ʻO ka ʻaoʻao pohihihi o ka ʻōnaehana solar

Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar me nā moana o ka honua. E like me lākou (ma ka pālākiō cosmic) kokoke i ko mākou manamana lima, akā paʻakikī iā mākou ke nānā pono iā lākou. Ua ʻike mākou i nā ʻāpana mamao ʻē aʻe o ka lewa ma mua o nā ʻāpana kāʻei Kuiper ma waho aʻe o ka orbit o Neptune a me ke ao Oort ma waho (1).

ʻImi New moana aia ma waena o Pluto a me kāna pahuhopu ʻimi e hiki mai ana, mea 2014 makahiki₆₉ w kāʻei Kuiper. ʻO kēia ka ʻāina ma waho o ka orbit o Neptune, e hoʻomaka ana ma 30 AU. e. (a i ʻole a. e., ʻo ia ka awelika ka mamao o ka Honua mai ka Lā) a e pau ana ma kahi o 100 a. e. mai ka La.

1. Ke kāʻei Kuiper a me ke ao Oort

ʻO ka New Horizons unmanned aerial kaʻa, nāna i kiʻi i nā kiʻi mōʻaukala o Pluto i ka makahiki 2015, ua ʻoi aku ma mua o 782 miliona km mai ia. Ke hiki aku i MU₆₉ (2) e hoʻokomo e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia Alan Stern, ʻepekema poʻokela o ka misionari, ka moʻolelo ʻimi ʻimi maluhia loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka nohona kanaka.

Planetoid MU₆₉ he mea ma'amau o ke kā'ei Kuiper, 'o ia ho'i, 'ane'ane pō'ai kona 'ōpuni a 'a'ole noho i ka resonance orbital me kona orbital Neptune. Ua ʻike ʻia ka mea e ka Hubble Space Telescope i Iune 2014 a ua koho ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā pahuhopu hou aʻe no ka misionari New Horizons. Manaʻo ka poʻe akamai ʻo MU₆₉ emi malalo o 45 km ke anawaena. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka mokulele ʻo ke aʻo ʻana i ke kāʻei Kuiper i nā kikoʻī hou aku. Makemake nā mea noiʻi NASA e nānā i nā mea ʻoi aku ma mua o iwakālua ma ia wahi.

2. Ke ala lele o ka New Horizons probe

15 makahiki o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki

Aia i ka makahiki 1951 Gerard Kuiper, nona ka inoa ka palena kokoke o ka ʻōnaehana solar (i kapa ʻia ma hope nei ʻo Kapua ʻo Oort), ua wānana ʻo ia e kaʻapuni ana nā asteroids ma waho o ka orbit o ka honua ma waho o kā mākou ʻōnaehana, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Neptune, a me Pluto ma hope o ia. ʻO ka mea mua, i kapa ʻia 1992 KV1Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 1992. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā hīnaʻi dwarf a me nā asteroid kāʻei Kuiper ma mua o kahi mau haneli mau kilomita. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka nui o nā mea kāʻei Kuiper me ke anawaena o ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 km a hiki i nā haneli tausani.

ʻO ka Oort Cloud, e ʻoi aku ana ma waho o ka Kuiper Belt, i hoʻokumu ʻia i mau piliona makahiki aku nei i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi ao hāʻule o ke kinoea a me ka lepo i ka Lā a me nā hōkū e hoʻopuni ana iā ia. Ua kiola ʻia nā koena o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ma mua o nā ʻōpuni o nā hōkūhele mamao loa. Hiki ke hana ʻia ke ao me nā piliona kino liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuehu ʻia a puni ka lā. Hiki i kona radius a hiki i nā haneli haneli o nā ʻāpana astronomical, a ʻo ka nui o kona nui he 10-40 paha ka nui o ka honua. Ua wānana ʻia ke ola ʻana o ia ʻano mea i ka makahiki 1950 e ka mea kilo hōkū ʻo Dutch ʻO Yang H. Oort. Aia ka manaʻo kānalua ʻo nā hopena umekaumaha o nā hōkū kokoke i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻohuli i nā mea pākahi o ke ao Oort i loko o ko mākou ʻāina, e hana ana i nā comets lōʻihi mai lākou.

He ʻumikūmālima makahiki i hala aku nei, i Kepakemapa 2002, ua ʻike ʻia ke kino nui loa o ka ʻōnaehana solar mai ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo Pluto i ka makahiki 1930, e hoʻomaka ana i kahi au hou o ka ʻike a me ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana i ke kiʻi o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōnaehana solar. Ua ʻike ʻia he mea ʻike ʻole ʻia e hoʻopuni ana i ka Lā i kēlā me kēia 288 makahiki ma kahi mamao o 6 biliona km, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o kanahā mau manawa o ka mamao ma waena o ka Honua a me ka Lā (ʻo Pluto a me Neptune he 4,5 biliona km wale nō ka mamao). ʻO kāna mau mea ʻike, ʻo nā astronomers ma California Institute of Technology, ua kapa ʻia ia Quaoara. Wahi a nā helu mua, pono ke anawaena o 1250 km, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka hapalua o ke anawaena o Pluto (2300 km). Ua hoʻololi nā waihona kālā hou i kēia nui i 844,4 km.

I Nowemapa 2003, ua ʻike ʻia ka mea 2003 WB 12, kapa ʻia ma hope Kiko, ma ka inoa o ke akua wahine Eskimo ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā holoholona moana. ʻAʻole pili ʻia ke kumu maoli i ke kāʻei Kuiper, akā Papa ETNO - ʻo ia hoʻi, kekahi mea ma waena o ke kāʻei Kuiper a me ke Ao Oort. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomaka ko mākou ʻike no kēia wahi me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe, i waena o nā mea hiki iā mākou ke inoa, no ka laʻana, Makemake, Haume ai ole ia, Eris. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka nā nīnau hou e ala mai. ʻOiai ke kūlana o Pluto. I ka hopena, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ua kāpae ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hui elite o nā honua.

Ke hoʻomau nei ka poʻe Astronomers i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea palena hou (3). ʻO kekahi o nā mea hou loa ka honua ʻo Dee Dee. Aia ia ma 137 biliona km mai ka Honua. Ua puni ia i ka Lā i 1100 makahiki. ʻO ka mahana ma luna o kona ʻili a hiki i -243°C. Ua ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka telescope ALMA. He pōkole kona inoa no "Distant Dwarf".

3. Nā mea Trans-Neptunian

Ka Phantom Menace

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka makahiki 2016, ua hōʻike mākou iā MT ua loaʻa iā mākou nā hōʻike hōʻike no ka noho ʻana o kahi honua ʻeiwa ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana solar (4). Ma hope mai, ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Suedena ʻo Lund ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana solar, akā he exoplanet i hopu ʻia e ka Lā. Hoʻohālike kamepiula Alexandra Musilla a ke manaʻo nei kona mau hoa hana "ʻaihue" ka lā ʻōpio mai kekahi hōkū ʻē aʻe. Hiki paha kēia i ka wā i hoʻokokoke ai nā hōkū ʻelua. A laila, ua kiola ʻia ka ʻeiwa o ka honua mai kona ʻōpuni ʻana e nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe a loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻōpuni hou, mamao loa mai kona hōkū makua. Ma hope mai, ua kaʻawale hou nā hōkū ʻelua, akā mau ka mea i ka pōʻai a puni ka Lā.

Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ka Lund Observatory ʻo kā lākou kuhiakau ka mea nui loa o nā mea a pau, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe wehewehe maikaʻi aʻe no ka mea e hana nei, me nā anomalies i nā orbit o nā mea e hoʻopuni ana i ke kāʻei Kuiper. Ma kahi o waho, ua hūnā ʻia kahi honua hypothetical pohihihi mai ko mākou mau maka.

leo nui ʻO Konstantin Batygin i Mike Brown mai ka California Institute of Technology, nāna i hoʻolaha ma Ianuali 2016 ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi honua ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka orbit o Pluto, ua hana nā ʻepekema e kamaʻilio e pili ana iā ia me he mea lā ua ʻike mua lākou aia kekahi kino lani nui e kaapuni ana ma kahi o waho o ka ʻōnaehana solar. . . E liʻiliʻi iki ia ma mua o Neptune a e kaʻapuni i ka Lā ma kahi orbit elliptic no ka liʻiliʻi loa 15 20-4,5. makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Batygin lāua ʻo Brown ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia honua i waho o ka ʻōnaehana solar, i ka wā mua o kona hoʻomohala ʻana, ma kahi o XNUMX biliona makahiki i hala.

Ua hāpai ka hui o Brown i ka pilikia o ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ola o ka mea i kapa ʻia pali Kuiper, ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻano ʻākea i loko o ke kāʻei asteroid trans-Neptunian. He mea maʻalahi kēia e wehewehe ʻia e ka ʻumekaumaha o kahi mea nui i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ua kuhikuhi pū ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka helu helu maʻamau no nā tausani o nā ʻāpana pōhaku i ka Oort Cloud a me ka Kuiper Belt, pono e loaʻa nā haneli asteroids he mau kilomita ka lōʻihi a i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha nā hōkūhele nui.

4. ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka Planet X.

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2015, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻo NASA i nā ʻike mai ka Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer - WISE. Ua hōʻike lākou i ka lewa ma kahi mamao a hiki i ka 10 tausani manawa ʻoi aku ma mua o ka Lā a i ka Honua, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka Planet X. WISE, akā naʻe, hiki ke ʻike i nā mea nui e like me Saturn, a no laila he lani. ʻO ke kino e like me ka nui o Neptune hiki ke pakele i kona nānā ʻana. No laila, hoʻomau ka ʻepekema i kā lākou ʻimi me ka XNUMX-mika Keck Telescope ma Hawaii. I kēia manawa ʻaʻole i loaʻa.

ʻAʻole hiki ke haʻi ʻole i ka manaʻo o ka nānā ʻana i ka hōkū "pōʻino" pohihihi, ʻo ka brown dwarf. - e hoʻolilo i ka ʻōnaehana solar i ʻōnaehana binary. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā hōkū i ʻike ʻia ma ka lewa he mau ʻōnaehana ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha. Hiki i kā mākou ʻōnaehana binary ke hana i kahi dwarf melemele (ka Lā) me kahi dwarf ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka maʻalili. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole paha kēia kuhiakau i kēia manawa. ʻOiai he mau haneri degere wale nō ka wela o ka ʻili o ka ʻeleʻele, hiki nō i kā mākou mau lako ke ʻike. Ua hoʻokumu ka Gemini Observatory, ka Spitzer Telescope a me WISE i ke ola ʻana o nā mea like ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi ma kahi mamao a hiki i hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki māmā. No laila, inā aia maoli ka satellite o ka lā ma kekahi wahi, pono mākou i ʻike iā ia i ka wā ma mua.

A i ʻole ʻo ia ka honua, akā ʻaʻole e ola hou? ʻAmelika ʻAmelika ma ka Southwestern Research Institute ma Boulder, Colorado (SwRI), David Nesvorny, i loko o kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke moʻolelo ʻepekema, hōʻike i ka hele ʻana o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo testis i ke kāʻei Kuiper kapuaʻi wāwae o ka pilikua kinoea ʻelimaaia ma laila i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana hau he nui ma kēia wahi e hōʻike ana i ke ola ʻana o kahi honua e like me ka nui o Neptune.

Nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke kumu o ke kāʻei Kuiper ma ke ʻano he mau tausani o nā mea trans-Neptunian me nā orbit like. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Nesvorny i nā hoʻohālikelike kamepiula e hoʻohālike i ka neʻe ʻana o kēia "core" i nā makahiki 4 billion i hala. Ma kāna hana, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Nice Model, e wehewehe ana i nā loina o ka neʻe ʻana o ka honua i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar.

I ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana, ʻo Neptune, aia ma kahi mamao o 4,2 biliona km mai ka Lā, ua neʻe koke ʻo 7,5 miliona km. ʻAʻole ʻike nā Astronomers i ke kumu o kēia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka mana umekaumaha o nā pilikua kinoea ʻē aʻe, ʻo Uranus a i Saturn paha, akā ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia no nā pilina umekaumaha ma waena o kēia mau hīkū. Wahi a Nesvorny, ua noho mau ʻo Neptune i loko o kahi pilina gravity me kekahi honua hau hou, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai kona ʻōpuni i ka Kuiper Belt i kona neʻe ʻana. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, nahā ka honua a hoʻoulu i nā tausani o nā mea hau nui i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo kona kumu a i ʻole trans-Neptunians.

ʻO nā probes o ka Voyager a me Pioneer series, he mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana, ua lilo i mau kaʻa terrestrial mua e hele i ka orbit o Neptune. Ua hōʻike nā mikiona i ka waiwai o ka Kuiper Belt mamao, e hoʻolaʻa hou ana i ka plethora o nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ke kumu a me ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana solar i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka manaʻo o kekahi. ʻAʻohe o nā hoʻokolohua i paʻi i ka honua hou, akā ua hele ka Pioneer 10 a me 11 i pakele i kahi ala lele i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ʻike ʻia i nā makahiki 80. A ua ala hou nā nīnau e pili ana i ke kumu umekaumaha o nā aberrations i ʻike ʻia, i hūnā ʻia paha ma ka ʻaoʻao. o ka ʻōnaehana solar ...