makau honua
ʻO ka makaʻu honua a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mea no kahi lā hoʻomanaʻo
ʻO ka hopena o 50s a me 60s nā manawa wela loa o ke Kaua Cold, ka makaʻu nui i ka pōʻino nuklea, nā lā o ka pilikia Cuban (ʻOkakopa 1962) a me ka wikiwiki ʻenehana nui i hoʻoulu ʻia e kēia makaʻu. Soviet? hoa? Ua komo ʻo ia i ka orbit i ʻOkakopa 1957, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope ua hele ʻo Laika me ka hoʻi ʻole ʻana mai, a i ka manawa like, ma Cape Canaveral, ʻike nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻAmelika i ka pahū ʻana o ka rocket Avangard TV3 a hiki mai i nā inoa kūikawā no ia, no ka laʻana, Staiputnik ( mai, i.e. ) a i ole Kaputnik.
Plywood hou loa Sputnik me Kelemania i hoʻokumu ʻia no ka mea ʻo Wernher von Braun ka makuakāne o ka papahana rocket ʻAmelika. I ka lā hope o Ianuali 1958, ua hoʻokō ka poʻe ʻAmelika e hoʻouna i kā lākou satellite mua i ka orbit, ʻelua makahiki ma hope ua hele ʻo Yuri Gagarin i ka lewa a hoʻi mai, hoʻokahi mahina ma hope? iā ia, ʻoiai ma ka lele suborbital wale nō, ʻo Alan Shepard. Ma hope o nā hana a pau o ka heihei ākea, ʻaʻole ia ka haʻaheo o ka lāhui o nā ʻāina i komo ai a i ʻole (me ka ʻakaʻaka) ka makemake e ʻike i ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia, akā ʻo ke ʻano o ka pōʻino, no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o ka ICBM i hana ʻia ma ʻAukake 1957. ʻO ia ka R-7 Semiorka me ka hiki ke lawe i kahi poʻo kaua me ka mana o 5 Mt. ʻO Sputnik, Laika, Yuri Gagarin, nā Soviet, Russian a me nā cosmonauts ʻē aʻe a me nā astronauts lele mai nā cosmodromes Lūkini i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma hope, hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia me nā pae hou o kēia ʻano. Hoʻolālā kumu maikaʻi!
ʻO nā rockets kemika, ʻo ia wale nō ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana a me nā kānaka i loko o ka orbit a ma waho, akā mamao loa ia mai ka maikaʻi. ʻAʻole lākou e pahū pinepine, akā ʻo ka lakio o ka uku i ka haʻahaʻa honua orbit (LEO) i ka nui o ka rocket ponoʻī, he paʻakikī ke kūkulu ʻana a i ka manawa like ʻole, e mau ana ka astronomical ('ōlelo maikaʻi!) ʻO ka lakio. 1 a 400? hoʻololi ʻia ʻo R-500 me ka lua o ka pae, 7 kg no 5900 kg, Soyuz hou 300–000 kg no 7100 kg rocket).
ʻO kahi kōkua liʻiliʻi hiki ke lilo i nā rockets māmā i lawe ʻia e nā mokulele, e like me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele suborbital ʻAmelika WhiteKnightTwo? SpaceShipTwo (2012?). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i loli nui kēia, no ka mea, pono ʻoe e puhi i kekahi mea a puhi i luna ma kekahi ʻaoʻao i mea e lele ai i kekahi. ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha, ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nei nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe, ʻelua paha ka mea kokoke loa: kahi pūkuniahi nui e kī ana i kahi projectile me nā mea i hiki ke kū i ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pūʻali g, a me kahi hoʻokiʻekiʻe ākea. ʻO ka hoʻonā mua ua loaʻa i kahi kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, akā ʻo ka mea kūkulu hale ʻo Kanada e ʻimi i ke kālā no ka papahana mai Saddam H. a ua pepehi ʻia ʻo ia ma Malaki 1990 e nā mea pepehi ʻike ʻole? ma ke alo o kona hale noho Brussels. ʻO ka hope, me he mea lā ʻaʻole maoli maoli, ua lilo i mea hou me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā fibers carbon nanotube ultralight.
ʻO ka hapa haneli i hala aku nei, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka paepae o kahi makahiki hou, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hāʻule ʻole o ka ʻenehana rocket kiʻekiʻe loa i manaʻo ai nā ʻepekema e pili ana i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i kahi kumu o ka ikehu. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu nuklea mai ka waena o 50s, a ua kauoha ʻia ka moku nuklea mua, ʻo USS Nautilus. ua komo i ka lawelawe ma 1954, akā, ua kaumaha nā reactors, a ma hope o kekahi mau hoʻokolohua, ua haʻalele ʻia nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana iā lākou no nā ʻenekini mokulele, a ʻaʻole i kūkulu ʻia nā papahana utopia no kā lākou hana ʻana i ka mokulele.
Aia kekahi lua, ʻoi aku ka hoʻowalewale, hiki ke hoʻohana i nā pahū nuklea e hoʻolalelale iā lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻolei ʻana i nā pōkā nuklea ma nā moku ākea e hele i ka lewa. ʻO ka manaʻo o kahi ʻenekini nuklea no ka mea makemakika Polani koʻikoʻi a me ka physicist theoretical ʻo Stanislaw Ulam, ka mea i komo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pōkā atomika ʻAmelika (Manhattan Project), a ma hope i kākau pū ʻia ai ka American thermonuclear bomb (Teller-Ulam). ). Ua hōʻike ʻia ka manaʻo punahele o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema Polani (1947) e kahi hui kūikawā e hana ana ma 1957-61 ma ka papahana Orion.
He poʻo inoa ka puke aʻu e ʻaʻa nei e paipai aku i kaʻu poʻe heluhelu, ʻo Kenneth Brower kāna mea kākau, a ʻo kāna mau mea nui ʻo Freeman Dyson a me kāna keiki ʻo George. ʻO ka mea mua he physicist theoretical koʻikoʻi a me ka makemakika, incl. 'enekinia nukelea a lanakila o ka makana Templeton. Ua alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ʻia nei, a ma ka puke e hōʻike ana ʻo ia i ka mana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻepekema e hiki i nā hōkū i ka wā e hoʻoholo ai kāna keiki e noho i kahi hale lāʻau ma British Columbia a hele i ke kahakai komohana o Kanada a me Alaska ma ka kayak. ke kukulu nei oia. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia manaʻo, ua haʻalele ke keiki he ʻumikumamāono makahiki i ka honua i mea e kala ai i nā hewa atomika o kona makuakāne. ʻAʻohe mea like, no ka mea, ʻoiai ʻo ke ʻano o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā kulanui kaulana loa o ʻAmelika e makemake ana i nā paina a me nā kahakai pōhaku he mea ia o ke kipi, ua kūkulu ʻo George Dyson i kāna mau kayak a me nā waʻa mai nā laminates aniani hou loa (ia manawa) ma nā papa alumini, a ma hope. ʻo ia hoʻi i ka wā , ʻaʻole i uhi ʻia e ka manaʻo o ka puke., ua hoʻi i ka honua o ke kulanui ma ke ʻano he mea kākau moʻolelo o ka ʻepekema a kākau, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi puke e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka papahana Orion ().
Kosmolot ma ka bomby
He mea maʻalahi loa ka manaʻo o Ulam, akā ua hoʻohana ka hui o Dyson i 4 mau makahiki ma kahi hana titanic e hoʻomohala i nā kumu kumu a me nā manaʻo no ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā mokulele hou. ʻAʻole i pahū nā pōkā atomika, akā, ua loaʻa nā hoʻokolohua kūleʻa i hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā pahū pahū liʻiliʻi i nā kumu hoʻohālike. No ka laʻana, i ka mahina ʻo Nowemapa 1959, ua piʻi kekahi kumu hoʻohālike me ke anawaena o 1 m i ka lele hoʻomalu ʻia i ke kiʻekiʻe o 56 m. Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano nui o ka mokulele, ʻo nā helu i hāʻawi ʻia i nā manaʻo e hāʻule ana, ʻo kekahi o nā mea nui ʻelua. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā hemahema o ka hoʻolālā e ka elevator i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, no laila ʻo wai ka mea ʻike, e lele paha mākou i kahi mamao aku?!
ʻO ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo mua a Ulam ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi pahū atomika ma kahi palena palena i loko o ke keʻena puhi ahi, e like me ka wānana mua a Freeman Dyson. Ua manaʻo ʻia he aniani kila kaumaha ka mokulele i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka hui Orion? he pā e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka ikehu o ka pahū ʻana mai nā uku liʻiliʻi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka lua waena.
ʻO ka nalu haʻalulu meganewton e hahau ana i ka pā ma 30 m / s i hoʻokahi manawa kekona e hāʻawi iā ia i ka nui o ka nui me ka nui nui, a ʻoiai hiki i kahi hale hoʻolālā a me nā lako hana ke kū i ka overloads a hiki i 000 G,? Ua makemake lākou e hiki i kā lākou moku ke holo kanaka, a no laila ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana damper ʻelua-pae e "hoʻomaʻamaʻa". hoʻomau ʻia mai ka 100 a 2 G no ka poʻe holo moku.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā kumu o ka mokulele interplanetary (interplanetary) Orion i manaʻo ʻia he 4000 tons, he aniani ke anawaena o 40 m, ke kiʻekiʻe he 60 m, a me ka mana o nā uku hoʻohana o 0,14 kt. ʻO ka mea hoihoi loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻikepili e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka pono o ka ʻāpana propulsion me nā rockets maʻamau: Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Orion e hoʻohana i nā pōkā 800 e hoʻokomo iā ia iho a me 1600 tons o ka uku i loko o ka orbit Earth haʻahaʻa (LEO), ʻo 3350 tons? Ua lawe ʻo Saturn V mai ka papahana lunar Apollo i 130 tons.
ʻO ka kāpīpī ʻana i ko mākou honua me ka plutonium ʻo ia ka drawback koʻikoʻi o ka papahana a ʻo kekahi o nā kumu no ka haʻalele ʻana iā Orion ma hope o ke kau inoa ʻana ma 1963 o ke Kuʻikahi ma ka palena ʻāpana o nā hoʻokolohua nuklea, ka mea i pāpā i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā kumu atomic i ka lewa o ka Honua. , waho a me lalo o ka wai. Hiki i ka elevator space futuristic i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua ke hoʻoponopono pono i kēia pilikia radioactive, a ʻo kahi mokulele hoʻohana hou e hiki ke hoʻopuka i 800 tons o ka uku i ka orbit Mars a me hope he manaʻo hoʻowalewale. Hoʻemi ʻia kēia helu ʻana, no ka mea hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻāina a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana no ka lele ʻana me nā hopena maopopo i ke kaumaha o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻalulu i waiho ʻia, no laila inā he ʻano hoʻolālā modular kēlā mīkini me ka hiki ke hoʻopau i nā mea haʻalulu a me kahi ʻāpana o ka poʻe holo no nā lele lele .. .
ʻO ka mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe e hoʻoneʻe i ka Honua mai kahi mokulele nuklea e hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe, e like me ka hopena o nā pulse electromagnetic (EMP) ma nā mea uila. Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e pale aku ka honua honua iā mākou me nā kāʻei ʻo Van Allen mai nā kukuna cosmic a me nā lapalapa o ka lā, akā pono e pale ʻia nā mea hana a me nā mea hana o kēlā me kēia moku ma ka lewa e nā pale hou. E loaʻa i nā Orions ka pale ʻoi loa e kūʻē i ka radiation mai nā pahū ʻenekini ma ke ʻano o ka pā aniani kila mānoanoa a me ka hiki ke mālama ʻia no nā pale ikaika hou aku.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka lawe tarot i nā mana hou o Orions, no ka mea. me ka nui o 10 tons, ua piʻi ka mana ukana i 000 kt, akā ʻo ka ukana mai ka Honua (tfu, tfu, apage, ʻo ia wale nō ka manaʻo no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana) ma LEO ua 0,35% o ka nui o ka moku (61 tons) , a ma Mars orbit he 6100 tons. ʻO ka ʻoi loa o nā papahana e pili ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi "waʻa intergalactic?" me ka nuipa o 5300 8 000 tons, i hiki ke lilo i kulanakauhale maoli ma ka lewa, a me ka helu ana ua hoike mai Orions powered by thermonuclear koina hiki accelerate i 000 s (0,1% o ka māmā māmā) a lele i ka hōkū kokoke iā mākou. Proxima Centauri, ma o 10 makahiki.
Ua hoʻoponopono ka hui o Dyson i nā pilikia hoʻolālā nui, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka nui o ia mau makahiki e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, nui nā kānalua i hoʻopau ʻia e nā ʻike kūpono i hana ʻia i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua nuklea. Ua hōʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, he liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o ke kila a i ʻole ke aniani alumini i ka wā o ka ablation (evaporation), no ka mea, ma kahi haʻalulu haʻalulu i manaʻo ʻia he 67 ° C, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ultraviolet, ʻaʻole ia e komo i ka hapa nui. mea waiwai. , ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaomi ʻana o ke kauoha o 000 MPa e kū mai ana ma ka ʻili o ka pā, hiki ke hoʻopau maʻalahi ʻia ka ablation ma ke kāpī ʻana i ka pā me ka ʻaila ma waena o nā pahū. Orionists? ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hana i nā pahu pahu cylindrical kūikawā a paʻakikī hoʻi? kaumaha 340 kg, akā, i kēia manawa hiki ke kumu explosions o ka 'akomi hana hoʻokahi-gram "atomiko pila"? laser beam, a ʻo ia pahū hoʻokahi ka ikaika o ke kauoha o 140-10 tons o TNT.
Nānā kiʻiʻoniʻoni
ʻO ke kipa ʻana o ka cosmonaut mua ʻo Yuri Gagarin i Polani.
ʻO ke kipa ʻana o ka cosmonaut mua ʻo Yuri Gagarin i Polani
Papahana Orion? Ma Mars A. Bomb 1993, 7 māhele, ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993 māhele 2
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993 māhele 3
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993 māhele 4
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993 māhele 5
Project Orion - I Mars me kahi pōkā A. 1993 māhele 6
Project Orion - To Mars with the A bomb. 1993 hope loa
