ʻO Alan Turing. Wahi a Oracle mai ka haunaele

Ua moemoeā ʻo Alan Turing i ka hana ʻana i kahi "oracle" hiki ke pane i kekahi nīnau. ʻAʻole ʻo ia a me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i kūkulu i kēlā mīkini. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike kamepiula a ka mea makemakika akamai i ka makahiki 1936 ka matrix o ka makahiki kamepiula - mai nā calculators maʻalahi a i nā supercomputers ikaika.

ʻO ka mīkini i kūkulu ʻia e Turing he mea algorithmic maʻalahi, ʻoi aku ka primitive i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kamepiula a me nā ʻōlelo papahana o kēia lā. A he ikaika naʻe ia e ʻae i nā algorithms paʻakikī e hoʻokō ʻia.

ʻO Alan Turing

Ma ka wehewehe maʻamau, ua wehewehe ʻia kahi mīkini Turing ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻohālikelike o kahi kamepiula i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā algorithms, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi lipine lōʻihi ʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā kahua i kākau ʻia ai ka ʻikepili. Hiki ke pau ʻole ka lipine ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. Hiki i kēlā me kēia kahua ma kekahi o nā moku'āina N. Aia mau ka mīkini ma luna o kekahi o nā māla a aia ma kekahi o nā M-mokuʻāina. Ma muli o ka hui pū ʻana o ka mokuʻāina a me ke kahua, kākau ka mīkini i kahi waiwai hou i ke kahua, hoʻololi i ka mokuʻāina, a laila hiki ke neʻe i hoʻokahi kahua ma ka ʻākau a hema paha. Kapa ʻia kēia hana he kauoha. Hoʻomalu ʻia kahi mīkini Turing e kahi papa inoa i loaʻa kekahi helu o ia mau kuhikuhi. Hiki ke helu ʻia nā helu N a me M i nā mea a pau, inā lōʻihi ka palena. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ka papa inoa o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka mīkini Turing e like me kāna papahana.

ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike he lipine hoʻokomo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā cell (pāhālike) a me kahi poʻo lipine hiki ke nānā i hoʻokahi kelepona i kēlā me kēia manawa. Hiki i kēlā me kēia cell ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo mai kahi alphabet hope o nā huaʻōlelo. Ma keʻano maʻamau, ua manaʻoʻia ua kauʻia ke kaʻina o nā hōʻailona hoʻokomo ma ka lipine, e hoʻomaka ana mai ka hema, nā pūnaewele i koe (ma ka'ākau o nā hōʻailona hoʻokomo) ua hoʻopihaʻia me kahi hōʻailona kūikawā o ka tape.

No laila, aia ka mīkini Turing i kēia mau mea:

• he poʻo heluhelu/kākau hiki ke neʻe i ka lipine, e hoʻoneʻe i hoʻokahi huinahā i ka manawa;
• kahi palena palena o nā mokuʻāina;
• huapalapala hope;
• kahi ʻāpana pau ʻole me nā ʻāpana kaha ʻia, hiki i kēlā me kēia mea ke loaʻa i hoʻokahi hōʻailona;
• he kiʻi hoʻololi mokuʻāina me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi e hoʻololi i kēlā me kēia kū.

Kamepiula nui

Hōʻike ka Turing Machine i kēlā me kēia kamepiula a mākou e kūkulu ai e loaʻa nā palena hiki ʻole. No ka laʻana, pili i ka Gödel incompleteness theorem kaulana. Ua hōʻoia kekahi mea makemakika Pelekane aia nā pilikia i hiki ʻole i ke kamepiula ke hoʻoponopono, ʻoiai inā mākou e hoʻohana i nā petaflops computational āpau o ka honua no kēia kumu. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi inā e komo kahi papahana i loko o kahi loop log infinitely repeating logical loop, a i ʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau - me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i kahi papahana hiki ke komo i loko o kahi loop, etc. (kapa ʻia he pilikia hoʻomaha). ʻO ka hopena o kēia mau mea hiki ʻole i nā mea i kūkulu ʻia ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka mīkini Turing, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka "blue screen of death" maʻamau i nā mea hoʻohana kamepiula.

ʻO ka uhi puke ʻo Alan Turing

ʻO ka pilikia fusion, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hana a Java Siegelman, i paʻi ʻia ma 1993, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia e kahi kamepiula i hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi neural network, aia nā mea hana i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi ma ke ʻano e hoʻohālikelike ai i ke ʻano o ka lolo, me kahi ka hopena helu mai kekahi e hele ana i ka "hookomo" i kekahi. Ua puka mai ka manaʻo o "hypercomputers", e hoʻohana ana i nā mīkini kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hana i nā helu. He mau mīkini kēia - akā naʻe ke kani ʻole - nā mīkini e hana i ka helu palena ʻole o nā hana i ka manawa pau. ʻO Mike Stannett o ke Kulanui Pelekāne o Sheffield i manaʻo, no ka laʻana, i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi electron i loko o kahi hydrogen atom, a ma ke kumumanaʻo hiki ke noho i kahi helu palena ʻole o nā mokuʻāina. ʻO nā lolouila quantum haʻihaʻi ma mua o ka wiwo ʻole o kēia mau manaʻo.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻi ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka moeʻuhane o kahi "ʻōlelo ʻōlelo" a Turing ʻaʻole i kūkulu a hoʻāʻo paha. Manaʻo ʻo Emmett Redd lāua ʻo Steven Younger o ke Kulanui o Missouri he hiki ke hana i kahi "Turing supermachine". Ke hahai nei lākou i ke ala like a ka Chava Siegelman i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻupena neural kahi i ka hoʻokomo-output, ma kahi o nā helu ʻole-hoʻokahi, aia kahi ʻano holoʻokoʻa o nā mokuʻāina - mai ka hōʻailona "holo piha" a "paʻa piha" . E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Redd i ka pukana ʻo Iulai 2015 o NewScientist, "ma waena o 0 a me 1 aia ka palena ʻole."

Ua hui pū ʻo Mrs. Siegelman i ʻelua mau mea noiʻi ʻo Missouri, a ua hoʻomaka lāua e ʻimi i nā mea hiki ke hoʻomake. Wahi a ka wehewehe kaulana, ʻōlelo ʻia ke kumumanaʻo chaos ʻo ka paʻi ʻana o nā ʻēheu o ka pepeke ma kekahi ʻaoʻao e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻino ma kekahi. ʻO ka poʻe ʻepekema nāna i kūkulu i ka supermachine o Turing, ua like ka manaʻo - he ʻōnaehana i loaʻa nā hopena liʻiliʻi i nā hopena nui.

Ma ka hopena o 2015, mahalo i ka hana a Siegelman, Redd, a me Younger, pono e kūkulu ʻia ʻelua prototype chaos-based computers. ʻO kekahi o lākou he ʻupena neural ʻekolu mau ʻāpana uila maʻamau i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pilina synaptic he ʻumikumamākahi. ʻO ka lua he mea photonic e hoʻohana ana i nā kukui, nā aniani, a me nā lens e hana hou i ʻumikumamākahi neurons a me 3600 synapses.

Ke kānalua nei ka nui o nā kānaka ʻepekema he mea maoli ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi "super-Turing". No nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka mīkini e lilo i mea leʻaleʻa kino o ka randomness o ke ʻano. ʻO ke ʻano omniscience o Nature, ʻo ia ka ʻike ʻana i nā pane āpau, no kona ʻano maoli. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana e hana hou i ke ʻano, ke Universe, ʻike i nā mea āpau, he ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo, no ka mea, ua like ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia paha ke ala i kahi superintelligence artificial, i kahi mea e hana hou i ka paʻakikī a me ka hana chaotic o ka lolo kanaka. Ua manaʻo ʻo Turing iā ia iho e hoʻokomo i ka radium radioactive i loko o kahi kamepiula āna i hoʻolālā ai e hoʻololi i nā hopena o kāna helu ʻana.

Eia nō naʻe, inā e hana nā prototypes o nā supermachines e pili ana i ka chaos, e mau ana ka pilikia pehea e hōʻoia ai ʻo lākou maoli kēia mau supermachines. ʻAʻohe manaʻo o ka poʻe ʻepekema no kahi hōʻike hōʻike kūpono. Mai ka manaʻo o kahi kamepiula maʻamau i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e nānā i kēia, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia nā supermachine e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia he hewa, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hewa ʻōnaehana. Mai ka manaʻo o ke kanaka, hiki i nā mea āpau ke hoʻomaopopo loa a ... chaotic.