ʻO ka holo kaʻa holoʻokoʻa mau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻike o nā ʻōnaehana kaʻa 4 × 4
I nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua hana maikaʻi ka kaʻa 4×4. Ua neʻe ʻo ia mai nā SUV i nā kaʻa kaʻa. E heluhelu i kā mākou alakaʻi i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele axle ʻelua.
ʻO ke kaʻa huila ʻehā, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo 4×4, pili nui me nā kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui. ʻO kāna hana ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka traction, etc. ka wiwo ole o ke alanui, i.e. hiki ke lanakila i nā pilikia. He hana like ke kaʻa 4x4 i ke kaʻa maʻamau a i ʻole SUV. Akā i kēia hihia, ʻaʻole mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hiki ke keʻa ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, akā e pili ana i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hiki ke skidding, i.e. e pili ana hoʻi i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ala.
E nānā pū: Nā ʻano o nā diski 4 × 4 - kiʻi
Eia naʻe, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma lalo o ka huaʻōlelo hui "drive 4 × 4" i hūnā ʻia nā ʻano hoʻonā a me nā ʻōnaehana.
- He ʻokoʻa ka hana o ka kaʻa 4x4 i kahi kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui, kahi kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa, a me kahi kaʻa kaʻa maʻamau, wehewehe ʻo Tomasz Budny, he mea aloha i nā kaʻa ma waho a me ke ʻano o ke ala.
ʻO ka ulu nui ʻana o kēia hoʻonā i nā kaʻa kaʻa e alakaʻi nui ʻia e nā mana ʻelua: Subaru a me Audi. Ma ka hihia hope loa, ua hōʻoia maikaʻi ʻia ka inoa quattro, kahi hoʻonā waiwai mai ka mea hana Kelemania.
- ʻO ka quattro drive i kēia manawa he hōʻailona Audi. Ma muli o ke kumu hoʻohālike, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻenehana ʻenehana like ʻole. I kēia manawa, kūʻai ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻehā Audi ma ka quattro version, wahi a Kauka Grzegorz Laskowski, ke poʻo o ke aʻo ʻana ma Kulczyk Tradex, ʻo ia ka ʻelele Polani o Audi.
Ke kalaiwa hoʻopili
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele XNUMX-axle he mea maʻamau i nā kaʻa o waho. Hoʻolako ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia mau kaʻa me ka hoʻokele kōkua. Hoʻokahi axle wale nō (ʻo ka hope maʻamau) e hoʻokele ʻia i nā manawa a pau, a hoʻoholo ka mea hoʻokele e hoʻohuli i ke kaʻa i ka axle mua inā pono.
A hiki i kēia manawa, kokoke i nā SUV a pau i ʻelua mau mana hoʻokele i loko o ka pahu - hoʻokahi me kahi pahu pahu, ʻo kekahi me kahi ʻokoʻa waena, ʻo ia ka hana e hoʻopili ai i ke kaʻa i kahi axle ʻē aʻe. I nā SUV hou, ua lawe ʻia kēia lever e nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi, knobs a i ʻole nā pihi e hoʻāla i ke kaʻa uila 4 × 4.
E nānā pū: Turbo i ke kaʻa - ʻoi aku ka mana, akā ʻoi aku ka pilikia. Alakai
No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka traction, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia SUV ponoʻī kahi pahu pahu, ʻo ia hoʻi. he mīkini e hoʻonui ai i ka torque i hoʻouna ʻia i nā huila me ka uku o ka wikiwiki.
ʻO ka hope loa, no nā SUV i koi nui ʻia, ua manaʻo ʻia nā kaʻa i lako me nā ʻokoʻa waena a me nā laka ʻokoʻa ma nā axles pākahi. Hiki ke loaʻa ia ʻōnaehana, no ka laʻana, ma ka Jeep Wrangler.
- Hiki i kēia kŘkohu ke hoʻohana i ʻekolu mau ʻokoʻa paheʻe liʻiliʻi - mua, waena a me hope. Hāʻawi kēia hoʻonā i ka pane wikiwiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kūlana kaʻa a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā torque hou aʻe, "wahi a Krzysztof Klos, Huakaʻi Huakaʻi ma Jeep Poland.
Hoʻohana ʻia ka plug-in front-wheel drive, i ka Opel Frontera, Nissan Navara, Suzuki Jimny, Toyota Hilux.
Kaʻa ʻakomi
ʻOiai ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia, aia kekahi mau palena o ka plug-in drive. ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma nā wahi paʻakikī, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma waho o ke alanui. ʻO ka lua, he kaumaha a ʻaʻole kūpono i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi. Pono nā mea hoʻolālā e ʻimi i kahi mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana he mau pā paʻa: viscous, electromechanical a electromagnetic paha. Hoʻokani lākou i ke ʻano o kahi ʻokoʻa kikowaena, a ʻo kā lākou hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ʻo ia ka dosing maʻalahi o ke kaʻa i ke axle e pono ai i kēia manawa. ʻO ka maʻamau, hoʻokahi axle wale nō e hoʻokele ʻia, akā ke ʻike nā mea ʻike uila i ka paheʻe ʻana ma ke axle hoʻokele, hoʻoneʻe ʻia kekahi o ka torque i kekahi axle.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana
A hiki i kēia manawa, he ʻōnaehana 4x4 kaulana loa kēia i nā kaʻa kaʻa a me kekahi mau SUV. ʻO nā mea maikaʻi he hoʻolālā maʻalahi a me nā kumukūʻai hana haʻahaʻa.
E nānā pū hoʻi: Pūnaehana kaʻa - i ka wā e hoʻololi ai i nā pads, discs a me ka wai - alakaʻi
Aia ka ʻōnaehana me kahi puʻupuʻu viscous multi-disc i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka ʻaila mānoanoa. ʻO kāna hana, ʻo ia ka hoʻouna ʻana i ka torque i ka axle ʻelua. Hana wale kēia inā nui ka ʻokoʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā huila mua a me hope. ʻO ka hemahema o kēia hoʻonā ka hiki ke hoʻomehana ʻia o ka mīkini.
Paʻa uila uila
Hoʻokani ʻo Electronics i ka violin mua ma ʻaneʻi. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi mea hoʻoponopono kūikawā i ka ʻōnaehana kaʻa, ʻo ia ka hana e hoʻomalu i ka clutch e pili ana i ka ʻikepili sensor e nānā ana i ka neʻe o ke kaʻa.
Hiki i kēia ʻōnaehana ke pale i nā ukana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka viscous. ʻO Fiat a me Suzuki (Fiat Sedici a me Suzuki SX4 mau hiʻohiʻona) makemake i kēia hopena.
Paʻa electromagnetic
I kēia hihia, hana ka mīkini multi-disk e like me ke kumu electromagnetic. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i ka torque i nā axles 50 pakeneka i 50 pakeneka. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana inā ʻokoʻa ka wikiwiki ma waena o nā huila mua a me hope.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia ma ke ʻano paʻakikī ʻo ka ʻōnaehana BMW xDrive. Kōkua ʻia ke kaʻa e kahi ʻōnaehana ESP a me kahi ʻōnaehana braking hiki ke laka i nā ʻokoʻa ma nā axles ʻelua.
ʻO ka hemahema o kēia mau clutches ʻelua - electromechanical a electromagnetic - he hoʻolālā paʻakikī, e hoʻonui ai i ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana a, no laila, ke kumukūʻai o ke kaʻa. He lōʻihi loa lākou, akā inā he haʻihaʻi, nui nā kumukūʻai hoʻoponopono.
E nānā pū kekahi: xenon a i ʻole halogen? ʻO nā kukui e koho ai no ke kaʻa - he alakaʻi
Ma waho aʻe o BMW, Fiat a me Suzuki, ka 4 × 4 kaʻa kaʻa e puʻunaue maʻalahi i ka torque ma waena o nā axles, me. B: Honda CR-V, Jeep Compass, Land Rover Freelander, Nissan X-Trail, Opel Antara, Toyota RAV4.
ʻO Haldex, Thorsen a me 4Matic
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana Haldex a me Torsen ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka kaʻa ma waena o nā axles.
haldex
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka hoʻolālā e ka hui Swedish ʻo Haldex. Ma waho aʻe o ka clutch multi-plate, hoʻohana ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana hydraulic nui e hoʻololi i ka mana ma waena o nā axles. ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o kēia hopena ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻenekini i kū transversely. Eia kekahi, he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi kona kaumaha, akā paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono.
ʻO Haldex ʻo Volvo a me Volkswagen ka ʻōnaehana holo huila punahele.
kālika
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ʻano kaʻa 4 × 4 ma luna o kahi pahu pahu me ʻekolu mau ʻāpana worm gears, ka mea e puʻunaue aunoa i ka torque ma waena o nā axles. I ka hoʻokele maʻamau, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ke kaʻa i nā axles ma kahi pākēneka 50/50. Inā he skid, hiki i ka mīkini ke hoʻololi i ka 90% o ka torque i ke axle kahi i hiki ʻole ai ka skid.
He ʻōnaehana maikaʻi ʻo Thorsen, akā he mau drawbacks kekahi. ʻO ka mea nui ka hale paʻakikī a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hana. ʻO ia ke kumu e loaʻa ai ʻo Torsen i nā kaʻa papa kiʻekiʻe, me. ma Alfa Romeo, Audi a i ʻole Subaru.
E ʻike pū: Clutch - pehea e pale aku ai i ka ʻaʻahu mua? Alakai
Ma ke ala, pono e wehewehe ʻia ka huaʻōlelo Torsen. Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo nui, ʻaʻole ia mai ka inoa inoa, akā he pōkole o nā ʻāpana mua o nā huaʻōlelo Pelekane ʻelua: Torque and Sensing.
He mea kūpono hoʻi e haʻi ʻia ʻo ka ʻōnaehana 4Matic i hoʻohana ʻia e Mercedes, e hoʻohana ana i ʻekolu mau ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻa paʻa ma nā axles ʻelua ma ka māhele o 40 pakeneka. mua, 60 pakeneka hope.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia me ka laka ʻokoʻa. I loko o kēia ʻōnaehana, hāʻawi ʻia ke kuleana o nā laka i nā brakes. Inā hoʻomaka kekahi o nā huila e paheʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ia i kekahi manawa a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka torque hou aʻe i nā huila me ka paʻa maikaʻi. Hoʻomalu ʻia nā mea a pau.
ʻO ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana 4Matic ʻo kona kaumaha haʻahaʻa, ʻoiai ua hoʻokō nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻopau i nā ʻāpana mechanical. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hemahema ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻohana ʻo Mercedes, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ka ʻōnaehana 4Matic. ma ka papa C, E, S, R a me SUV (papa M, GLK, GL).
Wojciech Frölichowski
