Pākolu Fritz-X

ʻO ka moku kaua Italia Roma ma hope koke iho o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana.

I ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 30, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia ʻo nā moku kaua nui loa e hoʻoholo i ka hopena o nā hakakā ma ke kai. ʻO ka poʻe Kelemania, me ka liʻiliʻi loa o ia mau ʻāpana ma mua o ka Pelekane a me Palani, pono lākou e hilinaʻi i ka Luftwaffe e kōkua i ka pani ʻana i ke āpau inā pono. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke komo ʻana o ka Condor Legion i ke Kaua Kivila Sepania i hiki ai ke ʻike ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona hou loa, he kakaikahi ka paʻi ʻana i kahi mea liʻiliʻi, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī i ka wā e neʻe ai.

ʻAʻole kēia he mea kupanaha, no laila, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā pahu luʻu ʻo Junkers Ju 87 ma Sepania, me nā hopena hāʻule maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻo ia ka pōkole loa o kēia mau mokulele, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā pōkā i hiki iā lākou ke lawe ke komo i loko o ka pale kaua ākea i loko o nā keʻena koʻikoʻi o nā moku i hoʻouka ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o nā pū a me nā lumi ʻenekini. ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana, ʻo ka hāʻule pololei ʻana i kahi pōkā nui (e lawe ana i nā kaʻa i lako ʻia me ʻelua mau ʻenekini) mai ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa (ʻo ia ka mea i kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻoweliweli flak) ʻoiai e hāʻawi ana i ka ikehu kinetic lawa.

ʻO nā hopena o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua e nā hui i koho ʻia o ka Lehrgeschwader Greifswald he manaʻo maopopo - ʻoiai ʻo ka moku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lekiō, ʻo ka moku kaua mua ʻo Hessen, 127,7 m ka lōʻihi a me 22,2 m ākea, ua hana mālie a me ka wikiwiki o ka 18 knots. , me ka pololei o 6000-7000 m i ka wā i hāʻule ai nā pōkā he 6% wale nō, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe i 8000-9000 m, 0,6% wale nō. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā mea kaua alakaʻi wale nō e hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hopena maikaʻi loa.

ʻO ka aerodynamics o ka pahu hāʻule manuahi, i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka pahuhopu e ka lekiō, ua lawe ʻia e kahi hui mai ka German Institute for Aeronautical Research (Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, DVL), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka moku ʻo Adlershof ma Berlin. Ua alakaʻi ʻia e Dr. Max Cramer (hānau ʻia 1903, puka o ke Kulanui o ʻenehana ʻo Munich, me ka Ph.D. i loaʻa i ka makahiki 28 mahalo i ka hana ʻepekema ma ke kahua o ka aerodynamics, ka mea nāna i hana i nā hoʻonā patented no ka hana mokulele. , no ka laʻana, e pili ana i flaps, he mana i loko o ke kula o laminar dynamics kahe), ka mea i loko o 1938, i ka manawa i hele mai ai ke komisina hou o ka Reich Aviation Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM), hana, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma ka uea- alakaʻi ʻana i ka pahi kaua ea-a-ea.

Aia nō ka Fritz-X i alakaʻi ʻia i ka pae lele ma hope koke iho o ka wehe ʻia ʻana mai ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana.

ʻAʻole i lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka hui o Kramer, a ua kūleʻa loa ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka SC 250 DVL ring-tail demolition bomb a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hana i ka PC 1400 i mea kaua "akamai", kekahi o nā pahu pahu kaumaha nui loa ma ka honua. . Arsenal o ka Luftwaffe. Ua hana ʻia e ka mea kanu Ruhrstahl AG ma Brakwede (wahi Bielefeld).

Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu pōkā lekiō ma ke kikowaena noiʻi RLM ma Gröfelfing kokoke i Munich. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua o nā mea hana i kūkulu ʻia ma laila, i hana ʻia i ke kauwela o 1940, ʻaʻole i lawe mai i nā hopena maikaʻi. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka poʻe loea mai nā hui o Telefunken, Siemens, Lorenz, Loewe-Opta a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i hana mua i nā ʻāpana o ka papahana i mea e hūnā ai i kā lākou hana. ʻO kā lākou hana i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka FuG (Funkgerät) 203 transmitter, codenamed Kehl, a me ka FuG 230 Strassburg receiver, i kū i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia.

ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka pōpoki, plumage a me ka ʻōnaehana alakaʻi i loaʻa i ka hale hana X-1, a me ka pūʻali koa - PC 1400X a i ʻole FX 1400. E like me nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka Luftwaffe, ua kapa ʻia ka pōkā "maʻamau" 1400-kilogram Fritz, ka Ua lilo ka hua'ōlelo Fritz-X i mea kaulana, a lākou i hāpai ma hope ma o kā lākou mau lawelawe naʻauao hui. ʻO kahi o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua hou he mea kanu ia ma ka moku Berlin o Marienfelde, kahi ʻāpana o ka hopohopo Rheinmetall-Borsig, i loaʻa i kahi ʻaelike no kāna kūkulu ʻana i ke kauwela o 1939. Ua hoʻomaka nā prototypes mua e puka mai i kēia mau hale hana. i Pepeluali 1942 ua hele ʻo ia i Peenemünde West, ke kikowaena hoʻāʻo ʻo Luftwaffe ma ka mokupuni ʻo Usedom. Ma ka lā 10 ʻApelila, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ʻo 111 Fritz-X mai ka hoʻokele ʻana o Heinkli He 29H hosts e noho ana ma Harz kokoke, me nā ʻelima hope i manaʻo ʻia he ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO ka moʻolelo aʻe, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki ʻekolu o Iune, hāʻawi i nā hopena maikaʻi loa. ʻO ka pahuhopu he keʻa i kaha ʻia ma ka honua, a ʻo 9 o 10 mau pōkā i hāʻule mai 6000 mika i hāʻule i loko o 14,5 mau mika o ke ala, ʻekolu o ia mau mea kokoke i luna. ʻOiai ʻo ka pahuhopu nui he mau moku kaua, ʻo ka laulā kiʻekiʻe o ka hull ma waena o nā moku he 30 mau mika, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka Luftwaffe e hoʻokomo i nā pōkā hou i loko o nā mea kaua o ka Luftwaffe.

Ua hoʻoholo ʻia e alakaʻi i ka pae aʻe o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana ma Italia, i manaʻo ʻia he lani ʻole, a mai ʻApelila 1942, ua haʻalele ka Heinkle mai ke kahua mokulele ʻo Foggia (Erprobungsstelle Süd). I loko o kēia mau ho'āʻo, ua kū mai nā pilikia me nā hoʻololi electromagnetic, no laila ua hoʻomaka ka hana ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pneumatic i ka DVL (ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana e hāʻawi i ka ea mai kahi paʻa i ke kino pōkā), akā ʻo nā poʻe ma lalo o Cramer, ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i kahi pūnana makani, hele i ka mālama ʻia ke kumu o ka pilikia a me ka hoʻōla electromagnetic. Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hemahema, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi o nā hopena hoʻāʻo, a ʻo ka hopena, ma kahi o 100 mau pōkā i hāʻule, ua hāʻule ʻo 49 ma luna o ka pahu pahu me ka ʻaoʻao o 5 m. ʻO nā hāʻule ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka " huahana”. a i ʻole ka hewa o ka mea hoʻohana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia i ka manawa. Ma ka lā 8 o ʻAukake, ʻo ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he pā kaua 120 mm mānoanoa, kahi i hou ʻia ai ke poʻo kaua o ka pōkā me ka ʻole o nā deformations kūikawā.

No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e neʻe i ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala no ka hoʻohana kaua ʻana i nā mea kaua hou me nā mea lawe a me nā mea hoʻokele. Ma ka manawa like, ua kau ʻo RLM i kahi kauoha me Rheinmetall-Borsig no nā ʻāpana Fritz-X, e koi ana i ka hāʻawi ʻana o 35 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia mahina (ʻo ka pahuhopu he 300). ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o ka blockages o nā mea (ma muli o ka nele o ka nickel a me ka molybdenum he mea pono e ʻimi i kahi huila ʻē aʻe no nā poʻo) a me ka logistic, akā naʻe, ua alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻokō ʻia kēlā ʻano hana ma Marienfeld wale nō i ʻApelila 1943.

Ma mua loa, i ka mahina o Kepakemapa 1942, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻokolohua (Lehr-und Erprobungskommando) EK 21 ma ke kahua mokulele ʻo Harz, lele ʻo Dornier Do 217K a me Heinklach He 111H. I Ianuali 1943, ua kapa hou ʻia ʻo Kampfgruppe 21, he ʻehā Staffeln Dornier Do 217K-2s wale nō, me nā mauna Fritz-X a me nā mea hoʻouna ʻo Kehl III. Ma ʻApelila 29, lilo ʻo EK 21 i pūʻulu kaua, i kapa ʻia ʻo III./KG100 a hoʻokumu ʻia ma Schwäbisch Hall kokoke i Stuttgart. Ma ka waena o Iulai, ua hoʻopau ʻia kona neʻe ʻana i ke kahua mokulele ʻo Istres kokoke i Marseille, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana.

Augusti ma hope o Romy

I ka lā 21 o Iulai, ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻekolu Dorniers mai Istria e hoʻouka iā Augusta (Sicily), he awa i hopu ʻia e nā pūʻali Allied i ʻewalu lā ma mua. Ua hōʻea ka poʻe pōkā i ko lākou wahi i hele ai i ke ahiahi a ʻaʻole i huli i kekahi mea. ʻO kahi hoʻouka like ʻana ma Syracuse ʻelua mau lā ma hope i pau i ke ala like. ʻEhā III./KG31 pūʻali i komo i ka hoʻouka kaua nui iā Palermo ma ka pō o Iulai 1/100 ʻAukake. I kekahi mau hola ma mua, ua komo ka pūʻulu o nā moku US Navy i ke awa, e hāʻawi ana i kahi pae amphibious ma Sicily, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua mau moku holo māmā a me ʻeono mau moku luku, ma ke alanui kahi e kali ai nā limahana lawe me nā pūʻali koa. Ua hōʻea nā ʻehā mai Istria i ko lākou wahi i hele ai ma mua o ka wanaʻao, akā ʻaʻole maopopo inā ua lanakila lākou.

ʻO nā alakaʻi o nā minesweepers "Skill" (AM 115) a me "Aspiration" (AM 117), i loaʻa i ka pōʻino mai nā pahū kokoke (ʻo ka hope he lua o 2 x 1 m i loko o ka fuselage), ua kākau i kā lākou hōʻike. ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pōkā mai nā mokulele e lele ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea maopopo, ua nalowale ʻelua mau kaʻa i ka 9th Staffel KG100 i pana ʻia e nā poʻe hakakā pō ʻenemi (ʻo ia paha nā Beaufighters o 600 Squadron RAF i noho ma Malta). Ua ola kekahi pailaka mai nā hui o Dornier a ua lawe pio ʻia, kahi i loaʻa ai i nā mākaʻi ka ʻike e pili ana i kahi hoʻoweliweli hou.

ʻAʻole kēia he kāhāhā piha. ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻo mua he leka i loaʻa i ka lā 5 Nowemapa 1939 e ka attaché naval Pelekane ma ke kapikala o Norewai, i pūlima ʻia "he kanaka ʻepekema Kelemania ma kou ʻaoʻao." ʻO Kauka Hans Ferdinand Maier kāna mea kākau, ke poʻo o ke kikowaena noiʻi o Siemens & Halske AG. Ua ʻike ʻo Briton e pili ana iā ia i ka makahiki 1955 a, no kona makemake, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻike a hiki i ka make ʻana o Mayer a me kāna wahine, 34 mau makahiki ma hope. ʻOiai ua ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o kekahi ʻike "waiwai", ua nui a ʻaʻole like ka maikaʻi.

Ua nānā ʻia ka hōʻike ʻo Oslo me ka hilinaʻi ʻole. No laila ua haʻalele ʻia ka ʻāpana e pili ana i nā "holoholona mamao" no nā moku anti-moku mai nā mokulele e lele ana ma kahi kiʻekiʻe. Ua hāʻawi pū ʻo Mayer i kekahi mau kikoʻī: nā ana (ʻo kēlā me kēia 3 m ka lōʻihi a me ka span), ke alapine i hoʻohana ʻia (nā nalu pōkole) a me ke kahua hoʻāʻo (Penemünde).

Eia naʻe, i nā makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaka ka naʻauao Pelekania e loaʻa i nā "hōʻino" ma luna o "nā mea Hs 293 a me FX", i ka Mei 1943 i hōʻoia i ka decoding o ke kauoha a Bletchley Park e hoʻokuʻu iā lākou mai nā hale kūʻai a mālama pono iā lākou mai ka espionage a me ka sabotage. I ka hopena o Iulai, mahalo i ka decryption, ua aʻo ka poʻe Pelekania e pili ana i ka mākaukau no nā misionari kaua o kā lākou mau mokulele mokulele: Dornierów Do 217E-5 mai II./KG100 (Hs 293) a me Do 217K-2 mai III./KG100. Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻole i kēlā manawa i kahi o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻo i ke kauoha a nā pūʻali koa moana ma ke Kaiwaenahonua.

Ma ka po o 9/10 ʻAukake 1943, ʻehā mau mokulele III./KG100 i lele hou i ka lewa, i kēia manawa ma luna o Syracuse. Ma muli o kā lākou mau pōkā, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka pohō i nā hoa, a ua kī ʻia ʻo Dornier, ka mea nona ke kī maʻamau. Ua hōʻoia ka mea hoʻokele a me ka mea hoʻokele i hopu ʻia (ua make ke koena o nā ohua) i ka wā o ka nīnauele ʻana he ʻelua ʻano mea kaua radio-controlled ka Luftwaffe. ʻAʻole hiki ke unuhi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ke alapine mai iā lākou - ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana i ke kahua mokulele, ua kau ʻia nā pālua o nā kristal i hōʻailona ʻia me nā helu mai 1 a 18 ma nā mea hoʻokele, e like me ke kauoha i loaʻa.

I nā pule i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau nā Dorniers o Istra i ka hana ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi a me ka kūleʻa ʻole, e komo pinepine ana i nā hoʻouka hui pū me Ju 88s. Palermo (23 ʻAukake) a me Reggio Calabria (3 Kepakemapa). Ua kaupalena ʻia nā poho ponoʻī i kahi wīwī, i luku ʻia e ka pahū ʻana o kāna pahu ponoʻī i ka wā e lele ana ma luna o Messina.

Ma ke ahiahi o ka la 8 o Sepatemaba, 1943, ua hoolaha aku na Italia i ke kuikahi me na Allies. Wahi a kekahi o kāna mau ʻōlelo, ʻo ka pūʻali koa ma lalo o ke kauoha a Adm. ʻO Carlo Bergamini, ʻekolu mau moku kaua - ʻo Roma, Italia (ex-Littorio) a me Vittorio Veneto - ka helu like o nā moku holo māmā a me 8 mau mea luku, i hui pū ʻia e kahi pūʻali koa mai Genoa (ʻekolu mau moku holo māmā a me kahi moku torpedo). Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā Kelemania i kā lākou mau hoa pili e hoʻomākaukau ai, ua hoʻonoho ʻia nā mokulele III./KG100 me ka makaʻala, a ua kipaku ʻia he 11 Dorniers mai Istra e hoʻouka. Ua hōʻea lākou i nā moku Italia ma hope o ka hola 15:00 i ka wā i hōʻea ai lākou i ka wai ma waena o Sardinia a me Corsica.

ʻAʻole pololei nā hāʻule mua, no laila e wehe ka poʻe Italia i ke ahi a hoʻomaka e ʻalo. ʻAʻole maikaʻi lākou - ma 15:46 ʻO Fritz-X, ua haki ʻo ia i ka hull o Roma, pahū ma lalo o kona lalo, ʻoi aku paha ma ka palena ma waena o ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hope engine compartments, ka mea i alakaʻi i ko lākou kahe. Ua hoʻomaka ka hāʻule ʻana o ka moku hae o Bergamini mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana, a he 6 mau minuke ma hope o ia mea, ua pā ka lua o ka pōkā ma ka ʻāpana o ka papa ma waena o ka puʻukū 2-mm o ka pū kī nui Helu 381 a me nā pū ʻaoʻao 152-mm port. ʻO ka hopena o kāna pahū ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻā ʻana o nā mea hoʻolalelale i loko o ke keʻena ma lalo o ka mea mua (ua hoʻolei ʻia nā kinoea ma luna o kahi hale ma kahi kokoke i 1600 tons) a, ma lalo paha o ka hale kiaʻi No. Piʻi aʻela kekahi kolamu nui o ka uahi ma luna o ka moku, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e iho i ke kakaka ma mua, e hilinaʻi ana ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao. Ua huli ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he keel a nahā i kahi o ka lua o ka hopena, nalowale i lalo o ka wai ma 1:16. Wahi a ka ʻikepili hou loa, ʻo 15 ka poʻe ma luna o ka moku a he 2021 poʻe, alakaʻi ʻia e Bergamini, make pū me ia.

ʻO ka moku holo moku māmā ʻo Uganda, ka moku kaua Pelekāne mua i komo i ka Operation Avalanche, ua pōʻino ʻia e kahi pōkā alakaʻi pololei.

Ma ka hola 16:29 ua komo ʻo Fritz-X i ka papa o Italia a me ke kāʻei ʻaoʻao i mua o ka hale kiaʻi 1, e pahū ana i ka wai mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka moku. ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi lua i loko o ke ana ʻana he 7,5 x 6 m a me ka deformation o ka ʻili, e hoʻonui ana i lalo ma kahi o 24 x 9 m, akā ʻo ke kahe wai (1066 tons o ka wai) i kaupalena ʻia i nā cofferdams ma waena o ka ʻili. a me ka pale pale anti-torpedo longitudinal. Ma mua iho nei, ma ka hola 15:30, ua pahū ka pōkā ma ka hope o ke awa o Italia i hoʻopaʻa pōkole ʻia ai ka hoe.

Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pahu mua i pā iā Roma mai ka mokulele o Major III./KG100 luna. Bernhard Jope, a ua alakaʻi ka platun iā ia i ka pahu hopu. ʻO Klaproth. ʻO ka lua, mai Dornier, i hoʻokele ʻia e Sgt. limahana. Ua alakaʻi ʻo Kurt Steinborn i ka platun. Degan.