Bioethanol. Hiki ke hoʻololi i kahi wahie hou?

Hana ʻia ka bioethanol

ʻO ka bioethanol, e like me ka biodiesel, hana ʻia mai nā mea kanu. ʻOi aku ka pinepine ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, lawe ʻia nā mea kanu ʻelua no ka hana ʻana i ka bioethanol: ke kulina a me ke kō. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka bioethanol ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hoʻokumu nui ʻia ma ka palaoa, ma Brazil - ma ke kō. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka starch a me nā mea kanu kō: ʻuala, sugar beet, ʻuala, etc.

I ka honua, hoʻomohala ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka bioethanol ma ʻAmelika. ʻO ka nui o ka hana o Brazil a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua (ʻoi aku ka pololei, ma luna o 60%) o ka hana ʻana o kēia wahie.

Ma kona kumu, ʻo ka bioethanol ka ethyl alcohol maʻamau (a i ʻole ethanol), i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea inu ʻona me ke ʻano kemika kaulana C.₂H₅ooh Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono ka bioethanol no ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai ma muli o ke alo o nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā, nā mea hoʻohui wahie. Ma waho aʻe o ka tert-butyl methyl ether (MTBE), ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ke kūpaʻa detonation o nā biofuels, e hōʻemi i ka corrosiveness o nā waiʻona a he mea lawe o ka oxygen hou i komo i ka puhi ʻana, hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i ka bioethanol.

Ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i ka bioethanol.

1. ʻO ka fermentation o nā huahana organik. ʻIke ʻia mai ka wā kahiko a ʻo ke ala maʻalahi loa no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ethyl alcohol. I ka wā o ka fermentation hū o nā hui ʻana i ke kō, loaʻa kahi hopena me ka nui o ka ethanol ma kahi o 15%. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike, make ka bacteria yeast, kahi e hoʻōki ai i ka hana ʻana o ka ethyl alcohol. Ma hope mai, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka waiʻona mai ka hopena e ka distillation. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka hana ʻoihana o ka bioethanol.
2. Hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau recombinant. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea maka a fermented me glucoamylase a me amylosubtilin. Ma hope o kēlā, lawe ʻia ka distillation i nā kolamu wikiwiki me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka waiʻona. He ala i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana o ka bioethanol.
3. hana hydrolysis. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i ka waiʻona mai ka pre-hydrolyzed cellulose-containing raw material e ka fermentation ʻoihana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma Rūsia a me nā ʻāina post-Soviet.

I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hana honua o ka bioethanol, e like me nā manaʻo like ʻole, he 100 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Bioethanol. Kumukuai no ka lita

ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka hana bioethanol no 1 lita e pili ana i nā kumu he nui.

1. ʻO ke kumukūʻai mua o nā mea maka i ulu no ka hana.
2. ʻO ka maikaʻi o nā mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia (ka ʻenehana hana a me ka ratio o ka bioethanol hopena i ka nui o nā mea maka i komo).
3. ʻO ka Logistics o ka hana (ʻo ka kokoke i nā mea kanu me nā mea maka ke hana ʻana i nā ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hana ʻana, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai o ka lawe ʻana i kēia ʻano wahie ma mua o ka hana ʻana i ka petroleum gasoline).
4. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana iā ia iho (manufacturability o nā mea hana, ka uku o nā limahana, nā kumukūʻai ikehu).

No laila, ma nā ʻāina like ʻole, ʻokoʻa ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i 1 lita o ka bioethanol. Eia ke kumukuai o keia wahie no ka lita ma kekahi mau aina o ka honua.

• USA - $0,3;
• Palakila - $ 0,2;
• ma ka laulā no nā mea hana ʻEulopa - ma kahi o $ 0,5;

No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ke kumukūʻai maʻamau o ka hana ʻana i ka ʻaila ma kahi o $0,5 a i $0,8 no ka lita, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāina e lawe aku ana i ka aila e like me Saudi Arabia a i ʻole Venezuela, kahi e emi ai ka lita o ka ʻaila ma mua o ka lita o ka wai.

Bioethanol E85

Loaʻa paha ka mahele o ka liona ma waena o nā ʻano wahie āpau i loaʻa ka bioethanol e ka brand E85. ʻO kēia ʻano wahie he 85% bioethanol a me 15% petroleum gasoline maʻamau.

He kūpono wale kēia mau wahie no nā kaʻa i hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia e hiki ke holo ma luna o nā biofuels. Kapa ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he kaʻa Flex-fuel.

Hoʻolaha nui ʻia ʻo Bioethanol E85 ma Brazil, a loaʻa pū ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAsia, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā māka E5, E7 a me E10 me ka maʻiʻo bioethanol o 5, 7 a me 10 pakeneka. ʻO ke koena o ka leo i loko o kēia mau huila wahie ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka ʻaila maʻamau. I kēia mau lā, ua kaulana ka wahie E40 me 40% bioethanol.

//www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbHaM5IReEo

Nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ka bioethanol

E nānā mua kākou i nā pono o ka bioethanol.

1. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka hana. Hāʻawi ʻia kēia ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka mea hana ʻāina kāna ponoʻī, ka nui o ka aila, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻoihana mahiʻai. No ka laʻana, ʻo Pasila, he kakaikahi nā mea mālama aila ponoʻī a puni ka ʻāina, akā ua hoʻomohala i ka mahiʻai a me kahi ea maikaʻi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i ka wahie ma muli o ka bioethanol.
2. Aloha kaiapuni o ka exhaust. Hoʻopuka ka bioethanol maʻemaʻe i ka wai a me carbon dioxide ke puhi ʻia. ʻAʻole hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻāpana hydrocarbons kaumaha, nā ʻāpana sot, carbon monoxide, sulfur-a me nā ʻāpana phosphorus i ka lewa ke holo ka ʻenekini ma ka bioethanol. Wahi a kahi loiloi holoʻokoʻa (e noʻonoʻo ana i nā ʻāpana āpau i loiloi ʻia e like me ka maʻamau EURO), ʻo ka maʻemaʻe o nā kinoea hoʻopau i lilo i 8 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe no nā mīkini e holo ana ma ka bioethanol.
3. Hiki hou. Inā pau ka mālama ʻana i ka aila (he ʻoiaʻiʻo i hōʻoia ʻia i kēia lā: nā manaʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano hou o ka aila e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ka ʻōpū o ka Honua e hōʻole ʻia e ke kaiāulu ʻepekema honua), a laila hilinaʻi wale ka hana o ka bioethanol i ka hua o nā mahiʻai.
4. E emi iho ka wahie. Ma ka awelika, i ka wā e hoʻokele ai i ka bioethanol, me kahi ʻōnaehana wahie i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia, a hiki i ka 15% o ka wahie ke mālama ʻia i kahi ratio volume. ʻO ka maʻamau, ma kahi o 10 lita o ka ʻaila, e hoʻohana ka kaʻa i 100 lita o ka bioethanol no 8,5 mau kilomita.

ʻO nā hemahema o kēia ʻano wahie, ʻoi loa e pili ana i nā ʻauwaʻa o nā kaʻa e kū nei, he mea nui i kēia manawa.

1. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka bioethanol i loko o kahi kaʻa kahi i loaʻa ʻole ai i ka ECU nā hoʻonohonoho no ka hana ʻana i ka biofuel. A ma ka laulā, loaʻa pinepine ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o kahi kaʻa ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka wahie meaʻai. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻokoʻa ka nui o ka ikehu a me ka ratio volumetric e pono ai o ka ea a me ka wahie i ka bioethanol mai ka ʻaila. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka hana paʻa ʻole o ka ʻenekini.
2. ʻO ka luku ʻana i ka ʻōpala a me nā sila plastik. ʻAʻole hiki i nā waiwai o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka plastic e hiki ai i kēia mau mea ke kūʻokoʻa e pili ana i nā mea lawe ikehu petroleum ʻaʻole hiki ke hāʻawi i ke kūʻē kemika i ka ethanol. A ʻo nā sila, hiki ke kū i ka launa pū ʻana me ka ʻaila no nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ua luku ʻia i loko o kahi mau mahina ma o ka hoʻopili mau ʻana me ka waiʻona.
3. ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia e holo ma luna o ka bioethanol. Ma muli o nā helu ʻelua i hala.

Ma muli o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia aʻe nei, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e lilo ka bioethanol i kahi koho maikaʻi loa i ka ʻaila maʻamau inā hoʻolālā ʻia ke kaʻa no kēia ʻano wahie.

BIOETHANOL I KOU KAʻA: HOKANAKA A ĒNEMI?