Nā kaua moana no Guadalcanal ʻāpana 2
ʻO kekahi o nā moku kaua ʻAmelika hou, ʻo USS Washington, ʻo ia ka moku kaua Iapana lanakila ʻo Kirishima i ke kaua ʻelua o Guadalcanal ma Nowemapa 15, 1942.
Ma hope o ka hopu ʻia ʻana o ke kahua mokulele ʻo Guadalcanal, ua hoʻoikaika ka poʻe moana ʻAmelika a puni ia, ʻaʻole lawa nā pūʻali a me nā mea e hopu ai i ka mokupuni. Ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana o nā ʻauwaʻa ʻAmelika i ka hikina hema, ua waiho wale ʻia nā Marines. Ma kēia kūlana, ua hoʻāʻo nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou mau pūʻali koa ma ka mokupuni, a ua alakaʻi i kekahi mau kaua moana. Ua hakakā lākou me nā laki like ʻole, akā i ka hopena, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hakakā lōʻihi no nā ʻAmelika. ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ke koena o nā poho, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae i ka nalo hou ʻana o nā Kepani iā Guadalcanal. He kuleana nui ka pūʻali moana i kēia.
Ke haʻalele ka Kontradm transports. Turner, aia wale ka Marines ma Guadalcanal. ʻO ka pilikia nui i kēlā manawa, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu i ka 155-mm howitzer squadron o ka 11th Marine Regiment (Artillery) a me 127-mm mau pū kīʻaha kahakai mai ka 3rd Defensive Division. ʻO kekahi o nā hana mua ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻāina paʻa a puni ka mokulele (ma kahi ʻāpana me kahi ākea o 9 km) a lawe i ke kahua mokulele i kahi kūlana hana. ʻO ka manaʻo e kau i kahi pūʻali ea ma ka mokupuni, kahi e hiki ʻole ai ke hoʻoikaika i ka pūʻali koa Kepani a uhi i kā lākou mau lako ponoʻī ma ke ala i Guadalcanal.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pūʻali mokulele ʻAmelika e hiki mai ana ma ka mokupuni (ʻo ia ka Cactus Air Force, ʻoiai ua kapa ʻia nā ʻAmelika ʻo Guadalcanal "Cactus") ʻo ia ke kahua kaua moana Iapana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Rabaul o New Britain. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ʻAmelika iā Guadalcanal, ua paʻa nā Kepani i ka 25th Air Flotilla ma Rabaul, kahi i pani ʻia e ka 26th Air Flotilla. Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o ka mea hope, ua mālama ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoikaika, ʻaʻole he hāʻawi. Ua hoʻololi ke ʻano o ka mokulele ma Rabaul, akā ma ʻOkakopa 1942, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka haku mele penei:
- 11. Mokulele, Hope Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
- 25th Air Flotilla (Commander for Logistics Sadayoshi Hamada): Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, 2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
- 26th Air Flotilla (Vice Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
- 21. Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Hui Lewa - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.
ʻO nā pūʻali koa ʻāina Imperial Iapana e hiki ke komo ma Guadalcanal ka pūʻali koa 17, i alakaʻi ʻia e Lutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. ʻO General Hyakutake, ʻoiai ʻo ia he Lutanela Konela, ʻo ia ka attaché pūʻali koa Iapana ma Warsaw mai 1925-1927. Ma hope mai ua lawelawe ʻo ia i ka Pūʻali Kwantung a ma hope mai ua paʻa ʻo ia i nā kūlana like ʻole ma Iapana. I ka makahiki 1942, aia ke kauoha o kāna pūʻali koa 17 ma Rabaul. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka 2nd Infantry Division "Sendai" ma Philippines a me Java, ka 38th Infantry Division "Nagoya" ma Sumatra a me Borneo, ka 35th Infantry Brigade ma Palau a me ka 28th Infantry Regiment (mai ka 7th Infantry Division) ma Truk. . Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pūʻali koa 18 hou e hana ma New Guinea.
Hāʻawi ʻo Adm. Ua hoʻomaka pū ʻo Isoroku Yamamoto e hōʻiliʻili i nā pūʻali e komo i ka ʻāina ʻo Solomona. ʻO ka mua, ua hoʻouna ʻia ka 2nd Fleet i New Britain ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Vice Adm. ʻO Nobutake Kondo, ʻo ia ka 4th cruiser squadron (ka moku holo moku nui ʻo Atago a me nā māhoe Takao a me Maya) ma lalo o ke kauoha pololei a ka Hope Admiral. Kondo a me ka 5th cruiser squadron (heavy cruisers Myoko and Haguro) ma lalo o ke kauoha a Vice Adm. Takeo Takagi. ʻO nā moku holo moku kaumaha ʻelima i alakaʻi ʻia e ka 4th Destroyer Flotilla ma lalo o ke kauoha a Kontrrad. ʻO Tamotsu Takama ma luna o ka moku holo māmā ʻo Yura. ʻO ka flotilla nā mea luku ʻo Kuroshio, Oyashio, Hayashio, Minegumo, Natsugumo a me Asagumo. Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo Chitose mea lawe moku moana i ka hui. Ua kapa ʻia ka mea āpau ma ke ʻano he "kauoha kiʻekiʻe".
Ma kahi o ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā pūʻali koa o ka Navy i hoʻokahi hui ikaika, a i ʻole nā hui e hana ana i kahi pilina pili kokoke, kokoke iā ia, adm. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Yamamoto i nā ʻauwaʻa i mau pūʻulu hoʻolālā, i manaʻo ʻia e hana kūʻokoʻa, ma kahi mamao loa mai kekahi i kekahi. ʻAʻole i hana kēlā māhele i ke Kai Koʻa, ʻaʻole i hana ma Midway, ʻaʻole i hana ma Guadalcanal. No ke aha i pili ai i ke aʻo kuʻuna o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i nā pūʻali ʻenemi? No ka mea, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe nā luna o kēia manawa ma mua o ke kaua a koi aku i nā luna a me nā poʻe ma lalo e hahai. Ua ʻae lākou i kēia manawa ua hewa lākou? Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻauwaʻa i nā ʻāpana e "huihui" i ka ʻenemi a hoʻohuli i ko lākou mau pūʻali, me ia ʻano hana e hiki ke luku ʻia nā hui pākahi i nā hoʻouka ʻana ma hope.
ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai kahi "hui mua" ma lalo o ke kauoha a ka counterattack (i kapa ʻia ʻo "Kido Butai") mai nā pūʻali nui. Hiroaki Abe. ʻO ke kumu o kēia kauoha ʻo ia nā moku kaua ʻelua, ʻo Hiei (mokulele) a me Kirishima, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka moku lawe mokulele ʻo Chikuma o ka 8th Cruiser Squadron. ʻO kēia pūʻulu pū kekahi me ka 7th cruiser squadron, i kauoha ʻia e ka rad hope. ʻO Shoji Nishimura me nā moku holo moku nui ʻo Kumano a me Suzuya a me ka 10th Destroyer Flotilla ma lalo o ke kauoha a Counterrad. ʻO Susumu Kimura: ka moku holo moku ʻo Nagara a me nā mea luku iā Nowaki, Maikaze a me Tanikaze.
ʻO nā pūʻali koa nui o Kido Butai ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Vice Adm. Ua komo ʻo Chuichi Nagumo i nā ʻauwaʻa ʻekolu ma lalo o kāna kauoha pololei: nā mea lawe mokulele ʻo Shokaku a me Zuikaku, ka mea lawe mokulele māmā ʻo Ryujo, ke koena o ka 3th cruiser squadron - ka cruiser-aircraft carrier Tone a me nā mea luku (ke koena o ka 8th flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze a me Tokitsukaze. ʻElua mau pūʻulu hou aʻe, ʻo ka "hui kākoʻo" o ka moku kaua "Mutsu" ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Kāpena Mutsu, com. ʻO Teijiro Yamazumi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻekolu mau mea luku ʻo "Harusame", "Samidare" a me "Murasame", a me kahi "hui pūʻulu" ma lalo o ke kauoha pilikino a adm. ʻO Isoroku Yamamoto, ʻo ia ka moku kaua ʻo Yamato, ka mokulele mokulele ʻo Junyō, ka mea lawe mokulele ʻo Taiyo, a me nā mea luku ʻelua ʻo Akebono a me Ushio.
Ua hana ʻia ka mokulele mokulele ʻo Junyō ma ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka moku kaʻa Kashiwara Maru ma mua o ka pau ʻana. Pēlā nō, kūkulu ʻia ka mokulele mokulele like ʻo Hiy ma luna o ka hull o ka māhoe liner Izumo Maru, i kūʻai ʻia hoʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana mai ka mea nona ka moku ʻo Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Ma muli o ka lohi loa o kēia mau ʻāpana (ma lalo o ke kenekulia 26), ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo ʻia he mau mea lawe mokulele, ʻoiai ua nui loa lākou no nā mea lawe mokulele māmā (ʻoi aku ma mua o 24 tons neʻe).
Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale nō, no ka mea, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hana o ka lawe ʻana i nā convoy me nā mea hoʻoikaika a me nā lako i Guadalcanal i kahi hui ʻē aʻe - ʻo ka 8th Fleet ma lalo o ke kauoha a Vice Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. ʻO ia ka moku holo moku nui Chōkai a me ka 6th Cruiser Squadron ma lalo o ke kauoha a Kontrrad. ʻO Aritomo Goto me nā moku holo moku nui ʻo Aoba, Kinugasa a me Furutaka. Ua uhi ʻia lākou e nā mea luku mai ka 2nd Destroyer Flotilla ma lalo o ke kauoha a Kontrrad. ʻO Raizō Tanaka me ka moku holo māmā ʻo Jintsu a me nā mea luku ʻo Suzukaze, Kawakaze, Umikaze, Isokaze, Yayoi, Mutsuki a me Uzuki. Ua hui pū ʻia kēia pūʻali koa me ʻehā mau moku ukali (Nā. 1, 2, 34 a me 35), i kūkulu hou ʻia nā mea luku kahiko, me ʻelua mau pū 120 mm a me ʻelua mau pū anti-aircraft a me nā hāʻule hohonu o kēlā me kēia.
ʻO kēia ka Hope Adimarala 8 o ka ʻAuwaʻa. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo Mikawi e hāʻawi i ka Regiment Infantry 28 ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Konela F. Kiyonao Ichika i Guadalcanal. Ua māhele ʻia ka regiment i ʻelua ʻāpana. ʻO kahi mahele kaʻawale o ka regiment, ʻo ia ka 916 mau luna a me nā koa o Konela V. Ichiki, ma ke poʻo, i manaʻo ʻia e lawe i ʻeono mau mea luku ma lalo o ka uhi o ka pō: Kagero, Hagikaze, Arashi, Tanikaze, Hamakaze a me Urakaze. ʻO ke koena o ka regiment (ma kahi o 700 mau kāne a me ka hapa nui o nā mea kaumaha) e lawe ʻia i Guadalcanal e nā mea lawe lawe ʻelua, ʻo Boston Maru a me Daifuku Maru, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka moku holo māmā Jintsu a me ʻelua mau mākaʻi, Nos. 34 a me 35. ʻO ke kolu o ka lawe ʻana, ʻo ka Kinryū Maru, lawe ʻia ma kahi o 800 mau koa mai ka Mokuna 5th Marine Division o Yokosuka. ʻO ka huina, 2400 poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i Guadalcanal mai Truk Island, a ʻo ka 8th Fleet i hele ma ke ʻano he ukali lōʻihi. Eia naʻe, nā adm. E hāʻawi ʻo Yamamoto i kahi uhi hou aʻe ka manaʻo o ka luna Kepani e huki i nā ʻAmelika i kahi kaua nui ʻē aʻe a hoʻi hope ma hope o Midway.
ʻO ka ikaika o adm. Ua haʻalele ka Yamamota iā Iapana ma ʻAukake 13, 1942. Ma hope iki mai, ua haʻalele kahi kaʻa mai Truk e hoʻonohonoho i ka hana holoʻokoʻa, i kapa ʻia e nā Kepani ʻo "Operation Ka".
Haole o ka hana Ka
Ma ʻAukake 15, 1942, hōʻea nā moku hoʻolako ʻAmelika i Guadalcanal no ka manawa mua mai ka pae ʻana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻehā wale nō mea luku i hoʻololi ʻia i ka lawe ʻana: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory a me USS McKean, akā lawe mai lākou i nā mea mua e pono ai e hoʻonohonoho i ka mokulele ma Lunga Point (Henderson Field). He 400 barela wahie, 32 barela lubricant, 282 poma ma ke kaumaha o 45-227 kg, nā ʻāpana a me nā mea hana lawelawe.
I kekahi lā ma hope mai, ua hāʻawi aku ka moku luku Kepani kahiko ʻo Oite i nā pūʻali koa he 113 a me nā lako no ka pūʻali koa Iapana o ka mokupuni, ʻo ia ka hapa nui o nā pūʻali koa moana, nā pūʻali kūkulu hale, a me kahi helu nui o nā kauā Korea ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia he poʻe pale o ka mokupuni. ʻO nā Marines Kepani, me nā koena o Kure's 3rd Marine Group a me nā mea hou i hōʻea mai o ka 5th Marine Group o Yokosuka, ua hoʻonoho ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana o ke kahakai ʻAmelika ma Henderson Field. ʻO nā pūʻali koa honua o Iapana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hikina o ke alahaka.
Ma ka la 19 o Augate, ua kipu aku na mokukaua Kepani ekolu, o Kagero, Hagikaze, a me Arashi, i ka US Marines a aole i pane mai na Amerika. ʻAʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻāpana 127 mm kahakai. A laila hele mai kahi B-17 noho hoʻokahi mai ka 11th Espiritu Santo Bombardment Group, i hoʻokele ʻia e Major J. James Edmundson. ʻO ka mea wale nō i mākaukau e lele i kēia manawa. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i nā pūʻali poma ma luna o nā mea luku Kepani mai kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1500 m a, kahaha, ua paʻi kekahi o kēia mau pōkā! Ua paʻi ʻia ka mea luku ʻo Hagikaze ma ka hope o ka pā nui
kal. 127 mm pōma - 227 kg.
Ua hoopau ka poma i ka pu, ua hookahe i ka pahu poka ma hope, ua poino i ka hoeuli a nahaha kekahi wili, e hoemi ana i ka wikiwiki o ka mea luku i 6 V. Me 33 i make a he 13 i eha, ua alakai aku ka Hagikaze ia Arashi i Truk, kahi i hooponopono ia ai. Ua kū ka pana ʻana. Ua hele haʻahaʻa loa ʻo Mekia Edmundson i ke kahakai ma ke kahua ʻo Henderson a haʻi aku i ka leo leo o ka Marines.
Ma ka la 20 o Augate, ua hoea mai ka mokulele mua ma Henderson Field: 19 F4F Wildcats mai VMF-223, i alakaiia e Capt. F. John L. Smith, a me 12 SBD Dauntless mai VMSB-232, i alakaiia e kekahi mea nui. Richard S. Mangrum. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau mokulele mai ka mokulele mokulele USS Long Island (CVE-1), ka mea lawe mokulele mua o ʻAmelika. Ma ia po, he hoouka kaua e na koa Iapana he 850 paha malalo o ke alakai ana a Konela S. Ichiki, ka mea i hoopauia e ka luku loa ia ana o ka puali Iapana. ʻO nā koa he 916 i puhi ʻia o ka 28 Infantry Regiment, he 128 wale nō i ola.
I kēia manawa, e neʻe ana nā ʻauwaʻa Iapana i Guadalcanal. Ma ka lā 20 o ʻAukake, ua ʻike ʻia kahi moku lele Kepani i ka USS Long Island a kuhi ʻia ʻo ia ka mea lawe mokulele o nā ʻauwaʻa nui o ʻAmelika. ʻO kahi hui moku ʻekolu i hoʻoikaika ʻia i alakaʻi i ke kaua kūʻē i alakaʻi ʻia e nā pūʻali Iapana. Ua kauoha ʻia ʻo Raizo Tanaka e huli i ka ʻākau e lawe mai i ka mokulele mokulele ʻAmelika i loko o ka ʻāina ʻo Rabaul. Mai ka hikina hikina mai, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he convoy hoʻolako ʻAmelika me nā mea lawe USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) a me USS Alhena (AKA-9) ma ke alakaʻi pololei ʻana o nā mea luku USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) a me USS Helm e hoʻokokoke ana i Guadalcanal (DD-388). Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻo ka uhi manuahi o ka huakaʻi he ʻekolu pūʻulu kipi ma lalo o ke kauoha hui a Hope Adm. ʻO Frank "Jack" Fletcher.
Ua kauoha ʻo ia iā USS Saratoga (CV-3), ka mea lawe mokulele o Task Force 11, e lawe ana i 28 F4F (VF-5), 33 SBD (VB-3 a me VS-3) a me 13 TBF Avengers (VT-8). Ua alakaʻi ʻia ka mokulele e nā moku holo moku nui USS Minneapolis (CA-36) a me USS New Orleans (CA-32) a me nā mea luku USS Phelps (DD-360), USS Farragut (DD-348), USS Worden (DD-352). ). , USS Macdonough (DD-351) a me USS Dale (DD-353).
ʻO ka hui ʻelua o ka Task Force 16 ma lalo o ke kauoha a Counterradm. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Thomas C. Kincaid a puni ka mokulele mokulele USS Enterprise (CV-6). Ma luna o ka moku he 29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) a me 16 TBF (VT-3). Ua uhi ʻia ka TF-16 e: ka moku kaua hou ʻo USS North Carolina (BB-55), ka moku hoʻokele koʻikoʻi USS Portland (CA-33), ka moku hoʻokele anti-aircraft USS Atlanta (CL-51) a me nā mea luku USS Balch (DD-). 363), USS Maury (DD-401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), a me USS Monssen (DD-436).
ʻO ke kolu o ka hui ʻo Task Force 18 ma lalo o ke kauoha a Counterrad. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻo Lee H. Noyes a puni ka mokulele mokulele USS Wasp (CV-7). Ua lawe ia 25 F4Fs (VF-71), 27 SBD (VS-71 a me VS-72), 10 TBFs (VT-7) a me hoʻokahi amphibious J2F Duck. Ua lawe ʻia nā ukali e nā moku holo moku koʻikoʻi USS San Francisco (CA-38) a me USS Salt Lake City (CA-25), ka mea hoʻokele anti-aircraft USS Juneau (CL-52) a me nā mea luku USS Farenholt (DD-491), USS Aarona. Ward (DD-483), USS Buchanan (DD-484), USS Lang (DD-399), USS Stack (DD-406), USS Sterett (DD-407) a me USS Selfridge (DD-357).
Eia kekahi, ua hoʻonoho ʻia nā mokulele i hōʻea hou ma Gaudalcanal, a ʻo ka hui bomber 11 (25 B-17E / F) a me 33 PBY-5 Catalina me VP-11, VP-14, VP-23 a me VP-72 i hoʻonoho ʻia ma Espiritu. . Santo.
