Koho Balota a me ka Makemakika, a i ʻole Māhele a lanakila
ʻO ka pilikia o ke koho ʻana i mua o mākou. Ua kū pū kekahi kanaka primitive i kahi dilemma: i ka mālamalama e ola ai? Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke koho ʻana i nā alakaʻi ʻohana: ʻo ka mea nāna i pepehi i ka mea hoʻokūkū e noho aliʻi. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kēia lā. Maikaʻi nō hoʻi.
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Latin i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke poʻo inoa o ka ʻatikala ʻo ia ka "māhele a lanakila". Ua hoʻohana mau ʻia. E hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka lāhui a e maʻalahi iā ʻoe ke lanakila. ʻO nā naʻi aupuni Sepania o nā kenekulia 1990 a me XNUMX i hoʻohuli akamai i kekahi mau ʻohana India e kūʻē i kekahi. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻokō nui ka ʻelele Lūkini ʻo Repnin: ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hana ʻino i nā makahiki hope o Polani kūʻokoʻa. Pela no ko Beritania i ko lakou aupuni mua, a ua hoomaka ke kaua Yugoslavia i ka makahiki XNUMX me na Serbs e ku e ana ia Croats a me ka hope.
Ua ʻike mākou i nā laʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana o nā paio i loko o ka ʻāina hoʻokahi. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia ma Polani i kēia lā. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao hoʻomalu he laʻana o ka palupalu, kaohi a me ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau, piha i ka mahalo i ka mea kūʻē, e pili ana i ke kānāwai, ke Kumukānāwai a me ka makemake o ke kanaka maʻalahi. Ma ka hui honua lanakila mākou, pinepine me ka ʻole (he lanakila poina ʻole 27:0). Ma nā haʻuki, hana maikaʻi mākou: hoʻomanaʻo mākou i ka pāʻani hockey dramatic me Cameroon. ʻAʻohe mea hōʻino, ʻikea ka poʻe kālai'āina. Aia i hea ko lākou mau ʻeke ma ko lākou poʻo! ʻO ka pāʻina ke alakaʻi. E kōkua mākou!
Kū, kū. ʻAʻole mākou he nūpepa nūpepa. E ʻike kākou pehea e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoholo i ka hanohano o ka makemakika a ... ʻO ka wehewehe piha ʻana he hana nui, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nūpepa ma mua o ka ʻepekema.
Hiki i nā koho ma lalo nei.
ʻO ka mea mua, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka māhele ʻāina i nā ʻāpana.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā balota i nā noho pāremata a i ʻole (no ka laʻana, i ke koho pelekikena) i nā noho koho.
ʻO ke kolu: ka wehewehe ʻana i ka wā e koʻikoʻi ai ka leo a i ka wā ʻaʻole.
ʻAʻole wau e ʻōlelo nei i nā hana hōʻino maʻamau ma aneʻi, e like me ka hoʻopunipuni ʻana i ka naʻaupō o ka poʻe koho (no ka Polani People's Republic, ʻo ke koho ʻole ʻana i nā moho i helu ʻia ma luna o ka papa inoa), hoʻopunipuni i ka helu ʻana i nā balota a me ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka ʻikepili ma luna.
E hoʻomaka wau. He aha kēia ʻōlelo ʻano ʻē? Ua wehewehe au ma kahi ʻano pōʻai iki.
ʻIke paha kāu poʻe heluhelu i ka helu ma ka tennis. Loaʻa iā mākou nā helu, nā pāʻani a me nā hoʻonohonoho. No ka lanakila ʻana i ka pāʻani, pono ʻoe e lanakila ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻehā mau pōleʻa (nā helu), akā ma ka liʻiliʻi ʻelua ma mua o kou hoa paio. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ka pāʻani tie-break - hoʻokani ʻia a hiki i ʻehiku mau helu lanakila (nā pōpō), pū kekahi me ka lula ʻelua pōleʻa. Ua helu ʻia nā pōlele lanakila: 15, 30, 40, a laila hoʻohana wale mākou i nā huaʻōlelo "pono - kaulike".
1. Left classic gerrymandering. Ua lilo ka pale honua i lanakila no ka uliuli. Pololei: ma kēlā me kēia apana o ka ʻāpana ʻākau, he 25% wale nō ke kākoʻo o ka blues, ma ke koena, ʻaʻole lākou e noʻonoʻo.
ʻOhi ʻia nā pōhaku i nā pūʻulu. No ka lanakila ʻana i kahi set, pono e loaʻa iā ʻoe ma kahi o ʻeono mau pāʻani a ʻelua paha ʻoi aku ma mua o kou hoa paio. Ke 6:6 ka helu, hoʻokani mau ʻia ka tie-break. Hoʻokani ʻia nā pāʻani me ʻelua a ʻekolu paha set i lanakila. "A hiki i ʻelua lanakila" ʻo ia hoʻi, lanakila ka mea lanakila i ʻelua sets. No laila, hiki i ka hopena ke 2: 0 a i ʻole 2: 1 (a me ka symmetrically 0: 2, 1: 2). 'O ia ka mana'o o kēia mau lula 'a'ole pono 'oe e lanakila i nā pōpō hou a'e (points) no ka lanakila 'ana i ka pā'ani. ʻO ka maʻalahi, pono ʻoe e lanakila i nā mea nui. ʻO kahi laʻana koʻikoʻi kahi i lanakila ai ka mea pāʻani A i ka hoʻonohonoho mua 6-0 a ʻo nā mea ʻelua e lilo i 4-6. Nalo i ka pāʻani me ka lanakila ʻana i nā pāʻani 14 a me 12 kona hoa paio.
E nānā au i kaʻu mea i kākau ai i kekahi manawa i hala. Nui nā manawa koʻikoʻi i ka tennis. ʻO ka mea pāʻani tennis maikaʻi e nānā i ka mea nui loa.
ʻO ka hopena o nā miliona i nā wāwae o ka salamander
E neʻe kākou i ke koho pāloka. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, i nā koho balota i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā kaukani a miliona paha.
Pono mua ʻoe i ʻāina no nā koho balota. No ka mea? ʻAʻole pili pehea? ʻaʻole! ʻO ka mea mua i noʻonoʻo pehea e hana ai i kēia i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka manawa o kāna hui ponoʻī ʻo Elbridge Jerry, he kālai'āina ʻAmelika o ʻelua haneli mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kekahi o nā pōʻai āna i manaʻo ai he ʻano ... he salamander, a ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o kona inoa me kēia amphibian huelo i alakaʻi ʻia i ka huaʻōlelo. Hana maikaʻi ia me nā ʻāpana koho hoʻokahi, no laila ʻaʻole pili pono ia iā Polani. Me kahi keʻena nui o nā lālā, ʻokoʻa loa ke kūlana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke puhi i ke ahi i kēlā me kēia manawa. A he mea hoihoi.
2. Kumu o ka hoopunipuni. Hema: 40% o ke kākoʻo honua i lilo i lanakila 4-2. ʻĀkau: He hana nui ka Geometry i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kākoʻo 32% i lanakila honua 4:3.
No laila, e noʻonoʻo kākou i kahi ʻāina, nui ka poʻe a me nā palena maʻamau: kahi ʻāpana kūpono me nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi i loko. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale a me ke koho mayoral ka mea hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa, akā ma ka makemakika ʻaʻole ia he mea nui. He kākoʻo ko ka ʻaoʻao aliʻi i ka uliuli ma nā ʻāpana i kaha ʻia i ka uliuli ma fig. 1. Ke alakaʻi nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo i nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo. No ka mea, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā ʻāpana lālā hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui ka pōmaikaʻi. Hoʻopili ʻia mākou ma ka ʻāina, e like me ka nui o nā ʻāpana uliuli e like me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Akā, noho aliʻi nā blues a hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻāina i nā ʻāpana. ʻEwalu mau ʻāpana koho (1). He aha nā hopena koho? Manaʻo ʻole ʻia! Ua lanakila nā mea pāʻani polū ma A, C, E, F, G, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ʻelima o ka ʻewalu pōʻai. Ma ka hihia o nā lālā koho hoʻokahi, loaʻa iā lākou ka pōmaikaʻi 5:3 ma waena o ka ʻāina (hiki paha i nā kūlanakauhale inā he koho mayoral).
kālaihonua koho He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no kahi pāʻina kahi i maʻa mau ai nā scandals. E noʻonoʻo kākou ua hū ʻia kahi hōʻino ma ka ʻāpana B - ua ʻaihue ke kuhina i ke kālā kālā a ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua pololei nā mea a pau. He nui ka poʻe koho pāloka i huli i hope iā ia. Inā ma mua ua māhele like ʻia nā pāloka (51:49 no ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe), i kēia manawa ma ka Apana B ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, loaʻa ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo he 75%, a ʻo ka uliuli wale nō he 25. Eia naʻe, ma ka pae aupuni, ʻaʻole kēia. ʻeha loa (1 Pūnaewele). No ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike tennis, nalowale lākou i kahi kikoʻī.
| māhele koho | Blue | Zeloni | ʻO wai ka lanakila |
| A | 251 | 249 | Blue |
| B | 100 | 300 | Zeloni |
| C | 251 | 249 | Blue |
| D | 198 | 202 | Zeloni |
| E | 251 | 249 | Blue |
| F | 251 | 249 | Blue |
| G | 251 | 249 | Blue |
| H | 149 | 151 | Zeloni |
| Huina balota | 1702 | 1898 | 5 a 3 no ka polū |
Papa 1. Ka helu o na balota 1898: 1702 no ka uliuli, aka, 5: 3 noho ma ka ahaolelo no ka uliuli! Ma ke koho pelekikena o ʻAmelika, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā balota i ka mea lanakila.
Loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokahi kona mau pono a me nā hemahema. Ua hele mai ia mai ka moʻomeheu pāremata ʻEnelani. Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana makemakika e hōʻemi iki i ke kumu o ka "winner took all". ʻO ka lula maʻamau ʻo "ka hapa hapa nui loa". E manaʻo kākou e hoʻokūkū ʻehā ʻaoʻao ʻo A, B, C a me D ma ka ʻāina ʻo Grodzisko Nadmorsky. ʻEhiku mau wahi e lanakila ai. Ma ke koho balota, ua loaa i keia mau aoao he 9934 5765, 4031 1999, 21 729 a me XNUMX XNUMX balota; huina XNUMX XNUMX. Manaʻo mākou:
7∙9934/21729= 3,20
7∙5765/21729= 1,86
7∙4031/21729= 1,30
7∙1999/21729= 0,64
Akaka; inā ʻo ka Commonwealth, e like me kā Prince Radziwiłł i ʻōlelo ai ma The Flood, he lole ʻulaʻula, e uhaʻi nā ʻaoʻao i ka māhele o 320:186:130:64. Akā, ʻehiku wale nō wahi e kaʻana like ai. Pono ka hailona A i ekolu mau wahi (no ka mea, ua oi aku ka huahelu ma mua o 3), pono ka hailona B, C i hookahi wahi pakahi. Pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke koho i nā mea ʻelua ʻē aʻe? Manaʻo ʻia ka hoʻonā ʻana: e hāʻawi i kēlā mau ʻaoʻao i "ʻaʻole i nele i ka balota piha", ʻo ia hoʻi, ka poʻe me ka hapa hapa nui loa. No laila, hāʻule lākou i nā ʻāpana B, D. E hōʻike kākou i ka hopena ma ka pakuhi maʻalahi fig. 3.
fig.3 ʻO ke ʻano o ka "ʻāpana hapa nui loa". Ua lanakila ʻo Coalition B + C + D i ka Party A
He aha ka mea i kapa ʻia. lula o d'Ondta? Kūkākūkā iki au i kēia. Paipai au iā ia ma ke ʻano he hoʻoikaika kino. Ka hopena ma fig. 4.
fig.4 Nā hopena o ke ʻano d'Hondt. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao A e hoʻoponopono iā ia iho.
No ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi aʻe, paipai au i ka poʻe heluhelu e hana i kekahi mea penei: e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻae ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao B, C, a me D a hele i nā koho balota i hoʻokahi poloka—e kapa iā ia ʻo E. he mana ko ka aoao A, i.e. ʻo ka hopena o A:E he 3:4. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hopena no nā makahiki he nui ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo ʻōlelo: Hoʻokumu ka ʻae, hoʻopau ke kuʻikahi.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ʻo nā hiʻohiʻona aʻu e hāʻawi nei ma ʻaneʻi he fictitious a ʻo nā ʻano like me nā ʻāina i ʻike ʻia he coincidental wale nō.
D'Ond
Pehea ka hana ʻana o ka hana d'Hondt i ʻōlelo ʻia? ʻO kahi laʻana ke kūpono no kēia. Ina paha i koho balota episcopal kekahi mahele koho, e like me ka hoikeia. 2 Pūnaewele.
| inoa pāʻina | Nā Leo, N. | H/2 | H/3 | H/4 | H/5 |
| Pāʻina Pōmaikaʻi piha | 10 000 | 5000 | 3333 | 2500 | 2000 |
| pāʻina nui | 6600 | 3300 | 2200 | 1650 | 1320 |
| ʻO ka locomotive o ka holomua | 4800 | 2400 | 1600 | 1200 | 960 |
| ʻO nā mea hoʻopunipuni a me nā mea hoʻopunipuni | 3600 | 1800 | 1200 | 900 | 720 |
Papa 2. Nā hualoaʻa koho ma ka māhele koho kāne ʻo Klapucko i nā koho balota ma Klapadocsy.
Ua ʻike ʻia ua lanakila maikaʻi ka pāʻina o ka poʻe ʻaihue a me nā gochstaplers ma Klaputsky Maly wale nō. Ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole lākou i helu i ka 5%, no laila ʻaʻole mālama ʻia kā lākou hopena. Hoʻonoho mākou i ke koena ma ka huli ʻana, me ka poina ʻole no hea lākou mai:
10 (PTD), 000 (SO), 6600 (PTD), 5000 (LP), 4800 (PTD), 3333 (SO), 3300 (PTD), 2500 (LP), 2400 (SO), a pēlā aku. ma ke kauoha i hoakakaia. ʻO ka hopena ma muli o ka nui o nā tiketi i loaʻa.
| 3 mau wahi | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 0 |
| 4 mau wahi | PTD 2, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 5 noho | PTD 3, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 6 noho | PTD 3, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 7 noho | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 8 noho | PTD 4, SO 2, LP 2 |
| 9 noho | PTD 4, SO 3, LP 2 |
Papa 3. Ka mahele ana o na noho ma muli o ko lakou heluna.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia ʻōnaehana smoothes i nā hopena - hoʻemi i ka mana o ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hihia. Aia nā mea a pau i ka ʻikepili kikoʻī. ʻAʻohe oʻu wahi no nā kūkākūkā lōʻihi, e ʻike wau i ʻelua mau mea hoihoi:
1. Inā ua hiki ka poʻe hoʻopunipuni a me nā mea hoʻopunipuni i ka paepae koho aupuni, ua ʻokoʻa paha nā hopena. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻololi inā he ʻekolu a ʻehā mau noho e lanakila ai, akā inā ʻelima mau kānaka o ka ʻāpana koho i komo i ka hale ʻahaʻōlelo, ʻo ka hopena: PTD 2, SO 1, PL 1, JG 1. E nalowale ana ka ʻaoʻao PTD i kona kuleana piha. . ka hapa nui. ʻO ka hana ʻē aʻe: inā haʻalele kekahi ʻaoʻao liʻiliʻi i waho o ka pāʻina, e pau nā mea a pau, me ka poʻe ʻae ʻole.
2. Inā pili like ʻo SO a me LP a hele pū i ke koho balota, a laila ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka ʻino ma kekahi ʻano, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
E ʻike pū kākou i ke ʻano o ka hana d'Hondt i ke kūlana me fig. 2inā ʻelua a ʻekolu mau noho kaʻawale i loko o ka papa. E hoʻomanaʻo wau iā ʻoe i ka hihia o nā ʻāpana lālā hoʻokahi, ua hāʻawi kēia i ka lanakila ikaika i ka Blues. I ka hihia o ka pālua, he pio holoʻokoʻa, akā i ka hihia ʻekolu, lanakila hou ʻo ia.
| māhele koho | Blue | Zeloni | ʻO ka hana a Hondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | ʻO nā lākiō mīkini: 251/249; papa hana 1-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/100; 0-2 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198; 1-1 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149; 1-1 |
| Huina balota | 1702 | 1898 | Polū 7 - ʻOmaomao 9 |
Papa 4. Ke kulana me ka fig. 2, akā me nā ʻāpana koho pālua. ʻO ka hāʻule ʻole o ka uliuli 7:9.
| māhele koho | Blue | Zeloni | ʻO ka hana a Hondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | Nā lākiō mīkini: 251/249/125,5; pakuhi 2-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/150/100; 0,5-2,5 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198/101; 1-2 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149/75,5; 1-2 |
| Huina balota | 1702 | 1898 | Polū 12,5 - ʻOmaomao 11,5 |
Papa 5. Ke kulana me ka fig. 2, akā me nā ʻāpana ʻekolu lālā.
Ma waena o kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona, hoʻokomo wau i ka "geometry" i nā koho koho he mea nui a mea ʻole paha. Ma nā ʻāina he nui, ʻo ka hōʻailona o ka ʻae ʻia he "tick", ʻo ia hoʻi, a v, a i kekahi manawa he Y. Loaʻa iā mākou kahi x, ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana me kahi strikethrough (a no laila he hōʻole). Ua makemake ka luna kānāwai e wehewehe i kēia a hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe quasi-matematika - "ʻelua laina kuʻekuʻe", ʻo ka unuhi ʻana ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa nā laina ʻelua o ka leka v.
ʻO ka mea mua, ma ka makemakika, ʻo ka "intersecting" ʻo ia hoʻi, "loaʻa kahi helu maʻamau" - pono e pili pono kēia me nā poʻe ʻōpio (ma lalo o kanalima), no ka mea, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kula i kēia manawa. Eia naʻe, inā ʻaʻole manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi i ka makemakika, a laila e hoʻomanaʻo paha ʻo ia ʻo ka huli ʻana ma ke alanui he alahaka nō hoʻi.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiho ʻana i kahi wehewehe pololei ʻole: ʻo kēlā me kēia hōʻailona e hōʻike maopopo ana i ke koho ʻana o kahi moho i kahi kūlana hanohano, akā i kēia manawa he hui pejorative wale nō.
