Kahu a me "Alakaʻi"

Ranger i ka hopena o 30s. Noho ka mokulele i loko o ka hangar, no laila aia nā paipu o ka moku i kahi kūlana kū.

ʻO ka hele ʻana o nā moku koʻikoʻi o ka Kriegsmarine ma ka ʻĀkau o Norewai i koi ai i ka poʻe Pelekania e mālama i kahi kūlana ikaika loa ma ke kumu o nā ʻauwaʻa home Scapa Flow. Mai ka pūnāwai o 1942, hiki iā lākou ke "ʻaiʻē" i nā ʻāpana o ka US Navy, a he mau mahina ma hope mai ua huli hou lākou i Wakinekona no ke kōkua, i kēia manawa e noi ana e hoʻouna i kahi mokulele mokulele. Ua kōkua nā ʻAmelika i ko lākou mau hoa me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi Ranger liʻiliʻi loa, nona nā mokulele i hoʻouka i nā moku Kelemania kokoke i Bodø i ʻOkakopa 1943 me ka lanakila nui.

ʻElua mahina ma mua, ua hoʻouna ʻia ka mokulele mokulele ʻo Illustrious i ke Kaiwaenahonua e kōkua i ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka ʻāina nui o Italia, a ʻo ka Furious kahiko wale nō i koe i nā ʻauwaʻa home e pono ai ka hoʻoponopono. ʻO ka pane i ke noi a ka Admiralty e hoʻouna i ka Task Force 112.1 iā Scapa Flow, i hoʻokumu ʻia mai Ranger (CV-4), nā moku holo moku nui ʻo Tuscaloosa (CA-37) a me Augusta (CA-31) a me 5 mau mea luku. Ua hōʻea kēia pūʻali koa i ke kahua ma Orkney i ka lā 19 ʻAukake a ʻo Cadmius, e kali ana ma laila, i alakaʻi. Olaf M. Hustvedt.

ʻO ka Ranger ka moku mokulele mua o ka US Navy i hoʻolālā ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma ke ʻano he moku o kēia papa, ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻia ʻana mai kahi moku (e like me ka Langley CV-1) a i ʻole kahi mea kaua i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia (e like me ka Lexington CV-2 a me Saratoga). hoʻomau-3). No nā makahiki ʻehā mua o kāna lawelawe ʻana, ma San Diego, Kaleponi, ua komo ʻo ia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa "Battle Force" (ʻāpana Pākīpika o ka US Navy) me kahi hui ea i hoʻomaka ʻia he 89 mokulele, nā biplanes wale nō. Mai ʻApelila 1939, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma Norfolk (Virginia), ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hana mua ʻo ia i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma ka Caribbean, a laila ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hui ea o nā Wasps (CV-7) ma laila. I ka Mei 1941, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, i ka wā i hoʻoikaika ʻia ai nā mea kaua anti-aircraft, ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka neutrality patrol e pili ana i ka moku holo moku nui Vincennes (CA-44) a me ʻelua mau mea luku. Ma hope o kāna mākaʻikaʻi ʻelua i Iune, ua hoʻololi hou ʻo ia i nā mea hana (me ka radar a me ka beacon radio) a me nā mea kaua. I Nowemapa, me nā moku holo moku ʻelua a me ʻehiku mau moku luku US Navy, ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i nā kaʻa e lawe ana i nā koa Pelekane mai Halifax a i Cape Town (convoy WS-24).

Ma hope o Pearl Harbor, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka moku Bermuda no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, me kahi hoʻomaha no ka mākaʻikaʻi ʻana ma Martinique e "mālama" i nā moku Vichy i ka hopena o Pepeluali 1942. Ma hope o ka hoʻololi hou ʻana i nā mea hana a me nā mea kaua (i ka hopena o Malaki / mua o ʻApelila), hele ʻo ia i Quonset Point (hema o Bosetona), kahi i lawe ai ma luna o ka moku 68 (76?) Curtiss P-40E mau mea kaua. Hele pū ʻo ia me kekahi mau mea luku ma Trinidad, ua hōʻea ʻo ia i Accra (British Gold Coast, i kēia manawa ʻo Ghana) i ka lā 10 o Mei, a ma laila kēia mau mīkini, i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻea i mua o ʻApelika ʻĀkau, haʻalele i ka moku (ua holo pū lākou, lawe ʻia. kokoke i ka lā piha). I ka lā 1 o Iulai, ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana ma ʻAmelika (Newfoundland), ua kāhea ʻo ia ma Quonset Point no kahi pūʻulu o nā mea kaua Curtiss P-40 (ʻo kēia manawa he 72 version F), i holo ma Accra 18 mau lā ma hope.

Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa hou ʻana i nā mea kaua anti-aircraft, ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ma Norfolk, ua lawe ka Ranger ma luna o kahi pūʻulu ea o nā pūʻali koa VF-9 a me VF-41 a me nā pūʻali koa bomber a me nā mākaʻikaʻi VS-41, nāna i aʻo i ka hapa nui o ʻOkakopa ma Bermuda. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ma mua o kona komo ʻana i nā pae ʻāina Allied ma ka ʻāpana Farani o North Africa (Operation Torch). Me ka mea hoʻokele mokulele ʻo Suwanee (CVE-27), ka moku holo māmā ʻo Cleveland (CL-55) a me ʻelima mau mea luku, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka Task Force 34.2, ʻāpana o ka Task Force 34, i hana ʻia me ka uhi ʻana a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka pūʻali pae ʻāina e lawe. Moloko. I kona hōʻea ʻana i 8 mau mile ma ke komohana ʻākau o Casablanca ma mua o ka wanaʻao o Nowemapa 30, ua loaʻa i kāna hui ea he 72 mau mokulele mākaukau kaua: hoʻokahi mokulele kauoha (he Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber), 17 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers ( VS-41) a me 54 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighter (26 VF-9 a me 28 VF-41).

Ua hāʻawi pio ka Farani i ke kakahiaka o Nowemapa 11, 1942, ʻo ia ka manawa i lele aku ai nā mokulele Ranger he 496 manawa. I ka lā mua o ka hoʻouka kaua, ua pana aku nā mea hakakā i nā kaʻa he 13 (me ka RAF Hudson ma ke kuhi hewa) a luku i kahi o 20 ma ka honua, ʻoiai nā mea pana i hoʻoiho i nā submarines Farani Amphitrite, Oread a me Psyche, a ua hōʻino i ka moku kaua Jean Bart. , ka moku holo māmā. ʻO Primaguet a me ka mea luku ʻo Albatros. I ka lā aʻe, ua hahau ʻia nā Wildcats i 5 mau manawa (e ko lākou mau kaʻa ponoʻī hou), a ma kahi o 14 mau mokulele i luku ʻia ma ka honua. Ma ke kakahiaka o ka la 10 o Novemaba, ua hala na torpedo a ka moku kai Le Tonnan i ki aku ai i ka Ranger. Ua hoʻonoho ʻo ia i kona hope ma lalo o ka loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai. Ua loaʻa i kēia mau kūleʻa ko lākou kumukūʻai - ma muli o nā kaua ʻenemi a me nā pōʻino, 15 mau mea kaua a me 3 mau pōkā i nalowale,

eono pailaka i make.

Ma hope o ka hoʻi ʻana i Norfolk a me ka nānā ʻana i ka uapo, ma Ianuali 19, 1943, ua hāʻawi ʻo Ranger, i ukali ʻia e Tuscaloosa a me 5 mau mea luku, he 72 P-40 mau koa i Casablanca. ʻO ka pūʻulu like, akā ma ka mana L, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma Pepeluali 24. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ʻApelila a i ka hopena o Iulai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo ia ma Argentina, ma ka mokupuni ʻo Newfoundland, e hana ana i nā huakaʻi hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma nā wai a puni. I loko o kēia manawa, ua lilo ʻo ia i ke kikowaena o ka manaʻo o ka media e like me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka poʻe Kelemania ua pio ʻo ia. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana e kahi submarine - ma ka lā 23 ʻApelila, ua kī ʻo U 404 i ʻehā mau torpedoes i ka mokulele mokulele Pelekane ʻo Beeter, ua ʻike ʻia ko lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻana (ma ka hopena o ka holo) CP. Ua hōʻike ʻo Otto von Bülow ua hāʻule ʻo ia i kahi pahuhopu kuhi hewa ʻole. I ka wā i hoʻolaha aku ai ka poʻe Kelemania i ka lanakila (ua hāʻawi ʻo Hitler iā von Bülow i ke Keʻa Hao me nā Lau ʻOka), ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki i nā ʻAmelika ke hōʻoia he mea lapuwale kēia, a kapa ʻia ka luna o ka moku he makaʻu wahaheʻe, hoʻopunipuni hoʻi (ma lalo o kāna kauoha ka U- ʻO ka waʻa 404 i hoʻouka kaua me ka wiwo ʻole i nā convoy, a hoʻopau i nā moku he 14 a me ka mea luku Pelekane ʻo Veteran).

I nā lā he ʻumi mua o ʻAukake, ua holo ka Ranger i ka moana no ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka moku moana ʻo Queen Mary, kahi i holo ai ka ʻelele aupuni Pelekane i alakaʻi ʻia e ke Kuhina Nui ʻo Winston Churchill i Quebec no ka hālāwai kūkā me nā ʻAmelika. I ka manawa 11 tm. haʻalele i ke kahua mokulele ʻo Kanada, ʻo kāna hui ea (CVG-4) he 67 mokulele: 27 FM-2 Wildcats no ka squadron VF-4 (ex-VF-41), 30 SBD Dauntless VB-4 (ex-VB-41). , 28 i loko o ka ʻokoʻa 4 a me ʻelua "triples") a me 10 Grumman TBF-1 Avenger VT-4 torpedo bombers, kekahi o ia ka mokulele "pilikino" o ka luna hui hou, ʻo Commander V. Joseph A. Ruddy.

Poino i ka hope o ka moku kaua Farani Jean Bart, i paa ma Casablanca. ʻO kekahi o lākou i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pōkā i hāʻule ʻia e nā mokulele Ranger.

ʻO nā hoʻomaka

ʻOi aku ma mua o 21 mau makahiki ma mua, i Pepeluali 1922, ua kau inoa nā ʻelele o nā mana honua ʻelima ma Wakinekona i kahi kuʻikahi e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i nā mea kaua moana, e hoʻolauna ana i nā "lā hoʻomaha" i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā moku kaumaha loa. No ka pale ʻana i nā hull i hoʻopau ʻia o nā moku kaua Lexington-class ʻelua mai ka hōʻea ʻana i nā pā moku no ka wāwahi ʻana, ua hoʻoholo nā ʻAmelika e hoʻohana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he "chassis" no nā mea lawe mokulele. ʻO nā moku o kēia papa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka palena hoʻoneʻe maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi i ka hihia o ka US Navy he 135 tons. No ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Lexington a me Saratoga he 000 mau kānaka i kēlā me kēia, 33 mau kānaka i loaʻa.

I ka wā ma Wakinekona i hoʻomaka ai lākou e noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kahi moku e lilo i mea lawe mokulele mai ka manawa i waiho ʻia ai ke keel, ʻo ka hoʻolālā mua "kūpono", i Iulai 1922, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā kiʻi kiʻi o nā ʻāpana me ka neʻe ʻana o 11, 500, 17 a. 000 tona, 'o ia ho'i nā 'oko'a o ka māmā holo ki'eki'e, ka ho'opa'a 'ana a me ka nui o ka hui ea; ma ke ʻano o ka mea kaua, ua manaʻo kēlā me kēia koho i ke alo o nā pū 23-mm (000-27) a me 000-mm (203 a i ʻole 6) mau pū honua. I ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ʻo ka liʻiliʻi o 9 tf e lawe mai i kahi hopena ʻoluʻolu, no ka mea e pono ai ke koho i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea kaua ikaika a i ʻole ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā me nā mea kaua ikaika, a i ʻole nā ​​mokulele he nui.

Ma Mei 1924, ua loaʻa ka manawa e hoʻokomo i ka mea lawe mokulele i ka papahana hoʻonui hou o ka US Navy. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), ke kuleana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka qualitative a me quantitative o ka mokulele, makemake ʻo ia i kahi moku me kahi papa maʻemaʻe, me ka ʻole o ka superstructure ma luna o ka moku. Ma muli o kēia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hui ea a me ka pae ʻana i ka palekana i nā pilikia he nui, no ka laʻana, me ke kau ʻana i nā mea kaua. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa pū nā lālā o ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā Nui, he ʻaha kūkā ma lalo o ke Kuhina o ka Navy i haku ʻia e nā luna kiʻekiʻe, e pili ana i ka wikiwiki kūpono o ka moku (e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana mai nā moku holo moku "Washington") a me kona ākea. Ua koho hope ʻia ka ʻaha ʻelua mau koho: ʻo kahi moku māmā, wikiwiki (32,5 in) me ʻewalu mau pū 203 mm a me 60 mokulele, a i ʻole kahi moku ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi akā ʻoi aku ka mālie (27,5 in).

a me 72 mokulele.

I ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ʻaʻole e hoʻokomo ʻia nā kālā no kahi mokulele mokulele i ka waihona kālā a hiki i ka makahiki 1929, ua hāʻule ke kumuhana "i ka papa inoa." Ua hoʻi mai ʻo ia i ʻumikumamālua mau mahina ma hope mai, a ma ia manawa ua koho ka ʻaha kūkā no kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa, me ka ʻole o nā pū 203 mm a me nā mea kaua i manaʻo mua ʻia. ʻOiai ua loaʻa nā hōʻike mai Lākana i nā pilikia me ka wehe ʻana i ka uahi ma ka Fast and the Furious a ʻaʻohe pilikia me ka Hermes a me ka Eagle, ʻelua me nā mokupuni, ua hoʻomau ʻo BuAer i ke koho ʻana i kahi papa lele lele. I Pepeluali 1926, ua hōʻike nā loea mai ka Bureau of Construction and Repair (BuSiR) i nā kiʻi o nā ʻāpana me ka neʻe ʻana o 10, 000 a me 13 tons, i manaʻo ʻia e hiki i 800-23 cm. kāʻei, mea kaua i loko o kona hull i 000 32-mm pū. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua he 32,5 mm ka mānoanoa o ka ʻaoʻao, a he kakini he 12 127 mm mau pū.

Ma kahi hālāwai o ka ʻaha kūkā ma Malaki 1927, ua koho ke poʻo o ka BKR no kahi moku liʻiliʻi, ma ke kumu he ʻelima mau ʻāpana i helu ʻia no ka huina o nā papa mokulele 15-20 pakeneka. ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hihia o ʻekolu me ka neʻe ʻana o nā tons 23. Hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa i ka pale hull "pono", akā ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu ʻana i ka pale kaua ma ka papa o ka mokulele a i ʻole ka pale o ka hangar ʻaʻole i pilikia. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pōʻino, a no laila ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pohō, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā moku. Eia naʻe, aia ka pilikia o nā kumukūʻai, aia ma kahi o 000 pakeneka kiʻekiʻe. ma muli o ʻelua lumi ʻenekini pipiʻi hou. I ka hiki ʻana mai i nā hiʻohiʻona e pono ai no ka BuAer, ua hoʻoholo ʻia he 20 kapuaʻi (80 m) ka laulā a ma kahi o 24,4 (665 m) ka lōʻihi me nā ʻōnaehana laina a me nā catapults ma nā kihi ʻelua.

Ma kahi hālāwai i ʻOkakopa, ua ʻōlelo kekahi luna e pani ana i nā pailaka i kahi moku me ka neʻe ʻana o 13 tons, kahi e hoʻokipa ai i 800 bombers a me 36 mau mea hakakā ma ka hangar a ma luna o ka moku, a i ʻole - ma kahi ʻano me ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe ( 72 ma kahi o 32,5 knots) - 29,4 a me 27. ʻOiai ua ʻike mua ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mokupuni (no ka laʻana, ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi pae ʻana), ua manaʻo ʻia ka maʻalahi o ka papa he "makemake nui ʻia". ʻO ka pilikia me nā kinoea hoʻopau i koi i ka Bureau of Engineering (BuEng) e koho i ka mokupuni, akā no ka mea ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke kumukūʻai o ka moku e nā pono o ka "airport", ua hoʻokō ʻo BuAer i kāna pahuhopu.

ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻana o ka Saratoga a me Lexington (ʻo ka mea mua i komo i ka lawelawe ʻelua pule ma mua, ʻo ka lua ma ka waena o Dekemapa) ʻo ia ka mea ma Nowemapa 1, 1927, ua noi ka ʻaha kūkā nui i ke kākau ʻōlelo e kūkulu i ʻelima ma 13 tf. No ka mea, he kū'ē i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe loea o ka 'Oihana Hoʻolālā Kaua, ka mea i makemake iā lākou e hana i nā pilina me nā moku holo moku o Wakinekona, ua manaʻo ʻia kā lākou launa pū ʻana me nā moku kaua "lohi", ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea lawe mokulele hou ʻaʻole pono no ka hele ʻana ma waena. ke kenekulia 800.

Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe ma BuC&R i nā mahina ʻekolu e hiki mai ana, akā ʻehā wale nō kiʻi hoʻolālā no ka moku 13 tons i lawe ʻia i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe, a ua koho ka ʻaha kūkā i ka koho 800 ft (700 m). Ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana o nā mea hoʻolālā ʻaʻole hiki i nā kapuahi kiʻekiʻe ma kahi mokupuni ke hoʻopilikia i ka lewa ma luna o laila, ua mālama ʻia ka pono o ka maʻalahi. I kēia kūlana, i mea e mālama ai i ka uahi deck i ka haʻahaʻa, pono e hoʻonoho ʻia nā paila i kahi kokoke loa i ka hopena o ka hull, a i ka hopena ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ʻimi i ka lumi paila "ʻaʻole kūpono" ma hope o ka. keʻena turbine. Ua hoʻoholo pū ʻia, e like me ka Langley hoʻokolohua, e hoʻohana i nā chimney peʻa (ua hoʻonui ʻia ko lākou helu i ʻeono), e ʻae iā lākou e hoʻonohonoho i ka horizontally, perpendicular i nā ʻaoʻao. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana i ka ea, hiki ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā kinoea pauka a pau i kahi triple symmetrical "loaʻa" aia ma ka ʻaoʻao leeward.

ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka lumi ʻenekini ma hope ua pale i kona kaumaha ʻoi aku ka nui (no ka pilikia o ka ʻoki ʻana) a no laila ka mana, no laila ua ʻae ka Papa i ka 53 hp, ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe o 000 knots ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻāʻo. Ua hoʻoholo pū ʻia he 29,4 mau kaʻa i ka hui ea (me 108 wale nō nā pōkā a me nā torpedo bombers), a pono e hoʻokomo ʻia ʻelua catapults ma ka papa hangar, ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka fuselage. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i nā mea kaua - ʻo ia ka hopena, ua haʻalele ʻia nā pū anti-submarine, nā torpedo tubes a me nā pū i makemake ʻia i nā pūkini āpau 27-mm L / 127 a me nā pū mīkini 25-mm e like me ka hiki, me ke koi E hoʻokomo iā lākou ma waho o ka papa lele a hāʻawi iā lākou i nā kumulāʻau āpau e like me ke ahi nui e like me ka hiki. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā helu ʻana he mau ʻumi wale nō o nā mea kaua e koe, a ʻo ka hope, ua uhi ʻia ke ʻano hoʻokele (nā papa 12,7 mm mānoanoa ma nā ʻaoʻao a me 51 mm ma luna). Ma muli o ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻoponopono pono i nā poʻo kaua, ua haʻalele ʻia nā torpedoes, a ʻo nā mokulele mokulele e hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pōkā wale nō.