ʻAila lehu maʻiʻo
Nā mea
ʻAila lehu maʻiʻo ʻike ʻia e nā manaʻo ʻelua: ka ʻaila lehu kumu a me ka ʻona lehu sulfate. I ka pōkole, ʻo ka ʻike lehu maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka base base, kahi e hana ʻia ai ka ʻaila hope i ka wā e hiki mai ana (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke alo o nā paʻakai like ʻole a me nā mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia, me ka metallic, nā haumia i loko o ia mea). No ka mea i loko o ka lehu sulfate, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻaila i hoʻopau ʻia, aia kekahi mau mea hoʻohui, a hōʻike pololei i kā lākou nui a me ka haku mele (ʻo ia hoʻi, ke alo o ka sodium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko).
Inā he kiʻekiʻe ka lehu sulfate, a laila e alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi papa abrasive ma nā paia o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko, a, no laila, ka wikiwiki o ke kaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka emi ʻana o kāna kumu waiwai. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻike lehu maʻamau e hōʻoia i ka pale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopau ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana mai ka haumia. Ma keʻano laulā, he manaʻo paʻakikī loa nā hōʻailona o ka lehu, akā hoihoi, no laila e hoʻāʻo mākou e hoʻonohonoho i nā mea āpau.
He aha ka lehu a he aha ka hopena
ʻO ka maʻiʻo lehu he hōʻailona o ka nui o nā mea haumia ʻole. I loko o kēlā me kēia ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, hele kekahi nui o ka aila piha "no ka ʻōpala", ʻo ia hoʻi, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wela kiʻekiʻe ke komo i nā cylinders. ʻO ka hopena, hana ʻia nā huahana puhi ahi, a i ʻole lehu wale, i loaʻa nā mea kemika like ʻole, ma ko lākou mau paia. A ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lehu a me kona nui e hiki ai i kekahi ke hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka lehu kaulana o ka ʻaila. pili kēia hōʻailona i ka hiki ke hana ʻia nā waihona kalapona ma nā ʻāpana ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, a me ka hana ʻana o nā kānana particulate (ma hope o nā mea a pau, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka soot ahi i nā honeycombs). No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o 2%. No ka mea he ʻelua mau mea lehu, e noʻonoʻo mākou iā lākou i ka huli.
ʻO ka ʻaila lehu kumu
E hoʻomaka kākou me ka manaʻo o ka lehu maʻamau, ma ke ʻano he mea maʻalahi. E like me ka wehewehe mana, ʻo ka lehu ka mea e ana i ka nui o nā haumia inorganic i koe mai ka puhi ʻana o kahi laʻana o ka aila, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pakeneka o ka nui o ka ʻaila e hoʻāʻo ʻia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia manaʻo no ka ʻike ʻana i nā aila me ka ʻole o nā mea hoʻohui (me nā ʻaila kumu), a me nā wai lubricating like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a i ʻole i ka ʻenehana mīkini ma ka laulā. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia ka waiwai o ka nui o ka lehu ma ka laulā mai 0,002% a 0,4%. No laila, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o kēia hōʻailona, ʻoi aku ka maʻemaʻe o ka ʻaila i hoʻāʻo ʻia.
He aha ka hopena o ka lehu? Pili ka lehu maʻamau (a i ʻole maʻamau) i ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui. A no ka mea aia lākou i kēia manawa ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻaila kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia ka manaʻo o ka lehu lehu maʻamau, akā hoʻohana ʻia ka manaʻo o ka lehu sulfate ma kahi ʻano ākea. e neʻe kākou i laila.
ʻAhu lehu
ʻO nā haumia i loko o ka ʻaila
No laila, ʻo ka ʻona sulfate lehu (kahi inoa ʻē aʻe no ka pae a i ʻole nā mea hōʻike o ka sulfate slags) he hōʻailona ia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui e pili ana i nā pūhui metala organik (ʻo ia hoʻi, kā lākou mau paʻakai o ka zinc, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, sodium a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). . Ke puhi ʻia ka ʻaila me ia mau mea hoʻohui, hana ʻia ka lehu. Ma keʻano maʻamau,ʻo ka nui o lākou i loko o kaʻaila,ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu. Hoʻohui ia me nā waihona resinous i loko o ka ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko (ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli kēia inā ʻelemakule ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko a / a ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka aila i loko o ia mea no ka manawa lōʻihi), ma muli o kahi abrasive. hana ʻia ka papa ma nā ʻāpana ʻānai. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana, ʻānai lākou a hoʻopau i ka ʻili, a laila e hōʻemi ana i ke kumu waiwai o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko.
Hōʻike ʻia ka lehu sulphated ma ke ʻano he pākēneka o ke kaumaha ʻaila. Eia naʻe, no ka hoʻoholo ʻana, pono ia e hana i kahi kaʻina hana kūikawā me ka puhi ʻana a me ka calcining i ka nui o ka hoʻāʻo. A lawe ʻia ka pākēneka mai ke koena paʻa. I ka manawa like, hoʻohana ʻia ka sulfuric acid i ka hana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā sulfates mai ka nui. No laila mai ka inoa sulfate lehu.. E noʻonoʻo mākou i ka algorithm pololei no ka hana ʻana i nā ana e like me GOST ma lalo nei.
Ka hopena o ka lehu sulfate
I kēia manawa e neʻe kākou i ka nīnau o He aha ka hopena o ka lehu sulfate. Akā ma mua o kēlā, pono e wehewehe ʻia e pili pono ana kona manaʻo i ka manaʻo o ka helu kumu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini. Hāʻawi kēia waiwai iā ʻoe e hoʻonohonoho i ka nui o nā waihona kalapona i loko o ke keʻena puhi. ʻO ka maʻamau, hiki ke ʻaila i laila ma nā apo piston, e kahe ana ma lalo o nā paia o nā cylinders. ʻO ka nui o ka lehu i'ōleloʻia e pili pono i ka hanaʻana o ka'ōnaehana hoʻonā, a me ka hoʻomakaʻana o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko i ke kau anuanu.
ʻO ka hilinaʻi o ka helu kumu i ka manawa
No laila, pili pono ka lehu sulfate i ka waiwai mua o ka helu kumu o ka aila i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia (a i hoʻopiha wale ʻia). I ka manawa like, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka helu kumu ʻaʻole ia he hōʻailona piha o ka hiki ke neutralizing o kahi wai lubricating, a i ka wā e hāʻule ai. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka sulfur a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe i ka wahie. A ʻo ka ʻilihune o ka wahie (ʻoi aku ka nui o ka sulfur i loko), ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka helu kumu.
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i ka pili pono ʻana o ka lehu sulfate i ke kiko uila o ka ʻaila ʻenekini, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka wā lōʻihi, i ka pau ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i loko o kāna haku, e emi ana ka waiwai o ka mahana i ʻōlelo ʻia. Hoʻemi ia i ka hana o ka ʻaila ponoʻī, ʻaʻole pili i ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻaila haʻahaʻa he "ʻelua ʻaoʻao o ke kālā". Ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ʻae ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana, no ka mea, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēlā mau pūhui e pale i ka pollution wikiwiki o nā ʻōnaehana exhaust (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua lako me nā catalysts, nā kānana particulate, nā ʻōnaehana EGR). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hāʻawi nā aila lehu haʻahaʻa (hōʻemi) i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pale ʻana no nā ʻāpana ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. A maʻaneʻi, i ke kohoʻana i kaʻaila, ponoʻoe e koho i ka "mea gula" a alakaʻiʻia e nā'ōlelo aʻo a ka mea hana kaʻa. ʻO ia hoʻi, e nānā i ka waiwai o ka lehu a me ka helu alkaline!
ʻO ke kuleana o ka sulfur i ka hana ʻana i ka lehu
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i ka maʻi o ka lehu maʻamau o nā aila kaʻa ʻAʻohe mea pili i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfur i loko o lākou. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻaila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-sulfur, a pono e wehewehe kaʻawale kēia pilikia. He mea pono ke hoʻohui ʻia e pili pū ana ka lehu sulfate i ka pollution a me ka hana o ka kānana particulate (ka hiki ke hana hou). ʻO ka Phosphorus, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻopau mālie i ka catalyst no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka carbon monoxide, a me nā hydrocarbons i puhi ʻole ʻia.
No ka sulfur, hoʻopilikia ia i ka hana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe nitrogen oxide neutralizer. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻokoʻa loa ka maikaʻi o ka wahie ma ʻEulopa a ma ka post-Soviet space, ʻaʻole i ko mākou pono. ʻo ia hoʻi, he nui ka sulfur i loko o kā mākou wahie, he mea ʻino loa ia no nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko no ka mea, ke hui pū ʻia me ka wai i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, hana ia i nā ʻakika pōʻino (ka nui o ka sulfuric), ka mea e hoʻopōʻino ai i nā ʻāpana ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mākeke Lūkini e koho i kahi ʻaila me kahi helu kumu kiʻekiʻe. A e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, i loko o nā ʻaila i loaʻa kahi helu alkaline kiʻekiʻe, aia kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka lehu. I ka manawa like, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻohe aila honua, a pono e koho ʻia e like me ka wahie i hoʻohana ʻia a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko. ʻO ka mea mua, pono ʻoe e kūkulu ma luna o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka mea hana kaʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi, kāna ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko).
He aha ka mea e pono ai ka lehu o ka aila
Lehu mai ka ʻaila pau ʻana
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka lehu o nā aila hou e kuhikuhi ʻia e nā koi kūlohelohe o Euro-4, Euro-5 (ka wā kahiko) a me Euro-6, i kūpono i ʻEulopa. E like me lākou, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopaʻa nui nā aila hou i nā kānana particulate a me nā catalysts kaʻa, a hoʻokuʻu i ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea ʻino i ke kaiapuni. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia lākou e hōʻemi i ka waiho ʻana o ka soot ma nā valves a me nā cylinders. Eia naʻe, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia ala hōʻemi loa i ka waiwai o nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko o kēia wā, akā, he mea pono no nā mea hana kaʻa e alakaʻi pololei ana i hoʻololi pinepine i ke kaʻa e nā mea nona nā kaʻa ma ʻEulopa (koi mea kūʻai).
No nā kaʻa kaʻa hale (ʻoiai e pili ana kēia i ka wahie home), ma ka hapa nui, e hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻia nā aila lehu haʻahaʻa i nā laina laina, nā manamana lima, a kōkua pū kekahi i ka scuffing skirts i loko o ka mīkini puhi ahi. Eia naʻe, me ka haʻahaʻa o ka lehu o nā aila, e emi ka nui o nā waihona ma nā apo piston.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka pae o ka lehu sulfate ma nā ʻaila ʻAmelika (maʻamau) ma mua o nā ʻEulopa. Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aila kumu kiʻekiʻe o ka hui 3 a me / a i ʻole 4 (i hana ʻia ma ke kumu o polyalphaolefins a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana hydrocracking).
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā cell Catalyst me ka ʻenehu
ʻO kekahi mau huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko o nā ʻano hou, kahi i hana ʻia ai nā poloka cylinder me ka alumini me kahi uhi hou (he nui nā kaʻa hou mai ka hopohopo VAG a me kekahi "Kepani"). Ma ka Pūnaewele, kākau nui lākou e pili ana i ka makaʻu o ia mau motika i ka sulfur, a he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia. Eia naʻe, ma ka ʻaila ʻenekini, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o kēia mea ma mua o ka wahie. No laila, ʻo ka mea mua, ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana kaʻaila maʻamau Euro-4 a keua hoʻohana pū kekahi i nā aila sulfur haʻahaʻa. Akā, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole ka aila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa lehu mau! No laila e nānā mau i ka ʻike lehu ma kahi palapala ʻokoʻa e wehewehe ana i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o kahi ʻaila mīkini hāʻawi ʻia.
Ka hana ʻana o nā aila lehu haʻahaʻa
ʻO ka pono no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻaila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ala nui ma muli o nā koi kūlohelohe (nā kūlana kaulana Euro-x). I ka hana ʻana i nā aila kaʻa, aia lākou (ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e pili ana i nā mea he nui) sulfur, phosphorus a me ka lehu (e lilo ia i sulfate ma hope). No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika e alakaʻi i ke ʻano o nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka hui ʻana o nā aila:
- zinc dialkylditiophosphate (ka mea i kapa ʻia he multifunctional additive i loaʻa i ka antioxidant, antiwear a me nā waiwai koʻikoʻi);
- ʻO ka calcium sulfonate he mea holoi, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mea hoʻohui.
Ma muli o kēia, ua loaʻa i nā mea hana nā hopena e hōʻemi i ka ʻike lehu o nā aila. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea i kēia manawa:
- ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui detergent ʻaʻole i loko o ka ʻaila, akā i ka wahie;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antioxidants wela wela ʻole;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lehu dialkylditiophosphates;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sulfonates magnesium haʻahaʻa (eia naʻe, i nā mea liʻiliʻi, no ka mea e kōkua pū ana kēia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā waihona i loko o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko), a me nā mea hoʻohui alkylphenol detergent;
- ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana synthetic i ka haku ʻana o nā aila (no ka laʻana, nā esters a me nā mea hoʻohui mānoanoa e kū i ka degradation, pono e hōʻoia i nā ʻano viscosity-mahana a me ka volatility haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā aila kumu mai 4 a i ʻole 5 mau pūʻulu).
Hiki i nā ʻenehana kemika hou ke loaʻa maʻalahi ka ʻaila me nā mea lehu. Pono ʻoe e koho i ka haku mele i kūpono no kahi kaʻa.
Nā kūlana pae lehu
ʻO ka nīnau koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai nā kūlana lehu. He mea kūpono ke haʻi koke aku e hilinaʻi lākou ʻaʻole wale i ke ʻano o ka mīkini hoʻopau i loko (no ka ʻaila, nā mīkini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko diesel, a me nā ʻenekini kūloko me nā lako LPG, e ʻokoʻa kēia mau hōʻailona), akā i nā kūlana kūlohelohe o kēia manawa. (Eu-4, Euro-5 a me Euro-6). I ka hapa nui o nā aila kumu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui kūikawā i loko o kā lākou haku mele ʻana), ʻaʻole nui ka ʻike lehu, a ma kahi o 0,005%. A ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hana ʻana i ka aila kaʻa mākaukau, hiki i kēia waiwai ke hiki i ka rook 2% i ʻae ʻia e GOST.
Hōʻike maopopo ʻia nā kūlana o ka lehu no nā aila kaʻa i nā kūlana o ka European Association of Auto Manufacturers ACEA, a ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia nā haʻalele ʻana mai ia mau mea, no laila ke alakaʻi mau ʻia nei nā mea hana aila kaʻa hou (laikini) e kēia mau palapala. Hōʻike mākou i ka ʻikepili i ke ʻano o ka papa no ka maʻamau ākea Euro-5 i kēia manawa, kahi e hui pū ai i nā waiwai o nā mea hoʻohui kemika a me nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia kanaka.
| Koi API | SL | SM | SN-RC/ILSAC GF-5 | CJ-4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maʻiʻo Phosphorus, % | 0,1 max | 0,06-0,08 | 0,06-0,08 | 0,12 max |
| Maʻiʻo Sulfur, % | - | 0,5-0,7 | 0,5-0,6 | 0,4 max |
| Lehu sulphated, % | - | - | - | 1 max |
| Nā koi ACEA no nā ʻenekini ʻaila | C1-10 | C2-10 | C3-10 | C4-10 |
| - | LowSAPS | MidSAPS | MidSAPS | LowSAPS |
| Maʻiʻo Phosphorus, % | 0,05 max | 0,09 max | 0,07-0,09 ka nui | 0,09 max |
| Maʻiʻo Sulfur, % | 0,2 max | 0,3 max | 0,3 max | 0,2 max |
| Lehu sulphated, % | 0,5 max | 0,8 max | 0,8 max | 0,5 max |
| Helu kumu, mg KOH/g | - | - | 6 min | 6 min |
| Nā koi ACEA no nā ʻenekini diesel kalepa | E4-08 | E6-08 | E7-08 | E9-08 |
| Maʻiʻo Phosphorus, % | - | 0,08 max | - | 0,12 max |
| Maʻiʻo Sulfur, % | - | 0,3 max | - | 0,4 max |
| Lehu sulphated, % | 2 max | 1 max | 1 max | 2 max |
| Helu kumu, mg KOH/g | 12 min | 7 min | 9 min | 7 min |
E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ka papa ma luna, he paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono i ka ʻike lehu e like me ke kūlana API o ʻAmelika, a no ka mea ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻike lehu i ka New World. ʻo ia hoʻi, hōʻike wale lākou i nā aila i loko o nā pahu - piha, lehu waena (MidSAPS). No laila, ʻaʻohe o lākou lehu haʻahaʻa. No laila, i ke koho ʻana i hoʻokahi aila ʻē aʻe, pono ʻoe e nānā nui i ka māka ACEA.
No ka laʻana, e pili ana i ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e like me ka Euro-5 maʻamau, i kūpono a kūpono i ka 2018 ma ka ʻāina o ka Russian Federation, no kahi kaʻa kaʻa hou e ʻae ʻia e hoʻopiha i ka aila C3 e like me ACEA (maʻamau. SN e like me API) - ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lehu sulfate ma mua o 0,8% (medium lehu). Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā mīkini diesel e hana ana i nā kūlana paʻakikī, a laila no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia ka maʻamau ACEA E4 ma mua o 2% o ka ʻona lehu sulphated i ka wahie.
Nā mea e pono ai ka lehu no nā kaʻa LPG
ʻO nā kaʻa me nā lako pahu hau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana ʻaila lehu haʻahaʻa. Ma muli o ka hana kemika o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea (no ka methane, propane a me ka butane). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana paʻa a me nā mea ʻino i ka ʻaila, a i ʻole e hōʻino i ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻaila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hāʻawi kikoʻī nā mea hana lubricant i nā mea kūʻai aku i kapa ʻia nā aila "gas" i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ICE pili.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kā lākou drawback koʻikoʻi ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, a i mea e mālama ai i ke kālā, hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā wale i nā ʻano a me nā ʻae ʻana o nā aila "gasoline" maʻamau, a koho i ka haku mele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. A e hoʻomanaʻo e pono ʻoe e hoʻololi i kēlā mau ʻaila e like me nā lula i kuhikuhi ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o ka mining ma mua o nā aila kuʻuna!
Ke ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻiʻo lehu
Akā, pehea e hoʻoholo ai ka ʻaila lehu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini a pehea e hoʻomaopopo ai me ke ʻano o ka lehu i loko o ka ʻaila? ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mea kūʻai aku e hoʻoholo i ka ʻike lehu o ka ʻaila ʻenekini ma o nā koho ma ka lepili pahu. Ma luna o lākou, hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka ʻike lehu e like me ka ACEA standard (European standard no nā mea hana kaʻa). E like me ia, ua mahele ʻia nā ʻaila a pau i kūʻai ʻia i kēia manawa:
- lehu piha. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi pūʻolo o nā mea hoʻohui. Ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania, loaʻa iā lākou ka inoa - Full SAPS. Wahi a ka ACEA maʻamau, ua koho ʻia lākou e nā leka aʻe - A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5. ʻO nā haumia lehu maʻaneʻi ma kahi o 1 ... 1,1% o ka nui o ka nui o ka wai lubricating.
- lehu waena. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi pūʻolo o nā mea hoʻohui. Kuhi ʻia ʻo Middle SAPS a i ʻole Mid SAPS. Wahi a ACEA ua koho ʻia lākou C2, C3. Pēlā nō, i nā aila lehu waena, e pili ana ka nui o ka lehu ma kahi o 0,6 ... 0,9%.
- Lehu Haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea hoʻohui metala. Koho ʻia nā SAPS haʻahaʻa. Wahi a ACEA ua koho ʻia lākou C1, C4. No ka lehu haʻahaʻa, e emi ka waiwai kūpono ma mua o 0,5%.
E ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i kekahi mau manawa, hui pū ʻia nā aila me nā inoa ACEA mai C1 a C5 i hoʻokahi hui i kapa ʻia ʻo "lehu haʻahaʻa". ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke loaʻa ia ʻike ma Wikipedia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pololei loa kēia, no ka mea, ʻo kēia ala e hōʻike wale nei i kēia mau mea āpau Ua kūpono nā lubricants me nā mea hoʻololi catalytic, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻē aʻe! ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka helu kūpono o nā aila ma ka lehu ma luna.
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Nā kūlana lehu
Ke ho'āʻo nei i nā laʻana aila ʻokoʻa
Aia kahi maʻamau ma waena o Rūsia GOST 12417-94 "Huahana Petroleum. ʻO ke ʻano no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lehu sulfate, e like me ia e hiki ai i kekahi ke ana i ka ʻike o ka lehu sulfate o ka ʻaila i hoʻāʻo ʻia, no ka mea ʻaʻole pono kēia i nā mea paʻakikī a me nā reagents. Aia pū kekahi, me ka honua, nā kūlana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻike lehu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ISO 3987-80, ISO 6245, ASTM D482, DIN 51 575.
ʻO ka mea mua, pono e kuhikuhi ʻia ʻo GOST 12417-94 ka wehewehe ʻana o ka lehu sulfate ma ke ʻano he koena ma hope o ka carbonization o kahi hāpana, mālama ʻia me ka sulfuric acid a calcined i ke kaumaha mau. He mea maʻalahi ke ʻano o ke ʻano hōʻoia. I kona pae mua, lawe ʻia kekahi nuipa o ka ʻaila i hoʻāʻo ʻia a puhi ʻia i ke koena carbonaceous. a laila pono ʻoe e kali i ke koena o ka hopena e maʻalili, a mālama iā ia me ka sulfuric acid concentrated. calcined hou ma ka wela o +775 degere Celsius (he deviation o 25 degere ma kekahi aoao a me ka 'ē aʻe i aeia) a hiki i ke kalapona oxidized loa. Hāʻawi ʻia ka lehu i loaʻa i kekahi manawa e maʻalili. Ma hope o kēlā, mālama ʻia me ka dilute (ma nā helu like me ka wai) sulfuric acid a calcined i ka mahana like a hiki i kona waiwai nui.
Ma lalo o ka mana o ka sulfuric acid, ʻo ka lehu ka hopena e lilo i sulfate, mai kahi i hele mai ai kona wehewehe. a laila e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka lehu i loaʻa a me ka nui mua o ka ʻaila i hoʻāʻo ʻia (ua puʻunaue ʻia ka nui o ka lehu e ka nui o ka ʻaila kuni). Hōʻike ʻia ka lakio nui ma ke ʻano he pākēneka (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka quotient i loaʻa i ka 100). ʻO kēia ka waiwai i makemake ʻia o ka ʻona lehu sulfate.
E like me ka mea maʻamau (maʻamau) lehu maʻamau, aia kekahi kūlana kūlana GOST 1461-75 no ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "Oil and oil products. ʻO ke ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻona lehu", e like me ka nānā ʻana o ka aila hoʻāʻo no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻino ʻino i loko. Ma muli o ka pili ʻana i nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī, a ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā noi like ʻole, ʻaʻole mākou e hōʻike i kona ʻano ma kēia mea. Inā makemake ʻia, hiki ke loaʻa maʻalahi kēia GOST ma ka Pūnaewele.
Aia pū kekahi Lūkini GOST 12337-84 "ʻaila ʻaila no nā ʻenekini diesel" (ka paʻi hope o 21.05.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX). Hōʻike maopopo ia i nā waiwai o nā ʻāpana like ʻole no nā aila kaʻa, me nā mea home i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ICE diesel o nā mana like ʻole. Hōʻike ia i nā waiwai i ʻae ʻia o nā mea kemika like ʻole, me ka nui o nā waiho ʻana o ka soot i ʻae ʻia.
