He aha ke ʻano o ka helu kumu o ka ʻaila kaʻa?
ʻO ke ʻano kemika o ka helu kumu
ʻO ka helu kumu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini (i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo TBN ma ka palapala Pelekane) he waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka potassium hydroxide i hoʻokahi gram o ka ʻaila ʻenekini. ʻO ka ʻāpana o ke ana ʻo mgKOH/g.
E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka alkali kahi ʻano kūʻē i nā waikawa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻakika, me ka nānā ʻole i nā mea kemika i hoʻokumu ʻia iā lākou, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wā e launa pū ai me nā alkalis. ʻO ia hoʻi, nalowale ko lākou hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hydrogen cation a hoʻololi ʻia i mau pūhui kemika liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka potassium hydroxide kekahi o nā waiwai neutralizing acid ikaika loa. I ka manawa like, loaʻa ka hopena KOH i ka māhele ikaika, hoʻoheheʻe a holoi i nā waiwai. ʻO kēia pūhui, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā haku mea holoi ʻenehana. No laila, no nā aila kaʻa, i ka helu ʻana i ka helu kumu, ʻo ia ka potassium hydroxide i lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu.
Mau kumu pono
Hana ka ʻaila ʻenekini i nā kūlana paʻakikī. ʻO ke kaomi, nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ka wahie e komo ana i loko o nā apo, nā kinoea wela a me ka soot - ke alakaʻi nei kēia mau mea i ka hoʻololi kemika inevitable o ke kumu a me nā mea hoʻohui o ka ʻaila.
Ma lalo o ka mana o nā wela kiʻekiʻe a ma ke alo o ka oxygen, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ʻaila mīkini. ʻOiai ʻo ka haku mele ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā aila kaʻa synthetic, he paʻa kemika kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia nā oxides i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
He aha ka hewa o nā oxides? Ma ka nui, ʻo ka oxidation o ka ʻaila ʻenekini kona pau ʻana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ʻo ke kaʻina hana hoʻopau ponoʻī, mai kahi ʻano kemika, kahi hopena oxidation me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka wela. A ʻo nā huahana o ia ʻano hopena, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā oxides, no ka hapa nui, he ballast pono ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui kemika a i ʻole nā mea hana ʻole.
No ka wehewehe pōkole o ka nui o kēia mau oxides, aia kekahi huaʻōlelo kūikawā - sludge. ʻO nā huahana o ka hoʻoheheʻe wela o ka aila, ʻo ia hoʻi, sludge, e noho ma luna o nā ʻili o ka mīkini, kahi e alakaʻi ai i kona contamination. Hiki i ke kaʻa lepo ke kumu i ka wela. Eia nō hoʻi, loaʻa pinepine nā ʻāpana sludge i nā oxides superhard e hana like me nā abrasives.
He hana kemika kekahi o na oxides. Hiki i kekahi o lākou ke hoʻomaka i nā kaʻina hana corrosion a i ʻole ka luku ʻana i nā ʻāpana non-metallic o ke kaʻa (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā sila rubber).
Hana ka potassium hydroxide i ʻelua ʻaoʻao:
- ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻakika i loaʻa;
- ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hakina liʻiliʻi loa o nā pūhui lepo a pale i ko lākou hoʻokumu ʻana.
Ke holo nei ka ʻenekini, emi ka helu kumu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini, he hana maʻamau.
Ka helu kumu o ka aila mīkini
Aneane hōʻike ʻia ka helu kumu ma ka pahu ʻaila ma ke kua o ka lepili. I kēia manawa, ʻokoʻa kēia helu mai ka 5 (no nā lubricants maʻalahi a maʻalahi loa) i 14 mgKOH / g.
ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i like, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā oxides i hana ʻia i loko o nā mīkini diesel. ʻO ka mea mua, ma muli o ke ʻano o ka wahie. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfur ma ka wahie diesel ma mua o ka ʻaila. A hana ʻia ka sulfur i nā ʻokikene like ʻole ke ʻike ʻia i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka lua, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kūlana hana o ka mīkini diesel. ʻO ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe ka mahana i loko o ke keʻena puhi. ʻO ka hopena, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kaʻina hana o ka puhi ʻana i ka ʻaila.
No laila, no nā aila diesel maʻemaʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi helu kumu o 9 mgKOH / g a i luna. No nā ʻenekini gasoline, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā koi. No nā ʻenekini paʻa ʻole e holo ana ma ka ʻaila, 7-8 mgKOH / g e lawa.
Eia nō naʻe, aia nā ʻaila i emi iho ka helu kumu. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo he ʻino ka ʻaila, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia e haʻahaʻa ka waiwai holoi o ia mau ʻaila. A ʻo ia hoʻi, kokoke i ka hoʻololi ʻana (i ka emi ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka alkali), e wikiwiki ke kaʻina hana o ka sludge. No laila, ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻaila me ka helu kumu haʻahaʻa e hoʻololi pinepine ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka mekala ʻo ia ka ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka pūʻolo hoʻohui, e emi pū ka helu kumu. ʻO ia hoʻi, ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā aila maʻalahi, ʻo ka helu kumu kiʻekiʻe wale nō e hōʻike i ka pau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui koʻikoʻi.
