ʻAila viscosity

ʻO ka ʻaila viscosity kekahi o nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka ʻaila ʻenekini automotive. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea nona nā kaʻa i lohe e pili ana i kēia ʻāpana, ʻike i ka inoa viscosity ma nā lepili ʻaila, akā kakaikahi ka poʻe i ʻike i ke ʻano o kēia mau leka a me nā helu a me ka hopena. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i ka ʻaila viscosity, viscosity designation system, a pehea e koho ai i ka ʻaila viscosity no kāu mīkini kaʻa.

He aha ka aila i hoʻohana ʻia?

ʻO ka aila kaʻa e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana kūpono o nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e hōʻemi i ka friction, ʻoluʻolu, lubricate, hoʻololi i ke kaomi i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana o ke kaʻa, wehe i nā huahana combustion. ʻO nā kūlana hana paʻakikī loa no nā aila kaʻa. ʻAʻole pono lākou e nalowale i kā lākou mau waiwai me nā loli koke i nā ukana wela a me nā mīkini, ma lalo o ka mana o ka oxygen ea a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka wahie.

Hana ka aila i ka aila kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana ʻānai a hōʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu, pale i ka ʻōpala, a hoʻemi i ka hopena o nā mea hana kemika i hana ʻia i ka wā e hana ai ka mīkini. Ke kaapuni i loko o ka crankcase, lawe ka aila i ka wela, wehe i nā huahana ʻaʻahu (metal chips) mai ka wahi pili o nā ʻāpana ʻōpala, hoʻopaʻa i nā āpau ma waena o nā paia cylinder a me nā ʻāpana hui piston.

He aha ka ʻaila viscosity

ʻO ka viscosity ka mea koʻikoʻi o ka ʻaila mīkini, e pili ana i ka mahana. ʻAʻole pono ka ʻaila i loko o ke anuanu i hiki i ka mea hoʻomaka ke hoʻohuli i ka crankshaft a hiki i ka ʻaila ʻaila ke hoʻomoʻi i ka ʻaila i loko o ka ʻōnaehana lubrication. I nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻaila i ka viscosity i hoʻemi ʻia e hana i kahi kiʻi ʻaila ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻōpala a hāʻawi i ke kaomi pono i ka ʻōnaehana.

ʻO nā koho o nā aila ʻenekini e like me ka hoʻohālikelike SAE

Hoʻohālikelike ka SAE (American Society of Automotive Engineers) i ka viscosity a hoʻoholo i ka manawa e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka aila. Ma ka passport kaʻa, hoʻoponopono ka mea hana i nā hōʻailona kūpono.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻaila e like me ka SAE:

• Hoʻoilo: aia kahi leka ma ka peʻa: W (winter) 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W;
• ʻO ke kauwela - 20, 30, 40, 50, 60;
• Kau a pau: 0W-30, 5W-40, etc.

ʻO ka helu ma mua o ka leka W ma ka inoa ʻaila ʻenekini e hōʻike ana i kona viscosity haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka paepae wela kahi e hiki ai i kahi mīkini kaʻa piha i kēia aila ke hoʻomaka i ka "anu", a ʻo ka pauma aila e paila ai i ka aila me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka friction maloʻo. mai nā ʻāpana ʻenekini. No ka laʻana, no ka ʻaila 10W40, ʻo ka wela haʻahaʻa loa he -10 degere (e unuhi i ka 40 mai ka helu ma mua o ka W), a ʻo ka mahana koʻikoʻi kahi e hiki ai i ka mea hoʻomaka ke hoʻomaka i ka ʻenekini he -25 degere (e unuhi i ka 35 mai ka helu i mua o ka. ka W). No laila, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka helu ma mua o ka W i ka ʻaila ʻaila, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka ea ea i hoʻolālā ʻia.

ʻO ka helu ma hope o ka leka W ma ka inoa ʻaila ʻenekini e hōʻike ana i kona viscosity wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka liʻiliʻi a me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaila i kona mau wela hana (mai 100 a 150 degere). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu ma hope o W, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o kēlā ʻaila ʻenekini ma nā mahana hana.

ʻO ka viscosity wela kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa i ka ʻaila ʻenekini o kāu kaʻa e ʻike wale ʻia e kāna mea hana, no laila e paipai ʻia ʻoe e hoʻokō pono i nā koi o ka mea hana kaʻa no nā aila ʻenekini, i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kuhikuhi no kāu kaʻa.

Manaʻo ʻia nā ʻaila me nā māka viscosity like ʻole no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kūlana wela like ʻole:

SAE 0W-30 — mai -30° a i +20°C;

SAE 0W-40 — mai -30° a i +35°C;

SAE 5W-30 — mai -25° a i +20°C;

SAE 5W-40 — mai -25° a i +35°C;

SAE 10W-30 — mai -20° a i +30°C;

SAE 10W-40 — mai -20° a i +35°C;

SAE 15W-40 — mai -15° a i +45°C;

SAE 20W-40 — mai -10° a i +45°C.

Ke koho ʻana i nā aila ʻenekini e like me ke kūlana API

Hōʻike ka API (American Petroleum Institute) i kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka ʻaila. Aia i loko o ʻelua mau leka Latin. ʻO ka hua mua S he ʻaila, C no ka diesel. ʻO ka leka ʻelua ka lā i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kaʻa.

Nā mīkini ʻenekini:

• SC - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma mua o 1964;
• SD: nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma waena o 1964 a me 1968;
• SE - nā kope i hana ʻia ma 1969-1972;
• SF - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia i ka manawa 1973-1988;
• SG - nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1989-1994 no ka hana ʻana i nā kūlana paʻakikī;
• Sh - nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1995-1996 no nā kūlana hana koʻikoʻi;
• SJ - kope, me ka lā hoʻokuʻu o 1997-2000, me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu maikaʻi loa;
• SL - nā kaʻa, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻana ma 2001-2003, a me ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi;
• SM - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 2004;
• Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo SL+ i ka pale ʻana i ka oxidation.

No nā ʻenekinia kakolina diesel:

• SV - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma mua o 1961, kiʻekiʻe sulfur maʻiʻo i ka wahie;
• SS - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma mua o 1983, e hana ana i nā kūlana paʻakikī;
• CD - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma mua o 1990, pono e hana i nā kūlana paʻakikī a me ka nui o ka sulfur i ka wahie;
• CE - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma mua o 1990 a loaʻa kahi ʻenekini turbine;
• CF - nā kaʻa i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1990, me kahi turbine;
• CG-4 - nā kope i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 1994, me kahi turbine;
• CH-4 - nā kaʻa mai ka makahiki 1998, e like me nā kūlana toxicity i hāpai ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa;
• KI-4 - nā ka'a turbocharged me ka valve EGR;
• CI-4 hoʻohui - e like me ka mea ma mua, ma lalo o nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻona o ka US.

Kinematic and dynamic oil viscosity

No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka aila, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kona kinematic a me dynamic viscosity.

ʻO ka viscosity kinematic kahi hōʻailona o ka wai ma nā mahana maʻamau (+ 40 ° C) a kiʻekiʻe (+ 100 ° C). Hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi viscometer capillary. No ka hoʻoholoʻana, e noʻonoʻoʻia ka manawa e kahe ai kaʻaila i nā mahana i hāʻawiʻia. Ana i mm2/sec.

ʻO ka Dynamic viscosity kahi hōʻailona e hoʻoholo ai i ka hopena o kahi lubricant i loko o kahi simulator ukana maoli - kahi viscometer rotational. Hoʻohālikelike ka hāmeʻa i nā ukana maoli ma ka mīkini, me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kaomi o nā laina a me ka mahana o +150 ° C, a mālama i ke ʻano o ka wai lubricating, pehea e loli pololei ai kona viscosity i nā manawa o ka ukana.

Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā aila kaʻa

• kiko uila;
• wahi ninini;
• index viscosity;
• helu alkaline;
• helu ʻakika.

ʻO ke kiko uila kahi waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o nā ʻāpana māmā i loko o ka ʻaila, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a puhi wikiwiki loa, e hōʻemi ana i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila. ʻAʻole pono ke kiko uila ma lalo o 220°C.

ʻO ka helu ninini ka waiwai i nalowale ai ka ʻaila. Hōʻike ka mahana i ka manawa o ka crystallization paraffin a me ka paʻa piha o ka ʻaila.

viscosity index - hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻaila viscosity i nā loli wela. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia helu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pae wela hana o ka ʻaila. ʻO nā huahana me ka haʻahaʻa viscosity index wale nō e ʻae i ka ʻenekini e hana i loko o kahi pā wela haiki. Mai ka wā i wela ai, lilo lākou i wai nui a ho'ōki i ka lubricate, a i ka wā i hoʻomaha ai, mānoanoa koke lākou.

Hōʻike ka helu kumu (TBN) i ka nui o nā mea alkaline (potassium hydroxide) i hoʻokahi gram o ka ʻaila ʻenekini. Unite o ke ana mgKOH/g. Aia ia i loko o ka wai kaʻa ma ke ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui dispersant detergent. Kōkua kona hele ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻakika pōʻino a hakakā i nā waihona i ʻike ʻia i ka wā e hana ai ka mīkini. Ma hope o ka manawa, hāʻule ka TBN. ʻO ka hāʻule nui o ka helu kumu ke kumu o ka ʻino a me ka lepo i loko o ka pahu crankcase. ʻO ka mea kōkua nui loa i ka hōʻemi ʻana o BN ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka sulfur i ka wahie. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka TBN o nā ʻaila ʻenekini diesel, kahi e loaʻa ai ka sulfur i ka nui.

Hōʻike ka helu waikawa (TAN) i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā huahana oxidation ma muli o ka hana lōʻihi a me ka wela o ka wai mīkini. ʻO kona hoʻonui e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ke ola lawelawe o ka ʻaila.

ʻAila kumu a me nā mea hoʻohui

Hana ʻia nā ʻaila kaʻa me ka ʻaila kumu a me nā mea hoʻohui. ʻO nā mea hoʻohui he mau mea kūikawā i hoʻohuiʻia i kaʻaila e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mau waiwai.

Nā ʻaila kumu:

• mineral;
• hydrocracking;
• semi-synthetics (kahi hui o ka wai mineral a me ka synthetics);
• synthetic (hoʻohui ʻia).

I nā aila hou, ʻo ka māhele o nā mea hoʻohui he 15-20%.

Wahi a ke kumu o nā mea hoʻohui, ua māhele ʻia i:

• nā mea holoi a me nā mea hoʻopuehu: ʻaʻole lākou e ʻae i nā koena liʻiliʻi (resins, bitumen, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) e hui pū a, me ka alkali i loko o kā lākou ʻano, hoʻokaʻawale lākou i nā ʻakika a pale i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka lepo;
• anti-wear - hana i kahi papa pale ma nā ʻāpana metala a hoʻemi i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana o nā ʻili ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka friction;
• index - hoʻonui i ka viscosity o ka aila i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, a ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻonui i kona wai;
• defoamers - e ho'ēmi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka foam (kahi hui ʻana o ka ea a me ka aila), ka mea e hōʻemi ai i ka wela a me ka maikaʻi o ka lubricant;
• nā mea hoʻololi friction: e hoʻemi i ka helu o ka friction ma waena o nā ʻāpana metala.

ʻO ka ʻaila mineral, synthetic a me semi-synthetic engine

ʻO ka ʻaila kahi hui o nā hydrocarbons me kahi ʻano kalapona kikoʻī. Hiki iā lākou ke hui pū me nā kaulahao lōʻihi a i ʻole nā ​​lālā. ʻO ka lōʻihi a me ka pololei o nā kaulahao kalapona, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻaila.

Loaʻa nā ʻaila mineral mai ka ʻaila ma nā ʻano he nui:

• ʻO ke ala maʻalahi ka distillation o ka aila me ka unuhi ʻana o nā solvents mai nā huahana aila;
• kahi ala paʻakikī - hydrocracking;
• ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka catalytic hydrocracking.

Loaʻa ka ʻaila synthetic mai ke kinoea maoli ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o nā kaulahao hydrocarbon. Ma kēia ala ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kaula lōʻihi. "Synthetics" - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻaila mineral, ʻekolu a ʻelima mau manawa. ʻO kāna drawback wale nō kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa.

"Semi-synthetics" - kahi hui o ka mineral a me ka aila synthetic.

He aha ka ʻaila viscosity maikaʻi loa no kāu mīkini kaʻa

ʻO ka viscosity wale nō i hōʻike ʻia ma ka puke lawelawe e kūpono i kāu kaʻa. Hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻenekini āpau e ka mea hana, koho ʻia ka aila ʻaila e noʻonoʻo i nā ʻāpana āpau a me nā ʻano hana.

Pumehana a me ka ʻaila ʻenekini viscosity

Ke hoʻomaka ke kaʻa, anu ka ʻaila ʻenekini a paʻakikī. No laila, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka ʻaila kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o nā āpau he nui a kiʻekiʻe ka coefficient o ka friction ma kēia wahi. Ke mahana ka ʻenekini, wela koke ka ʻaila a hele i ka hana. ʻO ia ke kumu ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ka poʻe hana e hoʻouka koke i ka kaʻa (e hoʻomaka me ka neʻe ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pumehana kiʻekiʻe) i nā hau koʻikoʻi.

ʻAila ʻaila viscosity i nā mahana hana

Ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, piʻi ka coefficient o friction a piʻi ka mahana. Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ua lahilahi ka ʻaila a emi iho ka mānoanoa kiʻi. E emi ana ka coefficient o ka friction a maalili ka aila. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻokoʻa ka mahana a me ka mānoanoa kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o nā palena i wehewehe pono ʻia e ka mea hana. ʻO kēia ke ʻano e hiki ai i ka ʻaila ke lawelawe maikaʻi i kāna kumu.

He aha ka hana inā ʻoi aku ka viscosity o ka ʻaila ma luna o ka mea maʻamau

Inā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity ma mua o ka maʻamau, ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana o ka ʻenekini, ʻaʻole e hāʻule ka viscosity aila i ka waiwai i helu ʻia e ka ʻenekinia. Ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻouka maʻamau, e piʻi ka mahana o ka mīkini a hiki i ka hoʻi ʻana o ka viscosity i ka maʻamau. No laila ka hopena: e hoʻonui mau ana ka mahana hana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻaila mīkini i koho maikaʻi ʻole ʻia, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka lole o nā ʻāpana a me nā hui.

Ma lalo o ka haʻawe kaumaha: I ka wā o ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ma kahi puʻu lōʻihi, e piʻi aʻe ka wela o ka mīkini a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o ka mahana e mālama ai ka ʻaila i kāna mau waiwai hana. E oxidize a varnish, e hana ʻia ka soot a me nā waikawa.

ʻO kekahi hemahema o ka ʻaila ʻeleʻele loa, ʻo ia ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi o ka mana ʻenekini ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻu ikaika i loko o ka ʻōnaehana.

He aha ka hopena inā emi ka viscosity o ka ʻaila ma lalo o ka maʻamau

ʻO ka viscosity o ka aila ma lalo o ka mea maʻamau ʻaʻole ia e lawe mai i kekahi mea maikaʻi i ka mīkini, ʻo ke kiʻi ʻaila i loko o nā āpau ma lalo o ka maʻamau, a ʻaʻohe manawa e hoʻoneʻe i ka wela mai ka friction zone. No laila, ma kēia mau wahi ma lalo o ka ukana, e wela ka aila. Hiki i nā ʻōpala a me nā ʻōpala metala ma waena o ka piston a me ka cylinder ke kumu e hopu ai ka ʻenekini.

ʻO ka ʻaila lahilahi i loko o ka ʻenekini hou, inā ʻaʻole ākea nā āpau, e hana ia, akā inā ʻaʻole hou ka ʻenekini a piʻi nā āpau iā lākou iho, e wikiwiki ke kaʻina hana ʻaila.

ʻAʻole hiki i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka aila i loko o nā āpau ke hāʻawi i ka paʻi maʻamau, a ʻo kahi hapa o nā huahana puhi o ka ʻaila e komo i loko o ka ʻaila. Ke hāʻule nei ka mana, piʻi ka mahana o ka hana, ke kaʻina hana o ka abrasion a me ka pau ʻana o ka ʻaila.

Hoʻohanaʻia ia mauʻaila i nā mea hana kūikawā, nāʻano i hoʻolālāʻia e hana me kēia mauʻaila.

Nā hopena

ʻO nā aila o ka papa viscosity like, loaʻa nā ʻano like, i hana ʻia e kahi hui i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka "Big Five", a me ka waihona ʻaila like, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ʻaʻole e komo i loko o kahi pilina koʻikoʻi. Akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake i nā pilikia nui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana ma mua o 10-15% o ka nui o ka nui. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ma hope o ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka ʻaila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻaila.

Ma mua o ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻaila, pono ʻoe e ʻike:

• lā o ka hana ʻana o ke kaʻa;
• ka hele ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoikaika ʻana;
• ka hele ʻana o kahi turbine;
• nā kūlana hana ʻenekini (kūlanakauhale, ma waho o ke alanui, nā hoʻokūkū haʻuki, ka lawe ukana);
• liʻiliʻi ambient wela;
• ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaʻahu o ka ʻenekini;
• ke degere o ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻenekini a me ka ʻaila i loko o kāu kaʻa.

No ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i kaʻaila, ponoʻoe e nānā i nā palapala no ke kaʻa. No kekahi mau kaʻa, lōʻihi nā manawa (30-000 km). No Rūsia, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka maikaʻi o ka wahie, nā kūlana hana a me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka wā, pono e hoʻololi ʻia ma hope o 50 - 000 km.

Pono e hoʻomalu i ka maikaʻi a me ka nui o ka aila i kēlā me kēia manawa. E nānā pono i ko lākou helehelena. ʻAʻole like paha ka helu kaʻa a me nā hola ʻenekini (manawa holo). ʻOiai i loko o kahi kaʻa kaʻa, holo ka ʻenekini ma ke ʻano wela hoʻouka, akā ʻaʻole wili ka odometer (ʻaʻole holo ke kaʻa). ʻO ka hopena, ua hele liʻiliʻi ke kaʻa, a ua hana maikaʻi loa ka ʻenekini. I kēia hihia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻaila ma mua, me ke kali ʻole i ka mileage e pono ai ma ka odometer.