ia ma ke ʻano o ka pono, no ka mea, ʻae lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka wahie.

Nā kumu hana

Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka helu maʻamau o ka wahie diesel e like me ke ʻano o ka feedstock no kāna hana. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā aila kaumaha ka mea hānai no ka hana ʻana i ka wahie diesel, ma hope o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka ʻaila a i ʻole ka wahie rocket aviation. ʻO ke kumu ʻelua he mau ʻano synthetic, ka mea e pono ai ka lanahu, a me ka gas distillate. ʻO kēia ʻano wahie diesel ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa.

ʻO ka holomua ʻenehana maoli i nā ʻenehana wahie diesel ka hana ma kāna hana ʻana mai nā huahana mahiʻai: ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo biodiesel. He mea kupanaha ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka mīkini diesel mua o ka honua e ka ʻaila pīkī, a ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻoihana, ua hiki ʻo Henry Ford i ka hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie meaʻai ke kumu nui o ka hana wahie. I kēia manawa, hiki i ka helu nui o nā mīkini diesel ke hana i kahi hui hana, e komo pū ana me 25 ... 30% o ka biodiesel, a ke piʻi mau nei kēia palena. Pono ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka biodiesel i ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana uila wahie. ʻO ke kumu o kēia hoʻoponopono hou ʻana, ʻokoʻa ka biodiesel i kekahi o kāna mau hiʻohiʻona hana, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka ʻenekini diesel a me ka ʻenekini biodiesel.

No laila, e like me ke kumu o ka hana ʻana, hiki i ka wahie diesel ke:

• Mai nā mea kanu maka.
• Mai nā mea maka synthetic.
• Mai nā mea waiwai hydrocarbon.

Hoʻohālikelike o ka wahie diesel

ʻO ka versatility o nā kumu a me nā ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka wahie diesel kekahi o nā kumu o ka nui o nā kūlana kūloko e hoʻokele ana i kāna hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. E noonoo kakou ia lakou.

ʻO GOST 305-2013 ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka wahie diesel i loaʻa mai ka aila a me ke kinoea. ʻO nā hōʻailona i mālama ʻia e kēia maʻamau:

1. Helu Cetane - 45.
2. Kinematic viscosity, mm²/ s - 1,5… 6,0.
3. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 833,5… 863,4.
4. wahi uila, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ʻenekini).
5. wahi ninini, ^ºC, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ma mua o -5.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui o ka wahie diesel e like me GOST 305-2013 ʻo ia ka mahana o ka noi, e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka wahie i ke kauwela L (ka hana ma nā mahana waho mai 5.^ºC a ma luna aʻe), ʻaʻole i haʻahaʻa ka manawa E (ka hana ma nā mahana o waho ma lalo o -15^ºC), hoʻoilo Z (ka hana ma nā mahana o waho ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o -25 ... -35^ºC) a me ka arctic A (ka hana ma ka wela o waho mai -45^ºC a ma lalo).

Hoʻokumu ʻo GOST 1667-68 i nā koi no nā wahie kaʻa no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe moana kai waena a me haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kumu o nā mea maka no ia wahie he ʻaila me ka hapa nui o ka sulfur. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka wahie i ʻelua mau ʻano o ka wahie diesel a me DM (hoʻohana ʻia ka hope i nā mīkini diesel haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa).

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hana nui o ka wahie diesel:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 930.
3. wahi uila, ^ºMe - 65...70.
4. wahi ninini, ^ºC, ʻaʻole emi ma lalo o -5.
5. ʻO ka nui o ka wai, %, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5.

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona hana nui o ka wahie DM:

1. Viscosity, cSt - 130.
2. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 970.
3. wahi uila, ^ºC - 85.
4. wahi ninini, ^ºC, ʻaʻole emi ma lalo o -10.
5. ʻO ka nui o ka wai, %, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,5.

No nā ʻano ʻelua, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hakina, a me ka pākēneka o nā mea haumia nui (sulfur a me kāna mau pūhui, nā waikawa a me nā alkalis).

Ua wehewehe ʻo GOST 32511-2013 i nā koi no ka wahie diesel i hoʻololi ʻia e kū ana i ke kūlana ʻEulopa EN 590:2009+A1:2010. ʻO ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana ʻo GOST R 52368-2005. Hōʻike ka maʻamau i nā kūlana ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā wahie e pili ana i ke kaiapuni me ka palena palena o nā ʻāpana sulfur. ʻO nā hōʻailona maʻamau no ka hana ʻana o kēia wahie diesel i hoʻonohonoho ʻia penei:

1. Helu Cetane - 51.
2. Viscosity, mm²/ s - 2 .... 4,5.
3. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 820… 845.
4. wahi uila, ^ºC - 55.
5. wahi ninini, ^ºC, ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ma lalo o -5 (ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wahie).
6. ʻO ka nui o ka wai, %, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,7.

Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka nui o ka lubricity, ka hana ʻino, a me ka pākēneka o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā methyl esters o nā waikawa organik paʻakikī.

Hoʻokumu ʻo GOST R 53605-2009 i nā koi ʻenehana no nā mea nui o ka feedstock i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka wahie biodiesel. Hoʻomaopopo ia i ka manaʻo o ka biodiesel, papa inoa i nā koi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mīkini diesel, hoʻokumu i nā palena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā methyl esters o nā momona momona, pono e komo i ka wahie. Hoʻopili ʻia ʻo GOST i ka maʻamau ʻEulopa EN590:2004.

Nā koi ʻenehana kumu no ka wahie e like me GOST 32511-2013:

1. Helu Cetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 860… 900.
3. Viscosity, mm²/ s - 2 .... 6.
4. wahi uila, ^ºC - 80.
5. wahi ninini, ^ºMe -5…-10.
6. ʻO ka nui o ka wai, %, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 8.

Hōʻike ʻo GOST R 55475-2013 i nā kūlana no ka hana ʻana i ka hoʻoilo a me ka wahie diesel arctic, i hana ʻia mai ka distillate o ka aila a me nā huahana kinoea. ʻO nā māka wahie Diesel, ka mea i hoʻolako ʻia e kēia maʻamau, ua ʻike ʻia e nā ʻāpana aʻe:

1. Helu Cetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Ka nui, kg / m³ - 890… 850.
3. Viscosity, mm²/ s - 1,5 .... 4,5.
4. wahi uila, ^ºMe - 30...40.
5. wahi ninini, ^ºC, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ma mua o -42.
6. ʻO ka nui o ka wai, %, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 0,2.

Ke nānā 'ana i ka wahie diesel ma nā hale ho'okele kinoea WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Diesel i ka hau -20.

ʻO ka wehewehe pōkole o nā momi o ka wahie diesel

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā māka wahie Diesel e nā hōʻailona penei:

E like me ka sulfur maʻiʻo, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka pilina o ke kaiapuni o ka wahie:

• papa I (a hiki i 350 mg / kg sulfur);
• papa II (a hiki i ka 50 mg / kg sulfur);
• papa III (a hiki i ka 10 mg / kg o ka sulfur).

Ma ka palena haʻahaʻa o ke kānana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā māka wahie 6:

• A - palena haʻahaʻa o ke kānana 5ºС;
• B - palena haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke kānana 0^ºC;
• C - palena haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke kānana -5^ºC;
• D - palena haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke kānana -10^ºC;
• E - palena haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke kānana -15^ºC;
• F - palena haʻahaʻa o ka hiki ke kānana -20^ºH.

Eia hou no nā wahi me ke anuanu:

• papa 0 (-20^ºMAI);
• papa 1 (-26^ºMAI);
• papa 2 (-32^ºMAI);
• papa 3 (-38^ºMAI);
• papa 4 (-44^ºC).

No nā mea kanu diesel i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻāina me kahi anuanu, ua hoʻokomo pū ʻia ka leka K i ka mākaʻikaʻi, kahi e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻenehana hana wahie - catalytic dewaxing. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēia mau brands:

• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o -32^ºC;
• DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o -38^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o -44^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o -48^ºC;
• DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mahana ʻaʻole i emi ma lalo o -52^ºH.

Hāʻawi ʻia kahi papa inoa piha o nā hōʻailona ma nā palapala hōʻoia maikaʻi no kahi hui o ka wahie diesel.