He aha ka pena o ke kaʻa a he aha kona mānoanoa ma nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa
Kino kino kaʻa,  Hāmeʻa kaʻa

He aha ka pena o ke kaʻa a he aha kona mānoanoa ma nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa

26.05.2022 /

ʻO ke kino o kahi kaʻa ka mea nui a pipiʻi loa o kahi kaʻa. Hana ʻia kāna ʻāpana i ka metala kuina e ka hahi ʻana, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi holoʻokoʻa. No ka pale ʻana i ka hao mai ka popopo, hoʻopili ʻia ka pena kaʻa ma ka hale hana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pena pena. ʻAʻole ia e pale wale, akā hāʻawi pū i kahi hiʻohiʻona nani a nani. ʻO ke ola lawelawe o ke kino a me ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka maikaʻi o ka uhi ʻana, kona mānoanoa a me ka mālama hope.

ʻEnehana pena kiʻi kaʻa ma ka hale hana

Ma ka mea kanu, mālama ʻia ke kaʻina pena ma nā pae he nui i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā kūlana āpau. Hoʻonohonoho kū hoʻokahi ka mea hana i ka mānoanoa o ka pena pena, akā i loko o ke ana o nā koi a me nā kūlana.

  1. ʻO ka mea mua, galvanized ka mea hao ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Pale kēia iā ia mai ka popopo inā hiki ke hōʻino i ka pena pena. Me ke kōkua o ka uila kūpaʻa, uhi nā mole mū zinc i ka mea hao, e hana ana i kahi papa like me ka mānoanoa o 5-10 microns.
  2. A laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻoliʻiliʻi ka ʻili o ke kino. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, hoʻomomo ʻia ke kino i loko o ka wai ʻauʻau me kahi mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a laila e pīpī ʻia kahi hopena degreasing. Ma hope o ka holoi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, mākaukau ke kino no ka pae hou aʻe.
  3. ʻO ka mea aʻe, phosphated a primed paha ke kino. Hana nā paʻakai phosphorus like ʻole i kahi papa phosphate metala crystalline. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi primer kūikawā i ka lalo a me nā kaaka huila, kahi e pale ai i nā kuʻi pōhaku.
  4. I ka pae hope loa, hoʻopili ʻia ka pena pena ponoʻī. ʻO ka papa mua ka pena, a ʻo ka lua ka varnish, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka gloss a me ka ikaika. I kēia hihia, hoʻohana ʻia ka hana electrostatic, i mea e hiki ai ke hoʻopili i kahi uhi kūlike.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hana hou i kahi ʻenehana ma waho o nā kūlana o ka hale hana, no laila, ʻo ka pena kiʻi ʻana (ʻoi loa ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe) a i ʻole ka hoʻonaninani abrasive e hoʻololi maoli i ka mānoanoa o ka pena, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i waho. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no ka poʻe e ʻimi nei e kūʻai i kahi kaʻa hoʻohana.

Nā kahua o ka pena ʻana i ke kino i ka hale hana

ʻO ka pena ʻana o ke kino piha i kahi papa hana he manawa nui a he kumu kūʻai hoʻi. Pono ia ke hanaʻino nui ʻia ka pena a i ʻole ke loli ke kala. ʻO ka pinepine, hana ʻia ka pena kūloko o nā mea i hōʻino ʻia.

  1. I ka pae mua, hoʻomākaukau ka papa. Wehe ʻia nā ʻāpana kūpono āpau mai ke kino (nā lima, nā pale, nā panina hoʻonaninani, a pēlā aku.). Huki ʻia nā wahi i hōʻino ʻia, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ʻino ʻia ka ʻili.
  2. Kāhea ʻia ka hana hou e hoʻomākaukau ai. Lawe ʻia nā ala o ka popopo mai ka ʻilikai, mālama ʻia nā zinc phosphate a i ʻole nā ​​lepo passive. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻili, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi primer a putty i nā wahi i hōʻino ʻia. ʻO ia ke kahua hoʻomākaukau e lawe i ka manawa a me ka hana nui.
  3. I ka pae hope loa, hoʻopili ʻia ka pena a me ka varnish me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pū kīʻaha. Hoʻopili ka haku i ka pena i kekahi mau papa, e waiho maloʻo. A laila varnished a polished ka ʻili. Pale ka varnish i ka pena mai ka ona, ultraviolet radiation a me nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi.

Nā kīnā a me nā hōʻino hiki

Ma hope o ka pena ʻana, mau nō nā kīnā ʻē i ka ʻili. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i nā ʻano aʻe:

  • shagreen - nā hoʻohaʻahaʻa e like me ka ʻili i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia me ka ʻili;
  • drips - undoting thickenings i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka pena ʻana o ka pena;
  • wrinkling - pelu pinepine;
  • pōpilikia - scratches mai abrasive;
  • hoʻokomo - nā huina haole i ka pena;
  • nā aka ʻokoʻa - nā lau ʻokoʻa o ka pena;
  • nā pores nā pākī kaumaha.

ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke mālama i ka pena kaʻa ma ke ʻano kūpono no ka manawa lōʻihi. Hiki i nā mea like ʻole ke hoʻopili i kona pono. He paʻakikī e loaʻa kahi kaʻa ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki me ka ʻole o ka poino o ka pena pena.

Hiki i nā mea aʻe ke hoʻopili i ka papa pena.

  • ka hopena o ka nohona (ka ua, ka huahekili, ka lā, ka loli koke o ka mahana, nā manu, a pēlā aku);
  • nā kemika (reagents ma ke ala, wai hoʻowahāwahā);
  • ʻinoʻino mīkini (scratches, pā pōhaku, ʻāpana, nā hopena o kahi ulia).

Pono ka mea kalaiwa e mālama i nā lula no ka mālama ʻana i ka pena pena. ʻOiai ka holoi ʻana me kahi lole maloʻo a paʻakikī hoʻi e waiho i nā kaha liʻiliʻi ma ke kino. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe agresive a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine.

Pehea e loiloi ai i ka maikaʻi

E ana i ka maikaʻi o ka pena ʻana, e like me ka manaʻo e like me ka adhesion. Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lina ʻaʻole wale no nā kino, akā no kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe kahi i kau ʻia ai kahi papa pena pena.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo Adhesion e like me ke kūpaʻa o ka hana pena i ka peeling, flaking a me ka māhele.

ʻO ke ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana penei. Me ke kōkua o kahi pahi kahi, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻoki kū ʻeono a kūlou hoʻi i ka ʻili, a lilo ia i hei. E kau ka lewa ma waena o nā notches i ka mānoanoa:

  • a i 60 mau microns - wā mawaena 1 mm;
  • mai 61 a 120 microns - wā mawaena 2 mm;
  • mai 121 a 250 - wā 3 mm.

ʻOkiʻoki ʻia ka pena i ka mea hao. Ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻupena, hoʻopili ʻia ka lepe lina ma luna. A laila, ma hope o ke kū ʻana no 30 kekona, puka aku ka lepili hoʻopili me ka ʻole o ke keke ʻana. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hopena hōʻike e like me ka papa. Aia ia i ke kaha o ka hili ʻana o nā pahu. Helu ʻia ʻo Adhesion i ʻelima mau helu. I ka lōlō adhesion, ka pale e noho like, me ka flaking a me ka roughness. ʻO kēia ka manaʻo he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka pena pena.

Aia kekahi mea hana kūikawā no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hōʻike - kahi mika lina. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻonohonoho i kahi wā kikoʻī a kahakiʻi maʻalahi i ka mālamana.

Ma waho o kēia mau palena, ʻike lākou i:

  • kēkelē gloss o ka pena pena;
  • ka pae o ka paʻakikī a paʻakikī;
  • mānoanoa.

Mānoanoa o ka pena pena

No ke ana ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka pena, hoʻohana ʻia ka mīkini ana o ka mānoanoa. Kū nā nīnau: no ke aha ʻoe e ʻike ai i ka mānoanoa o ka pena pena a he aha ia no kahi kaʻa mai ka hale hana?

Ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia, ana i ka mānoanoa o ka pena pena hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā wahi i pena hou ʻia, a laila e ʻike ai i nā dents i hala a me nā hemahema i ʻike ʻole paha ka mea kūʻai aku.

Ana ʻia ka mānoanoa paintwork i nā microns. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka hale hana ʻaneʻane i nā kaʻa o kēia ao aia i ka laulā o 80-170 microns. Loaʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa i nā palena ʻokoʻa, a mākou e hāʻawi ai i ka papa ma lalo.

He aha e noʻonoʻo ai i ke ana ʻana

Ke ana ʻana i ka mānoanoa o ka pena, pono e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau helu:

  1. E ana ʻia nā ana ma kahi maemae me ka ʻole o ka lepo.
  2. ʻO nā kiʻi i ka pākaukau i kekahi manawa ʻokoʻa iki mai ke ana maoli. ʻO kahi laʻana, me ke kūlana o 100-120 µm, hōʻike ka waiwai i 130 µm ma kekahi wahi. ʻAʻole ia he manaʻo ua pena ʻia ka ʻāpana. ʻAe ʻia kēia hewa.
  3. Inā ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 190 microns, a laila ua hana pololei ʻia kēia ʻāpana. ʻO 1% wale nō o nā kaʻa ʻoi loa ka momona o ka pena ma mua o 200 microns. Inā 300 microns ke kumukūʻai, a laila hōʻike kēia i ke alo o putty.
  4. Pono e hoʻomaka nā ana mai ka kaupaku, ʻoiai ʻaʻole makaʻu kēia wahi a e hana ʻia ana ka pena ma laila. Lawe i ka waiwai e like me ke kumu a hoʻohālikelike me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
  5. E hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻoiai ma ke kaʻa hou, ʻokoʻa ka mānoanoa o nā wahi. He maʻamau kēia. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka hood he 140 microns, a ʻo ka puka he 100-120 microns.
  6. ʻAʻole mānoanoa ka mānoanoa o nā mea o loko i 40-80 microns, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono kēia pale e pale hou aʻe mai nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​mea agena.
  7. E nānā pono i kēlā mau ʻāpana o ke kino i maʻalahi i nā hopena (bumper, fenders, puka, a pēlā aku.).
  8. Hoʻololi iki ka polishing i ka mānoanoa, akā hiki i ka vinyl a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻē aʻe ke hoʻonui i ka mānoanoa e 100-200 microns.

Nā papa o ka mānoanoa o ka pena ma nā kaʻa like ʻole

A laila, hōʻike mākou i nā papa o nā hiʻohiʻona kaʻa, mau makahiki o ka hana a me ka mānoanoa o ka pena.

ʻO Acura, Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
ACURATLXʻApelila 2008105-135
MDXIII 2013125-140
RDXIII 2013125-140
Alfa RomeoʻO GuliettaII 2010170-225
Myth2008120-140
AUDIA12010 - Nov (I)125-170
ʻO wau2012 - nv (8V)120-140
ʻO wau2003–2013 (8P)80-100
S32012 – nv120-150
S3 Hoʻololi2012 – nv110-135
A42015 - nv (B9)125-145
A42007–2015 (B8)120-140
A42004-2007 (B7)100-140
A42001-2005 (B6)120-140
S42012 – nv125-145
RS42012 – nv120-140
A52007 – nv100-120
S52011 – nv130-145
RS5 hoʻolilo2014 – nv110-130
A62011 - nv (Q)120-140
A62004–2010 (C6)120-140
RS62012 – nv110-145
A72010 – nv100-135
RS72014 – nv100-140
A82010 - nv (04)100-120
A82003-2010 (D3)100-120
A8L2013 – nv105-130
S82013 – nv110-130
Q32011 – nv115-140
RS Q32013 – nv110-140
Q52008 – nv125-155
SQ52014 – nv125-150
Q72015 – nv120-160
Q72006-2015100-140
TT2014 – nv100-115
TT2006-2014105-130
А4 holoʻokoʻa2009 - nv.120-150
BMW1 lilo2011 - nv (F20)120-140
1 lilo2004-2011 (E81)100-140
2 lilo2014 – nv105-140
3 lilo2012 - nv (F30)120-130
3 lilo2005-2012 (F92)110-140
3 lilo1998-2005 (E46)120-140
4 lilo2014 – nv115-135
4 be cabrio2014 – nv125-145
5 lilo2010 - nv (F10)90-140
5 lilo2003-2010 (E60)130-165
5 lilo1995-2004 (E39)140-160
6 lilo2011 - nv (F06)120-145
6 lilo2003-2011 (E63)120-145
7 lilo2008-2015 (F01)100-130
7 lilo2001-2008 (E65)120-160
6T2014 – nv160-185
Ml2011 - nv (F20-F21)110-135
M22015 – nv105-140
M32011 – nv105-135
M42014 – nv100-130
MS2010 – nv90-140
M62011 – nv100-130
X-12009-2015 (E84)115-130
X-32010 - nv (F25)120-130
X-32003-2010 (E83)90-100
X-3M2015 – nv100-120
X-42014 – nv120-130
X-52013 - nv (F15)100-125
X-52006-2013 (E70)140-160
X-51999-2006 (E53)110-130
X-62014 - nv (F16)120-165
X-62008-2014 (E71)110-160
X-5M2013 - nv (F85)115-120
X-5M2006-2013 (E70)140-160
X-6M2014 - nv (F86)120-165
X-6M2008-2014 (E71)110-160
Z-42009 - hou (E89)90-130
ʻO Brilliance, BYD, Cadillac, Changan, Chery, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Citroen
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
BILLIANCEH2302014 – nv185-220
H230 Hatchback2015 – nv165-195
H5302011 – nv80-125
V52014 – nv170-190
BYDF32006-201490-100
ʻO CADILLACATS2012 – nv115-160
BL52005-2010110-150
as2014 – nv105-160
as2007-2014115-155
as2003-2007120-150
ʻO Escalade2015 – nv140-150
ʻO Escalade2006-2015135-150
ʻO Escalade2002-2006120-170
SRX2010 – nv125-160
SRX2004-2010110-150
CHANGANʻEado2013 – nv130-160
CS 352013 – nv160-190
ʻO Reaton2013 – nv120-140
CheryBonus2011 - nv (A13)100-125
loa2011 - nv (A13)100-125
ʻĀiwiS2011 - nv (S180)120-140
Kaukani Sedan2010 - nv (A3)90-120
Mil2010 - nv (A3)90-120
3 bonus2014 - nv (A19)110-130
ʻO Arizzo2014 – nv105-140
Amulet2003–2013 (A15)110-120
Kūlana2006–2014 (T11)120-140
ʻO Tigo 52014 – nv110-130
ʻO CHEVROLETCamaro2013 – nv190-220
Alaahi blazer2013 – nv115-140
Huakaʻi2008 – nv155-205
Silverado2013 – nv120-140
Tahoe2014 – nv120-145
Tahoe2006-2014160-180
LIKE2015 – nv115-150
Mālama2010-2015115-130
Epic2006-201290-100
Laces2004-2013110-140
ʻO Lanos2005-2009105-135
manu2012 – nv150-170
manu2006-201280-100
cruze2009-2015135-165
'O ka papa2013 – nv115-200
Kaulawa2005-2015115-140
pae2002 – nv100-140
Orlando2011-2015115-140
ʻO Rezzo2004-201080-130
KAHI300C2010 – nv120-150
300C2004-2010160-170
Luna Nui2007 – nv155-215
PT - holoholo moku2000-2010120-160
KAHIKIc4 picasso2014 – nv120-140
c4 picasso2007-2014110-130
ʻO Jumpy2007 – nv110-135
Jumper2007 – nv105-120
berlingo2008-2015120-150
berlingo2002-2012110-140
c3 picasso2009 – nv85 -100
Xsara picasso2000-201075-120
C4 mokulele2012 – nv105-125
C-elysee2013 – nv105-145
C - Keaukaha2007-201355-90
ʻO C4 sedan2011 – nv105-125
DS32010-201590-150
DS42012-2015115-145
C12005-2015110-130
C22003-2008120-140
C32010 – nv90-120
C32002-200990-120
C42011 – nv125-150
C42004-201175-125
C52007 – nv110-130
C52001-2008110-140
Daewoo, Datsun, Dodge, Fiat, Ford, Geely, Pā Nui, DFM, FAW, Haval
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
DAEWOONexia2008-2015105-130
Hue2000-2015100-110
Gentra2013 – nv115-140
ʻO Lanos1997-2009105-135
ʻO DATSUNma Do2014 – nv105-125
iaʻu2015 – nv105-125
DODGEʻO Caliber2006-2012120-160
mamo2007 – nv150-180
FIATkeʻokeʻo2004-2012115-130
wahi2005-2015110-120
ʻO Doblo2005-2014105-135
Kahikina2007 – nv85-100
5002007 – nv210-260
Fremont2013 – nv125-145
Pale2007 – nv90-120
LOAHōʻoia 32011 – nv120-140
Hōʻoia 22005-2011110-130
Hōʻoia 11999-2005110-135
Kālele ana ST2012 – nv105-120
Fiesta2015 - нв (mk6 RUS)120-150
Fiesta2008-2013 (mk6)110-140
Fiesta2001-2008 (mk5)85-100
Fusion2002-201275-120
Eco - Pāʻani2014 – nv105-125
e pakele ai2001-2012105-145
ʻImi Loa2011 – nv55-90
ʻImi ʻImi ʻImi2011 – nv105-125
Honua2015 – nv90-150
Honua2007-2015115-145
Honua2000-2007110-130
Maverick2000-2010120-140
C-Max2010 – n.v90-120
C-Max2003-201090-120
S-Max2006-2015125-150
Galaxy2006-201575-125
Kuga2013 – nv110-130
Kuga2008-2013110-140
ʻO Edge2013-2015105-130
Ho'ōla2012-2015100-110
Ho'ōla2006-2012115-140
Pāʻālua pono105-135
hooholo2014 – nv105-125
hooholo2000-2014105-125
Pākuʻi hoʻohui2002-2013120-160
hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū2000-2012150-180
Tourneo Mana Lima2013 – nv115-130
Hoʻohui ʻo Tourneo Connect2002-2013110-120
GeelyEmgrand x72013 – nv105-135
Hoʻokomo ec72009 – nv85-100
MK2008-2014210-260
GC5 RV2014125-145
Otaka2005 – nv90-120
Gc62014 – nv120-140
ʻOla nuiWingle 5 hou2007 – nv80-115
M42013 – nv110-140
H5 hou2011 – nv90-105
H6 MA2013 – nv135-150
Hover2005-2010130-150
DFMRich2014 – nv60-125
V252014 – nv80-105
Ka kūleʻa2014 – nv80-105
H30 keʻa2014 – nv115-130
S302014 – nv105-125
AX72014 – nv105-125
FAWV52013 – nv95-105
ʻO Besturn B502012 – nv100-120
ʻO Bestum X802014 – nv115-140
ʻO Besturn B702014 – nv125-150
HOKANAKAH82014 – nv170-200
H62014 – nv115-135
H22014 – nv120-140
H92014 – nv190-220
Kuga2013 – nv110-130
Kuga2008-2013110-140
ʻO Honda, Hyundai, Infinity, Jaguar, Jeep, KIA, Lada (ЗАЗ), Land Rover, Rover, Lexus, Lincoln, Lifan, Mazda
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
HONDAManaʻo2013-2015130-150
Manaʻo2008-2013155-165
Manaʻo2002-2008130-145
CR-V2012 – nv95-125
CR-V2007-201280-100
CR-V2002-200790-120
Civic2012 – nv110-130
Civic2006-201290-130
Kivila 4D2006-2008115-140
Civic2000-2006100-130
ʻO Crosstour2011-2015110-140
pono2001-200885-100
Jazz2002-201285-100
Aria110-115
Legend2008-2012120-160
Pilot2006-2015110-135
HYUNDAIHoʻonani2006-2015110-130
Elantra2006-2015110-135
Elantra2012 – nv105-120
Elantra2015 - нв (mk6 RUS)120-150
Sonata2008-2013 (mk6)110-140
Sonata NF2001-2008 (mk5)85-100
Sonata2002-201275 -120
Equus2014 – nv105-125
Nui2001-2012105 -145
Genesis2011 – nv55-90
Genesis2011 – nv105-125
Getz2015 – nv90-150
mua2007-2015115-145
ʻO Santa Fe Classic2000-2007110-130
Santa Fe2000-2010120-140
Santa Fe2010 – nv90-120
Solaris2003-201090-120
Solaris2006-2015125-150
ʻO Grand Santa Fe2006-201575-125
Hoʻomaka2013 – nv110-130
Tucson2008-2013110-140
Tucson Hou2016 – nv90-120
ʻO Veloster2012 – nv105-130
i202008-2016100-120
i302012 – nv95-120
i302007-2012100-130
i402012 – nv105-140
ix352010 – nv105-125
INFINITEQX70 / FX372008 – nv95-130
QX80 / QX562010 – nv115-145
QX50 / EX252007 – nv115-125
Q502013 – nv130-140
QX602014 – nv120-140
FX352002-2008110-120
ʻO JAGUARʻAno-F2013 – nv95-130
ʻAno-S1999-2007130-180
ʻAno-X2001-2010100-126
XE2015 – nv115-150
XF2007-2015120-145
XJ2009 – nv85-125
KaukauKapepili2011 – nv125-145
ʻO Cherokee2014 – nv90-120
ʻO Cherokee2007-2013120-140
Cherokee Nui2011 – nv80-115
Cherokee Nui2004-2010110-140
Rubicon2014 – nv90-105
Wrangler2007 – nv135-150
KIAʻO Ceed2012 – nv100-130
ʻO Ceed2006-2012115-125
ʻO Ceed GT2014 – nv105-125
Cerato2013 – nv105-140
Cerato2009-2013100-140
ʻO Optima2010-2016115-130
pro ʻo Ceed2007-2014110-125
ʻO Picanto2011 – nv95-120
mohave2008 – nv110-130
ʻO Quoris2013 – nv150-180
Rio2005-2011105-125
Rio2011 – n.v100-130
Nānā2006-2009125-160
Pāʻani2015 – nv100-135
Pāʻani2010-201595-120
Pāʻani2004-2010100-140
Kuleana2009-2015115-120
Kuleana2002-2009115-150
Sorento Kuhina Nui2015 – nv180-200
Soul2014 – nv100-120
Soul2008-2014115-135
E hele2011 – nv105-125
VAZ Lada21072014 – nv120-140
21092002-2008110-120
21102013 – nv95-130
21121999-2007130-180
2114-152001-2010100-126
Mea Makua mua2015 – nv115-150
Largus2007-2015120-145
Viburnum2009 – nv85-125
Viburnum 22011 – nv125-145
Kalina Sport2014 – nv90-120
Kalina kea2007-2013120-140
Keʻa ʻo Largus2011 – nv80-115
Haawi2004-2010110-140
ʻO Granta Sport2014 – nv90-105
ʻO Granta Hatchback2007 – nv135-150
4X4 Papa 3d2012 – nv100-130
4X4 Papa 5d2006-2012115-125
Kau2014 – nv105-125
X-Ray2013 – nv105-140
ROVER KAULANAKuokoa2009-2013100-140
Kaka2010-2016115-130
Kaka2007-2014110-125
Pāʻālua Discovery2011 – nv95-120
Kahului2008 – nv110-130
KahuaKahua2013 – nv150-180
ʻO Ranoe Rover Sport2005-2011105-125
Range Rover SVR2013 – nv130-170
ʻO Reange Rover Evogue2011 – nv135-150
KAKOAHō'oia 751999-2004130-150
LEXUSТТ200h2011 – nv145-175
ES2006 – nv140-145
GS2012 – nv160-185
GS2005-2012120-160
GX2002 – nv125-150
IS2013 – nv150-185
IS2005-2013170-190
IS1999-2005110-120
LS2000 – nv125-150
LX1999-2005140-145
NX2014 – nv135-165
RX2009-2015115-150
RX2003-2009140 -145
RX Hou2016 – nv125-135
LINCOLNhoʻokele110-130
LS2004-2010119-127
LIFANAX602012 – nv85-105
minoʻaka2011 – nv95-110
ʻO Celliya2014 – nv75*100
solano2010 – nv95-110
ʻO Cebra2014 – nv90-110
MAZDA22007-2014115-125
32012 – nv100-130
32006-2012115-125
32014 – nv105-125
52013 – nv105-140
52005-201080-100
62012 – nv80-110
62007-2012110-130
62002-2007100-140
CX-52011 – nv100-120
CX-72006-201285-120
CX-92007-201690-120
Kaumaha2000-200785-120
Mercedes-Benz, Mini, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Porsche, Renault, Saab, Noho, Skoda
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
ʻo Mercedes-BenzHe papa2012 – n.v (w176)90-130
He papa2004–2012 (w169)90-115
Papa B2011 – n.v (w246)90-115
Papa B2005–2011 (W245)90-110
Papa C2014 – n.v (w205)120-140
Papa C2007–2015 (W204)110-170
Papa C2000–2007 (W203)110-135
Papa CL2007–2014 (C216)100-140
Papa CL1999–2006 (C215)115-140
CLA - Papa2013 – n.v (S117)100-130
Papa CLS2011 – n.v (W218)110-140
Papa CLS2004 - i kēia manawa (C219)115-130
CLK - Papa2002–2009 (W209)120-140
E - Papa2009–2016 (W212)110-140
E - Papa2002–2009 (W211)230-250
E - Kālepa Klasse2010 - i kēia manawa (C207)110-130
G - papa1989 – n.v (W463)120-140
GLA - Papa2014 – n.v90-120
GL - Papa2012 - i kēia manawa (X166)90-100
GL - Papa2006–2012 (X164)120-140
GLE - Papa2015 – n.v120-150
WI - coupe papa2015 – n.v120-150
Papa GLK2008–2015 (X204)135-145
GLS - Papa2016 – n.v120-140
Papa ML2011–2016 (W166)100-135
Papa ML2005–2011 (W164)100-130
Papa ML1997-2005 (W-163)110-140
Papa-S2013 – n.v (W222)110-120
S - papa2005–2013 (W221)80-125
Papa-S1998–2005 (W220)110-140
Papa SL2011 – n.v (R231)105-120
ʻO Vito2014 – n.v (W447)100-130
ʻO Sprinter Kahiko2003 – n.v90-100
Sprinter2008 – n.v80-100
KE MINPaceman2012 – n.v115-130
'O Cooper2006-2014105-115
Kāpeka2011 – n.v95 -120
Alanui Alanui2012 – n.v90-110
Kanaka ʻāina2010 – n.v100-120
MITSUBISHIASX2015 – n.v100-135
Carisma2010-201595-120
ʻO Colt2004-2010100-140
12002009-2015115-120
L200 Hou2002-2009115-150
Kiola 92003-2007100 -120
Kiola iā X2007 – n.v95 -120
Outlander2008-2014115-135
Outlanderxl2011 – n.v105-125
ʻO Outlander Samurai2014 – n.v120-140
ʻO Pajero2002-2008110-120
Pāʻani Sport2013 – n.v95 -130
NISSANAlmera2013 – n.v (G15)130-150
Almera2000-2006 (N16)100-130
ʻO Almera Classic2006-2013120-140
ʻO Bluebird Sylphy140 -160
ʻO Juke2010-2016115-135
ʻO Mikra2003-2010 (K13)100-120
murano2008–2016 (Z51)95-110
murano2002–2008 (Z50)105-160
ʻO Navara2005-2015 (D40)120-135
palapala aie2005-2014110-140
Pathfinder2014 – n.v100-120
Pathfinder2004-2014135-175
Pākuʻi2010 – n.v110-115
Pākuʻi1997-201080 100
ʻAkahi2002-2007 (P12)90-110
Qashqai2013 - kēia (J11)100-120
Qashqai2007–2013 (J10)110-135
+22010-2013110-140
Kikowaena2012 – n.v100-120
ʻO Teana2014 – n.v100-130
ʻO Teana2008-2014110-135
ʻO Teana2003-2008110-130
Terana2014 – n.v115-155
ʻO Tiida2004-2014120-140
Tiida Hou2015 – n.v100-110
Ala-X2015 – n.v100-130
Ala-X2007-2015105-130
ʻO GTR2008 – n.v170-185
OPELAstra OPCJ 2011–2015120-155
ʻO Astra GTCJ 2011–2015115-140
ʻO Insignia OPCI 2013–2015105-150
ʻO Insignia SWI 2013–201590-130
ʻO CorsaD 2010–2014115-120
ʻo Zafira2005–2011115-120
InsigniaI 2008–2015100-140
Astra2010–2015125-140
ʻO'AstraH 2004-2015110-157
ʻO Astra SWJ 2011–2015120-160
ʻO Astra sedanJ 2011–2015110-130
Mocha2012-2015110-130
ʻO Zafira mākaʻikaʻiC 2012-201595-135
ʻO VectraC 2002-2008110-160
ʻOkoʻa2006-2015100-140
Omega2008100-112
PEUGEOT1072005-201490-120
2061998-2006130-150
206 Sedana1998-2012120-152
2072006-2013119-147
2082013 – n.v165-180
20082014 – n.v140-160
3012013 – n.v105-130
3072001-2008108-145
3082008-2015100-120
308 Hou2015 – n.v110-160
30082009 – n.v100-145
4072004-2010100-120
4082012 – n.v100-115
40082012-201660-100
5082012 – n.v110-150
hoapili2007 – n.v100-120
Hoʻokolo2007 – n.v95-115
Rcz2010 – n.v115-145
PORSCHEBoxter s2012--2016 (981)95-116
ʻO Cayene2010 – n.v (988)120-140
ʻO Cayene2002--2010 (955)120-140
ʻO Macan2013 – n.v116-128
Panamera2009 – n.v110-140
RenaultLogan2014 – n.v130-155
Logan2004-2015120-150
ʻO Sandero2014 – n.v130-155
ʻO Sandero2009-2014110-130
Ke ala hele wāwae ʻo Sandero2010-2014145-160
ʻO Megan2009 – n.v125-145
ʻO Megan2003-2009115-135
ʻO Megane RS2009 – n.v170-240
Ka mana2010 – n.v130-155
ʻO Clio2005-2012130-150
hōʻailona2008-201290-120
Laguna2007-2015130-160
koleos2008-2015130 - 150
ʻO Duster2011 – n.v130-165
SAAB9-32002-2012110-130
9-51997-2010130-150
nohoLeonIII 2013130 - 145
Leon STIII 2013170- 200
ʻO Leon CupraII 2009130-160
ʻO AlhambraII 2010140-155
IbizaʻApelila 2012105-130
SKODAFabia2007-2015130-155
'Oiʻa2013 – n.v160-190
'Oiʻa2004-2013160-180
Rapid2012 – n.v160-193
Nā lumi2006-2015110-130
Yeti2009 – n.v140-180
ʻoi loa2015 – n.v125-150
ʻoi loa2008-2015110-140
ʻO Ssang Yong, Subaru, Suzuki, Tesla, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, ГАЗ, УАЗ
KālāKe kŘkohuNā makahiki o ka hana / kinoKa mānoanoa o ka pena, microns
SsangyongʻO Actyon2010 – n.v110-140
ʻo Kyron2005 – n.v100-110
Rexton2002 – n.v120-150
SUBARUBRZ2012-2016110-160
Hoʻokumu2013 – n.v100-140
Hoʻokumu2008-2013105-140
Impreza2012 – n.v110-140
Impreza2005-2012125-140
WRX2014 – n.v85-130
WRX-STI2005-2014115-150
Ka ho'oilina2009-2014110-140
Ka ho'oilina2003-2009110-115
Lohi2015 – n.v110-130
Lohi2009-2014115-130
XV2011 – n.v110-155
ʻO Tribeca2005-2014140-170
SUZUKISX42006-2016120-135
SX4 Hou2013 – n.v115-125
māmā2010-2015115-135
Vitara2014 – n.v90-120
ʻO Vitara Nui2005 – n.v95-120
Jimmy1998 – n.v100-130
Pākuʻi2008-201590-115
TESLAHōʻike S2012 – n.v140-180
TOYOTAalphard2015 – n.v100-140
alphard2008-2014105-135
auris2012 - i kēia manawa (E160)100-130
auris2007-2012 (E140)115-130
ʻAvensis2009–2015 (T260)80-120
ʻAvensis2003–2009 (T240)80-110
Kelika1999–2006 (T230)120-145
Kāmele2011 – n.v (XV50)120-145
Kāmele2006–2011 (XV40)125-145
Kāmele2001–2006 (XV30)120-150
ʻO Corolla2013 - i kēia manawa (E170)100-130
ʻO Corolla2006-2013 (E150)90-110
ʻO Corolla2001-2007 (E120)100-130
ʻO Corolla Hatchback2010 – n.v110-140
Corolla Hope2005 – n.v100-110
Rexton2002 – n.v120-150
GT862012-2016110-160
hilux2013 – n.v100-140
Highlander2008-2013105-140
Highlander2007–2014 (U40)135-150
Land cruiser xnumx1997-2007110-135
Land cruiser xnumx2007 – n.v120-160
ʻO Land Cruiser Prado 1202002-200980-110
ʻO Land Cruiser Prado 1502009 – n.v110-135
Prius2009-201580-110
Prius2003-2009110-120
ʻOihana 42013 – n.v115-140
ʻOihana 42006-201380-110
ʻOihana 42000-200580-100
Pākuʻi2009 – n.v120-160
Iā2012 – n.v175-210
ʻO Yaris2005-201180-95
Sienna115-125
ʻO Fortuner110-125
VolkswagenAmarok2010 – n.v115-135
Pāle2013 – n.v150-220
ʻO Bora1998-2005120-145
ʻAlele2009-2015105-135
Golf2013 – n.v (MkVII)100-130
Golf2009–2012 (MkVI)80-120
Golf2003-2009 (MkV)120-140
Golf1997-2003 (MkIV)120-140
Pāʻālua Pluse2009-2014120-140
ʻO Jetta2011 – n.v (MkVI)140-155
ʻO Jetta2005-2011 (MkV)120-140
ʻO Multivan2015 – n.v90-135
Ua hala2015 - i kēia manawa (B8)180-220
Ua hala2011-2016 (B7)110-130
Ua hala2005-2011 (B6)120-140
CC i hala2008 – n.v120-130
ʻO Sirocco2009-2016125-145
Caddy2013115-130
Polo2014110-130
Pālule polo sedan 
ʻO Tiguan2011190-220
Touareg hapalua2014180-200
Touareg2013130-215
Tourana 
Kaʻi lawe 
Mea hana lima 
VolvoC302013105-140
S40 
V40 
V50 
S602003110-130
S60II 201195-115
V70 
S802013105-140
XC602013115-135
XC702013105-140
XC902013115-135
GASCyber200890-105
31105200680
Kāke 
ʻO Gazelle 
ʻO Gazelle aʻe 
UAZHunter 
ʻO Patriot 

Nā kōkua mālama

Ma ka awelika, hāʻawi ka mea hana i kahi palapala hoʻokō 3 mau makahiki no ka pena pena ʻana, akā nui nā nuances i hāʻule ʻole ma lalo o nā kūlana. No laila, pono ʻoe e mālama pono i ka uhi. No laila e lōʻihi ka lōʻihi. Eia kekahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo:

  • mai holoi i ka lepo maloʻo me kahi lole maloʻo;
  • mai haʻalele i ke kaʻa ma lalo o ka lā no ka manawa lōʻihi, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ke kukui ultraviolet i ka pena, mae wale ia;
  • hoʻokuʻu nā hua poplar i kahi kēpau, kahi e hōʻino ai i ka pena ke hoʻomehana ʻia, mai hoʻokau i kahi kaʻa ma lalo o nā popela;
  • lulu loa nā ʻōpuna nūnū a pena pū ka corrode;
  • e hoʻopili pinepine i kahi poli pale e like me ke aniani wai, e hana kēia i kahi papa hou aʻe;
  • mai hele pinepine i ka poli abrasive, no ka mea, hemo kēia i nā microns o ka uhi;
  • hana pono i ke kaʻa, mai ʻōpala iā ia me nā lālā, a pēlā aku.

ʻO ka pena pena, e like me ke kino, kekahi o nā mea pipiʻi o ke kaʻa. Hiki i ke kūlana o ka pena pena ke haʻi nui e pili ana i ke kaʻa. ʻO ke ana pololei ʻana o ka mānoanoa a me ka loiloi o ke kūlana o ka pena e kōkua ai e hoʻoholo i ke kūʻai ʻana o kahi kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia.

Nā nīnau a me nā pane:

Pehea ka mānoanoa o ka pena ma ke kaʻa? He 90 a 160 microns ka mānoanoa awelika o ka pena hale hana. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia me kahi kapa mua, ka pena kumu a me ka varnish.

Pehea e ana pono ai i ka mānoanoa o ka pena? No kēia, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ana mānoanoa. No ka hoʻoholo pololei i ka papa o ka pena holoʻokoʻa i ke kūʻai ʻana i kahi kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia, pono ʻoe e nānā i ka mānoanoa ma nā wahi he nui o ke kaʻa (ka hale, nā puka, nā fenders).

Ehia microns ma hope o ka pena? Pili ia i ke kumu o ka pena. Inā paʻi ka mīkini, aia kahi papa putty. E hōʻike ana ke ana mānoanoa i ka mānoanoa o kēia papa (e hoʻoholo ana i ka mamao i ka metala).

Pākuʻi i ka manaʻo hoʻopuka