ʻAila kaʻa ʻōpala. Hoʻohui a me ka helu ʻana
Hoʻopau i nā aila ʻaila synthetic a semi-synthetic
Loaʻa i nā huahana aila ʻōpala he 10 a 30 mau mea kemika. Aia ma waena o lākou ke alakaʻi, zinc a me nā metala kaumaha ʻē aʻe, a me ka calcium, phosphorus a me nā polycyclic organic compounds. Kūleʻa ia mau mea i ka pala, ʻona i ka lepo, ka wai, a ke kumu hoʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā cellular i nā mea kanu a me nā kānaka.
- Loaʻa i nā ʻaila minerala kahi mahele o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila a ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui, stabilizers a me halogen reagents.
- Loaʻa nā lubricants semi-synthetic ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā aila kūlohelohe ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui.
- ʻO nā analogues synthetic ka huahana o ka synthesis kemika.
Me ka manaʻo o ke kumu, loaʻa i nā wai lubricating nā alkanes me kahi helu kalapona o C12 - MAI KOA20, nā pūhui ʻala cyclic (arenes) a me nā derivatives naphthene.
ʻO ka hopena o ka hana, ʻike ʻia nā ʻaila i ke koʻikoʻi wela. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā pōʻai kūlohelohe a me nā naphthenes, a ua haki nā kaulahao paraffin i mau pōkole. Hoʻopili nā mea hoʻohui, hoʻololi a me nā mea asphalt-resinous. I kēia moku'āina, ʻaʻole kūpono ka ʻaila i nā koi o ka hana, a ke holo nei ka ʻenekini no ka ʻaʻahu. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā huahana ʻōpala i ka lewa a hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni.
Ka Hana Hana Hou a me ka Hoolei
Hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka ʻōpala ʻaila inā pono ke kaʻina hana. A i ʻole, puhi ʻia nā mea ʻōpala a kanu ʻia paha. Nā ʻano hana hou:
- Hoʻōla hou - ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa sulfuric, ka hydrolysis alkaline, ka mālama ʻana me ka calcium carbide.
- Hoʻomaʻemaʻe kino - centrifugation, hoʻonohonoho, kānana multi-stage.
- Nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika - hoʻoponopono, kānana hoʻololi ion, unuhi, hoʻokaʻawale adsorption, coagulation.
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka ʻōpala aila kūpono ʻole no ka hana hou ʻana mai nā metala kaumaha, ka wai emulsion, a me nā pūhui wela. Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai hopena i wahie no nā mea kanu boiler. Hana ʻia ka helu ʻana o ka ʻōpala e like me ke ʻano:
Мmmo = Kcl× Кв× ρм× ∑ Viм× Kipr× Ni× Li / NiL× 10-3,
kahi: Мmmo - ka nui o ka aila i loaʻa (kg);
Кcl - papa kuhikuhi;
Кв - kumu hoʻoponopono no ka pākēneka o ka wai;
ρм - ʻōpala nui;
Viм - ka nui o ka wai lubricating i ninini ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana;
Li - ka mile o ka hui hydraulic i kēlā me kēia makahiki (km);
НiL - ka helu o ka mile mile makahiki;
Кipr ʻo ia ka helu haumia;
Ni - ka helu o nā hoʻonohonoho hana (engines).
Kālā pōʻino
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻōpala wai mai ka automotive, aviation a me nā lubricants ʻē aʻe i ke kolu o ka papa pōʻino. ʻO nā pūhui kūʻē kemika o ka moʻo naphthenic he mea hoʻoweliweli i ke kaiapuni. Ke alakaʻi nei ia mau cyclic reagents i nā loli i ka DNA o nā mea kanu, nā maʻi autosomal a me nā maʻi oncological i nā kānaka. Hoʻopilikia nā metala kaumaha i nā puʻupaʻa, nā māmā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea organochlorine a me organophosphorus o ka lapalapa ahi i loko o nā aila synthetic e hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻū, pōkole o ka hanu, a ma nā hihia koʻikoʻi e alakaʻi i ka hopu hanu. ʻO ka ʻōpala ʻino o nā aila kaʻa e hōʻemi ana i ka heluna o nā manu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
