ʻO nā mea huna a pau o ka ʻōnaehana solar

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea huna o kā mākou ʻōnaehana hōkū i kaulana, uhi ʻia i ka media, no ka laʻana, nā nīnau e pili ana i ke ola ma Mars, ʻEulopa, Enceladus a i ʻole Titan, nā hale a me nā hanana i loko o nā hōkū nui, nā mea huna o nā ʻaoʻao mamao o ka Pūnaewele, a nā mea i hoʻolaha ʻole ʻia. Makemake mākou e kiʻi i nā mea huna a pau, no laila e nānā kākou i nā mea liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa.

E hoʻomaka kākou mai ka "hoʻomaka" o ka Pact, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻO ka lā. No ke aha, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka anuanu o ka pole hema o kā mākou hōkū ma mua o kona pole ʻākau ma kahi o 80 tausani. Kelvin? ʻO kēia hopena, i ʻike ʻia i ka wā ma mua, i ka waena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi ʻiapolarization magnetic o ka lā. He ʻokoʻa paha ke ʻano o loko o ka Lā ma nā ʻāpana polar. Akā pehea?

I kēia lā, ʻike mākou ʻo lākou ke kuleana no ka dynamics o ka Lā. hanana electromagnetic. ʻAʻole paha e kāhāhā ʻo Sam. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua kūkulu ʻia me plasma, kinoea pākuʻi i kau ʻia. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo iā mākou ka ʻāina hea ʻO ka lā ua hakuʻia he kahua pākēa i ʻole ma kahi hohonu i loko ona. I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ana hou he ʻumi ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka mākēneki o ka Lā ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma mua, no laila ke lilo nei kēia puʻupuʻu i mea hoihoi.

He 11 makahiki ko ka la. I loko o ka manawa kiʻekiʻe (kiʻekiʻe) o kēia pōʻaiapuni, ʻoi aku ka mālamalama o ka Lā a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā lapalapa a nā lā. Hoʻokumu kona mau laina mākia i kahi ʻano paʻakikī i kona hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka nui o ka lā (1). I ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka maʻi ʻino hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka coronal mass ejectionsua palahalaha ke kula. I ka wā liʻiliʻi o ka lā, hoʻomaka nā laina o ka ikaika e holo pololei mai kekahi pole ai kekahi pole, e like me ka hana ʻana ma ka Honua. Akā, ma muli o ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka hōkū, ua pōʻai lākou iā ia. ʻO ka hopena, ua huki paʻa loa kēia mau laina kikoo a me ke kīkoʻo ʻana e like me ke kaula hao, e pahū ai ke kahua a hoʻi hou i kona kūlana mua. ʻAʻohe o mākou manaʻo i ka pili o kēia me nā mea e hana nei ma lalo o ka ili o ka Lā. Ma muli paha o ka hana a nā ikaika, convection ma waena o nā papa i loko o ka lā?

1. Na lalani o ke kahua makeke o ka La

i ka lā aʻe puzzle lā - no ke aha i ʻoi aku ka wela o ka lewa lā ma mua o ka ili o ka Lā, ʻo ia hoʻi. kiʻi kiʻi? No ka wela e hiki ke hoohalikeia me ka wela ma kumu lā. He 6000 kelvins ka mahana o ka photosphere solar, a ʻo ka plasma he mau kaukani kilomika wale nō ma luna o ka miliona. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia nei he hui pū paha ka mīkini hoʻomehana coronal i nā hopena magnetic i lewa lā. ʻElua mau wehewehe nui hoʻomehana coronal: nanoflari i hahana nalu. E loaʻa mai ana nā pane mai ka noiʻi ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻimi Parker, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hana koʻikoʻi o ke komo ʻana i ka corona solar a nānā ʻia.

No kona mau dynamics a pau, e hoʻoholo ana i ka ʻikepili, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i kēia mau manawa. ʻO nā Astronomers mai ka Max Planck Institute, me ka hui pū ʻana me ke Kulanui o Australian New South Wales a me nā kikowaena ʻē aʻe, ke alakaʻi nei i ka noiʻi e hoʻoholo pololei inā ʻo ia ka hihia. Hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻikepili e kānana i nā hōkū e like me ka lā mai ka 150 XNUMX catalog. hoku kaʻina nui. Ua ana ʻia nā hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōlinolino o kēia mau hōkū, e like me ko mākou Lā, i ke kikowaena o ko lākou ola. Hoʻokahi ka pōʻai o kā mākou Lā i kēlā me kēia 24,5 mau lā.no laila ua nānā ka poʻe noiʻi i nā hōkū me ka wā hoʻololi o 20 a 30 mau lā. Ua hōʻemi hou ʻia ka papa inoa ma ke kānana ʻana i nā wela o ka ʻili, nā makahiki, a me ka hapa o nā mea i kūpono i ka Lā. ʻO ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma kēia ʻano ua hōʻike ʻia ua ʻoi aku ka mālie o kā mākou hōkū ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe o kona wā. pāhawewe lā he 0,07 pakeneka wale nō. ma waena o nā hana ʻeleu a me ka hana ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka fluctuation no nā hōkū ʻē aʻe.

Ua manaʻo kekahi, ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo he ʻoi aku ka mālie o kā mākou hōkū, akā ʻo ia, no ka laʻana, ke hele nei i kahi pae ʻeleʻele i mau tausani makahiki. Manaʻo ʻo NASA ke kū nei mākou i kahi "nui loa" e kū nei i kēlā me kēia mau kenekulia. ʻO ka manawa hope loa i hana ʻia ma waena o 1672 a me 1699, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai he kanalima sunspots, hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 40 50 - 30 tausani sunspots ma ka awelika ma mua o XNUMX mau makahiki. Ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa mālie ʻo Maunder Low i ʻekolu mau kenekulia i hala.

Ua piha ʻo Mercury i nā mea kupanaha

A hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema he mea hoihoi ʻole ia. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā misionari i ka honua, ʻoiai ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka ʻili i 450 ° C, ʻike ʻia, Mercury he hau wai. Me he mea lā he nui ka honua ua nui loa ke kumu o loko no kona nui a he hapa haku mele kemika kupaianaha. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā mea huna o Mercury e ka misionari ʻEulopa-Kepani ʻo BepiColombo, e komo i ka orbit o kahi honua liʻiliʻi i 2025.

ʻIkepili mai mokulele mokulele NASA MESSENGERʻO ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale iā Mercury ma waena o 2011 a me 2015 i hōʻike i ka nui o nā mea ma ka ʻili o Mercury i ka nui o ka pāhare pālolo ma mua o ka nui. he ala radioactive paʻa. No laila, ua hoʻomaka nā ʻepekema e noiʻi i ka hiki lokomaikaʻi hiki iā ia ke kū i mua o ka lā, ʻoi aʻe a emi mai paha, a ua hoʻolei ʻia a kokoke i ka hōkū ma muli o ke kuʻi ʻana me kekahi kino nui. Hiki paha i kahi puʻu ikaika ke wehewehe i ke kumu lokomaikaʻi he ʻano nui kona a me ka ʻaʻahu waho lahilahi. Koko Mercury, aia ma kahi o 4000 km ke anawaena, aia i loko o ka honua me ke anawaena o lalo o 5000 km, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o 55 pakeneka. kona leo. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo ke anawaena o ka Honua ma kahi o 12 km, ʻoiai ʻo ke anawaena o kona kumu he 700 km wale nō. Manaʻo kekahi he nele ʻo Merukri i nā hakakā nui i ka wā ma mua. Aia kekahi mau koi He kino pohihihi paha ka Mercuryka mea i hahau i ka Honua ma kahi o 4,5 biliona makahiki aku nei.

ʻO ka ʻimi noiʻi ʻAmelika, me ka hau wai kupaianaha ma ia wahi, ma Nā lua pele, ua ʻike pū ʻo ia i nā niho liʻiliʻi ma ka mea i laila Kahua Mahiai (2) Ua ʻike ka mikiona i nā hiʻohiʻona honua ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia e nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe. ʻIke ʻia kēia mau poho ma muli o ka mahuʻi ʻana o ka mea mai loko mai o Mercury. me he mea la a Papa waho o Mercury ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mea hoʻoheheʻe, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ke ākea a puni, e waiho ana ma hope o kēia mau ʻano ʻano ʻē. Ua hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa ua hana ʻia ka scythe ma hope o Mercury me kahi mea sublimating (ʻaʻole paha like). No ka mea e hoʻomaka ʻo BepiColombo i kāna noiʻi i nā makahiki he ʻumi. mahope o ka pau ana o ka MESSENGER mission, Manaʻolana nā ʻepekema e ʻike i nā hōʻike e loli ana kēia mau lua: piʻi lākou, a laila emi. ʻO ia ke ʻano o Mercury he honua ola, ʻaʻole ia he honua make e like me ka mahina.

2. Nā hale pohihihi i loko o ka lua pele Kertes ma Mercury

Ua paʻi ʻia ʻo Venus, akā he aha?

ʻO Dlaczego Venus ʻokoʻa loa mai ka Honua? Ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka māhoe o ka Honua. He oi a emi mai paha like ka nui a moe i ka mea i kapaia wahi noho a puni ka lākahi wai wai. Akā ʻo ia ka mea, ma waho o ka nui, ʻaʻole nui nā mea like. He honua ia o nā ʻino pau ʻole e lele ana ma 300 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola, a ʻo ka hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hāʻawi iā ia i ka awelika hellish wela o 462 ° Celsius. He wela no ka hoohehee kepau. No ke aha e like me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka Honua? He aha ke kumu o kēia hopena ʻōmaʻomaʻo ikaika?

Ka Lewa o Venus a hiki i w 95 pakeneka. hona, ʻo ke kinoea hoʻokahi ke kumu nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau ma ka Honua. Ke manao oe pela lewa ma ka honua he 0,04 pakeneka wale no. HE ANO₂hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu o ia ʻano. No ke aha ka nui o kēia kinoea ma Venus? Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ua like loa ʻo Venus me ka Honua, me ka wai wai a me ka liʻiliʻi o CO.₂. Akā i kekahi manawa, ua lawa ka mahana o ka wai e mahuka ai, a no ka mea, he kinoea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ikaika nō hoʻi ka mahu wai, ua hoʻonui wale ia i ka wela. I ka hopena, ua lawa ka wela no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kalapona i paʻa i loko o nā pōhaku, a laila hoʻopiha i ka lewa me ke kalapona kalapona.₂. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻohuli ʻia kekahi mea i ka domino mua i nā nalu o ka wela. He ʻano pōʻino anei?

Ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka noiʻi Geological a me geophysical ma Venus i kona komo ʻana i kāna orbit i ka makahiki 1990. ʻimi ʻo Magellan a hoʻomau i ka ʻohi ʻikepili a hiki i ka makahiki 1994. Ua palapala ʻo Magellan i ka 98 pakeneka o ka ʻili honua a ua hoʻouna i nā tausani o nā kiʻi kupaianaha o Venus. No ka manawa mua, ʻike ka poʻe i ke ʻano maoli o Venus. ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻo ka nele o nā lua pele i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka Moon, Mars, a me Mercury. Ua noʻonoʻo ka poʻe Astronomers i ke ʻano o ka ʻili o Venus i ʻōpio.

I ka nānā pono ʻana o ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka ʻikepili i hoʻihoʻi ʻia e Magellan, ua ʻike nui ʻia e pono e "hoʻololi ʻia" ka ili o kēia honua, inā ʻaʻole "hoʻihoʻi ʻia". Ua hiki mai kēia hanana pōʻino i 750 miliona mau makahiki i hala, no laila i kēia manawa nā māhele ʻāina. Don Tercott mai ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell i ka makahiki 1993 i manaʻo ʻia ua lilo ka ʻōpala Venusian i mea paʻa loa a paʻa i ka wela o ka honua i loko, a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka ʻili me ka pele hehee. Ua wehewehe ʻo Turcott i ke kaʻina hana ma ke ʻano he cyclical, e hōʻike ana he hanana i mau haneli miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei he hoʻokahi wale nō i loko o kahi pūʻulu. Ua manaʻo kekahi ʻo ka lua pele ke kuleana no ka "hoʻololi" o ka ʻili a ʻaʻohe pono e ʻimi i ka wehewehe nā pōʻino ākea.

ʻOkoʻa lākou mea pohihihi o Venus. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā hokele e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao i ka ʻaoʻao i ka ʻike ʻia mai luna mai. ʻŌnaehana polū (ʻo ia hoʻi, mai ka Pole ʻĀkau o ka Honua). Eia nō naʻe, hana ʻo Venus i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e alakaʻi ana i ke kumumanaʻo i hiki mai kahi hui nui ma ia wahi i ka wā i hala.

Ua ua daimana ma Uranus?

ʻO ka hiki ke ola, nā mea pohihihi o ke kāʻei asteroid, a me nā mea pohihihi o Jupiter me kāna mau mahina nui enchanting i waena o nā "mea pohihihi kaulana" a mākou i ʻōlelo ai ma ka hoʻomaka. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kākau nui ʻia e ka media e pili ana iā lākou ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻike mākou i nā pane. ʻO ke ʻano wale nō, ʻike mākou i nā nīnau. ʻO ka mea hou loa o kēia pūʻulu, ʻo ia ka nīnau no ke kumu e ʻālohilohi ai ka mahina ʻo Jupiter, ʻo ʻEulopa, mai ka ʻaoʻao i hoʻomālamalama ʻole ʻia e ka Lā (3). Pili nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka mana ʻO ke kahua mākēneki o Jupiter.

3. ʻO ka unuhi kiʻi ʻana i ka mālamalama o ka mahina o Jupiter, ʻEulopa

Nui nā mea i kākau ʻia e pili ana iā Fr. Pūnaehana Saturn. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka hapa nui e pili ana i kona mau mahina, ʻaʻole pili i ka honua ponoʻī. Hoʻopā nā kānaka a pau ʻokoʻa ka lewa o Titan, ka wai hoʻohiki i uka o ka moana o Enceladus, ke kala ʻelua enigmatic o Iapetus. Nui nā mea pohihihi i emi iki ka nānā ʻana i ka pilikua kinoea ponoʻī. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea huna ma mua o ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻino hexagonal ma kona mau pou (4).

4. Hexagonal cyclone ma ke kia o Saturn.

Nānā nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka haalulu o na apo o ka honuama muli o nā haʻalulu i loko o ia mea, ka nui o nā disharmony a me nā irregularities. Mai kēia mea, manaʻo lākou he nui ka nui o nā mea ma lalo o kahi ʻili laulima (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me Jupiter). Ke aʻo ʻia nei ʻo Jupiter ma kahi kokoke e ka mokulele Juno. A me Saturn? ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ola e ʻike i kēlā ʻano ʻimi ʻimi, a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia inā e kali ʻo ia i kekahi i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Eia naʻe, ʻoiai kā lākou mea huna. ʻO Saturn Me he mea lā he honua kokoke loa ia i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka honua kokoke loa i ka lā, ʻo Uranus, he ʻano ʻano ʻē loa i waena o nā hōkū. ʻO nā hōkūhele a pau o ka ʻōnaehana solar e hoʻopuni ana i ka lā ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi a ma ka mokulele hoʻokahi, e like me ka poʻe astronomers, he ʻano ia o ke kaʻina hana o ka hana holoʻokoʻa mai kahi diska o ke kinoea a me ka lepo. ʻO nā hōkūhele a pau, koe ʻo Uranus, he axis o ka hoʻololi ʻana i kuhikuhi ʻia ma kahi o "up", ʻo ia hoʻi, kū pololei i ka mokulele o ka ecliptic. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ua like ʻo Uranus e moe ana ma kēia mokulele. No nā wā lōʻihi loa (42 makahiki), ʻo kona pole ʻākau a hema paha e kuhikuhi pololei ana i ka Lā.

ʻO ke koʻi maʻamau o ka hoʻololi ʻana o Uranus ʻO kēia wale nō kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona i hāʻawi ʻia e kona hui ākea. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu i hala, ua ʻike ʻia nā waiwai kupaianaha o kāna kokoke i kanakolu mau satelite i ʻike ʻia a ʻōnaehana apo Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi wehewehe hou mai ka poʻe loea hōkū Kepani i alakaʻi ʻia e Professor Shigeru Ida mai ka Tokyo Institute of Technology. Hōʻike kā lākou noiʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou moʻolelo Ua hui ka ʻōnaehana lā ʻo Uranus me kahi honua hau nuii hoohuli mau loa aku i ka honua opio. Wahi a kekahi noiʻi a Prof. Ida a me kāna mau hoa hana, ʻokoʻa loa ka hui ʻana me nā hōkūhele mamao, anu a me ka hau mai ka hui ʻana me nā hōkū pōhaku. Ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ka mahana o ka wai hau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpala o ka nalu haʻalulu o Uranus a me kāna mea hau hau i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā o ka hui ʻana. Eia naʻe, ua hiki mua i ka mea ke hoʻohuli i ke koʻi o ka honua, me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi manawa o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana (ʻo ka lā ʻo Uranus ma kahi o 17 mau hola), a ʻo nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi o ka hui ʻana i noho lōʻihi ma ke ʻano kinoea. ʻO ke koena e hana i nā mahina liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka ratio o ka nuipaʻa o Uranus i ka nui o kāna mau ukali he hoʻokahi haneli mau manawa ma mua o ka ratio o ka nuipaʻa o ka Honua me kāna ukali.

Lōʻihi manawa Uranus ʻAʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia e hana ikaika. ʻO kēia a hiki i ka makahiki 2014, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ai ka poʻe astronomers i nā pūʻulu o nā ʻino methane nunui e lele ana ma ka honua. Ma mua, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻO nā ʻino ma nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe e hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka ikehu o ka lā. Akā ʻaʻole lawa ka ikaika o ka lā ma ka honua e like me Uranus. E like me kā mākou ʻike, ʻaʻohe kumu ʻē aʻe o ka ikehu e hoʻoulu ai i kēlā ʻino ikaika. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻomaka ana nā ʻino o Uranus ma kona lewa haʻahaʻa, e kūʻē i nā ʻino i hana ʻia e ka lā ma luna. A i ʻole, he mea pohihihi ke kumu a me ke ʻano o kēia mau ʻino. Atmosfera Uranus hiki ke ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma waho, e hana ana i ka wela e hoʻopau ai i kēia mau ʻino. A ʻoi aku ka mahana ma laila ma mua o ko mākou manaʻo.

E like me Jupiter a me Saturn He waiwai ka lewa o Uranus i ka hydrogen a me ka helium.akā ʻaʻole like me kona mau hoahānau nui, ʻo ka uranium ka nui o ka methane, ammonia, wai, a me ka hydrogen sulfide. Hoʻomoʻa ke kinoea methane i ka mālamalama i ka hopena ʻulaʻula o ka spectrum., hāʻawi iā Uranus i kahi ʻulaʻula-ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Aia ka hohonu ma lalo o ka lewa i ka pane i kekahi mea pohihihi nui o Uranus - kona hiki ʻole ke kāohi. he kahua pākē hili ʻia ʻo ia ma 60 degere mai ke koʻi o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma kekahi kia ma mua o kekahi. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe kilo hōkū ʻo ka hopena o nā wai ionic nui i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o nā ao ʻōmaʻomaʻo i piha i ka wai, amonia, a me nā kulu daimana.

Aia ʻo ia ma kāna ʻōpuni 27 mau mahina a me 13 mau apo. He ʻano ʻē lākou a pau e like me ko lākou honua. Na apo o Uranus ʻAʻole lākou i hana ʻia me ka hau ʻālohilohi, e like me Saturn, akā me nā ʻōpala pōhaku a me ka lepo, no laila ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele a paʻakikī ke ʻike. Nā apo o ka saturn Ua manaʻo ka poʻe astronomers, i loko o kekahi mau makahiki miliona e noho lōʻihi loa nā apo a puni ʻo Uranus. Aia kekahi mau mahina. I waena o lākou, ʻo ia paha ka "mea i ʻōpala ʻia o ka ʻōnaehana solar", Miranda (5). He aha ka mea i loaʻa i kēia kino ʻoki ʻia, ʻaʻohe o mākou manaʻo. I ka wehewehe ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mahina o Uranus, hoʻohana nā ʻepekema i nā huaʻōlelo e like me "random" a "unstable". Ke hoʻokuke mau nei nā mahina a huki kekahi i kekahi ma lalo o ka mana o ka umekaumaha, e hana ana i ko lākou mau orbit lōʻihi me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, a ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi o lākou e hāʻule kekahi i kekahi i nā miliona mau makahiki. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi o nā apo o Uranus ma muli o ia hui ʻana. ʻO ka hiki ʻole o kēia ʻōnaehana kekahi o nā pilikia o kahi misionari hypothetical e hoʻopuni i kēia honua.

ʻO ka mahina i hoʻokuke aku i nā mahina ʻē aʻe

ʻIke mākou e ʻike hou aʻe e pili ana i nā mea e hana nei ma Neptune ma mua o Uranus. Ua ʻike mākou e pili ana i nā ʻino i hiki ke piʻi i ka 2000 km/h a hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ʻeleʻele o nā ʻino ma kona ʻili uliuli. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi. Manaʻo mākou no ke aha honua uliuli ua oi aku ka wela mamua o ka loaa ana. Kahaha ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo Neptune kahi mamao loa mai ka Lā. Manaʻo ʻo NASA he 160° Celsius ka ʻokoʻa wela ma waena o ke kumu wela a me nā ao o luna.

ʻAʻohe mea pohihihi a puni kēia honua. Kahaha nā kānaka ʻepekema ka mea i hanaia i na mahina neptune. Ua ʻike mākou i ʻelua ala nui e loaʻa ai i nā satelite nā hōkū - ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā satelite ma muli o ka hopena nui, a i ʻole ke koena mai. hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana lā, hana ʻia mai ka pale orbital a puni ka pilikua kinoea honua. ka honua i Oka Poakola Loaʻa paha iā lākou ko lākou mau mahina mai nā hopena nui. Ma kahi o nā pilikua kinoea, hoʻokumu mua ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mahina mai kahi diski orbital, me nā mahina nui a pau e kaʻa ana i ka mokulele a me ka ʻōnaehana apo hoʻokahi ma hope o ko lākou kaʻa ʻana. Ua kūpono ʻo Jupiter, Saturn a me Uranus i kēia kiʻi, akā ʻaʻole ʻo Neptune. Hoʻokahi mahina nui ma ʻaneʻi Traitonʻo ia ka hiku o ka mahina nui loa ma ka ʻōnaehana solar (6). Me he mea lā he mea i hopu ʻia hala Kuyperka mea ma ke ala i luku ai i ka ʻōnaehana Neptune holoʻokoʻa.

6. Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka nui o nā satelite nui loa a me nā hīkū liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōnaehana lā.

ʻO Orbita Trytona haʻalele i ka ʻaha kūkā. ʻO nā satelite nui ʻē aʻe a pau i ʻike ʻia e mākou - ʻo ka Earth's Moon, a me nā satelite nui nui a pau o Jupiter, Saturn a me Uranus - e hoʻololi like i ka mokulele like me ka honua kahi e kū ai lākou. Eia kekahi, kaʻapuni lākou a pau ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi me nā hōkūhele: ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe inā nānā mākou "i lalo" mai ka pole ʻākau o ka Lā. ʻO Orbita Trytona He 157° kona iini e like me na mahina, e kaa ana me ka huli ana o Neptune. Kaapuni ia ma kahi i kapa ʻia he retrograde: kaʻapuni ʻo Neptune ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau, ʻoiai ʻo Neptune a me nā hōkūhele ʻē aʻe a pau (a me nā satelite āpau i loko o Triton) e hoʻohuli i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe (7). Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻo Triton i ka mokulele hoʻokahi a i ʻole ma hope. kaapuni o Neptune. Ua hili ʻia ʻo ia ma kahi o 23° i ka mokulele kahi e huli ai ʻo Neptune ma kona axis ponoʻī, koe wale nō ka mea e huli hewa ai. He hae ʻulaʻula nui ia e haʻi mai iā mākou ʻaʻole i hele mai ʻo Triton mai ka pā honua like i hoʻokumu i nā mahina o loko (a i ʻole nā ​​mahina o nā pilikua kinoea ʻē aʻe).

7. ʻO ke ʻano orbital o Triton a puni iā ​​Neptune.

Ma kahi mānoanoa ma kahi o 2,06 grams no ke kenimika cubic, he anomalously kiʻekiʻe ka nui o Triton. Aia uhi ʻia me nā hau ʻokoʻa: Ua uhi ʻia nā ʻāpana kalapona kalapona maloʻo maloʻo (hau maloʻo) me ka hau hau, e like me ka haku ʻana me ka ʻili o Pluto. Eia nō naʻe, pono e loaʻa iā ia kahi puʻupuʻu pōhaku-metala ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui ma mua o Pluto. ʻO ka mea wale nō i ʻike ʻia e mākou e like me Triton ʻo Eris, ka mea kāʻei Kuiper nui loa, ma 27 pakeneka. ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o Pluto.

Aia wale nō 14 mau mahina o Neptune. ʻO kēia ka helu liʻiliʻi loa ma waena o nā pilikua kinoea ma ʻŌnaehana polū. Malia paha, e like me ka hihia o Uranus, ka nui o nā satelite liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuni ana iā Neptune. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mau satellite nui ma laila. ʻO Triton kahi kokoke loa iā Neptune, me ka awelika o ka mamao orbital he 355 km wale nō, a ma kahi o 000 pakeneka. kokoke i Neptune ma mua o ka mahina i ka Honua. ʻO ka mahina aʻe, ʻo Nereid, he 10 miliona mau kilomita mai ka honua aku, ʻo Galimede he 5,5 miliona mau kilomita ka mamao. He mau mamao loa keia. Ma ka nui, inā ʻoe e hōʻuluʻulu i nā satelite āpau o Neptune, ʻo Triton ka 16,6%. ka nui o na mea a pau e puni ana ia Neptune. Aia ka manaʻo kānalua ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka orbit o Neptune, ua hoʻolei ʻo ia i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka mana o ka umekaumaha. Kuiper's Pass.

He mea hoihoi kēia iā ia iho. ʻO nā kiʻi wale nō o ka ʻili o Triton i lawe ʻia iā mākou ʻO Sondi Voyager 2, hōʻike ma kahi o kanalima mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele i manaʻo ʻia he cryovolcanoes (8). Inā ʻoiaʻiʻo lākou, a laila ʻo ia kekahi o nā honua ʻehā o ka ʻōnaehana solar (Earth, Venus, Io a me Triton) i ʻike ʻia he hana lua pele ma ka ʻili. ʻAʻole like ke kala o Triton me nā mahina ʻē aʻe o Neptune, Uranus, Saturn a me Jupiter. Akā, pili pono ia me nā mea e like me Pluto a me Eris, nā mea kāʻei Kuiper nui. No laila ua ʻae ʻo Neptune iā ia mai laila mai - no laila ke ʻōlelo nei lākou i kēia lā.

Ma waho aʻe o ka pali Kuiper a ma ʻō aku

Za orbit o Neptune Ua ʻike ʻia he mau haneli o nā mea hou a liʻiliʻi o kēia ʻano i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2020. nā hōkūhele dwarf. Ua hōʻike nā Astronomers mai ka Dark Energy Survey (DES) i ka loaʻa ʻana o 316 mau kino ma waho o ka orbit o Neptune. ʻO kēia mau mea, 139 i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua o kēia noiʻi hou, a ʻo 245 i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻike mua DES. Ua paʻi ʻia kahi loiloi o kēia haʻawina ma kahi ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui i kahi puke pai astrophysical.

Neptun puni ka Lā ma kahi o 30 AU. (I, Earth-La mamao). Ma waho aʻe o Neptune aia ʻo Pe like me Kuyper - he pūʻulu o nā mea pōhaku maloʻo (me Pluto), nā kometa a me nā miliona o nā kino liʻiliʻi, pōhaku a me nā metala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui mai nā ʻumi a i nā haneli he nui ma mua o ʻaʻole he asteroid. ʻIke mākou i kēia manawa e pili ana i ʻekolu tausani mau mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) i ka ʻōnaehana solar, akā ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o ka helu kokoke i 100 9 (XNUMX).

9. Hoʻohālikelike ka nui o nā mea trans-Neptunian i ʻike ʻia

Mahalo i ka makahiki 2015 e hiki mai ana Huli ʻo New Horizons i PlutoʻAe, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o kēia mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ma mua o Uranus a me Neptune. ʻOiaʻiʻo, e nānā pono a e aʻo i kēia Honua dwarf ua ala mai nā mea pohihihi hou a me nā nīnau, e pili ana i ka ʻikehonua kupaianaha, e pili ana i kahi lewa ʻē, e pili ana i nā methane glaciers a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe i kāhāhā iā mākou i kēia ao mamao. Eia naʻe, aia nā mea pohihihi o Pluto i waena o nā "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi" ma ke ʻano o kā mākou ʻōlelo ʻelua. Nui nā mea huna kaulana ʻole ma kahi e pāʻani ai ʻo Pluto.

No ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā kometa ma nā wahi mamao loa. i ke kāʻei Kuiper (ma waho aʻe o ka orbit o Pluto) a i ʻole, ma kahi ʻāpana pohihihi i kapa ʻia Kapua ʻo Oort, ʻo kēia mau kino i kēlā me kēia manawa ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hau. He nui nā kometa i pā pololei i ka Lā, akā ʻoi aku ka pōmaikaʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe ke hana i kahi pōʻai pōkole o ka pōʻai (inā mai ke kāʻei Kuiper lākou) a i ʻole ka lōʻihi (inā mai ke ao Ortho) a puni ka ʻōpuni o ka Lā.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mea ʻē aʻe i ka lepo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka huakaʻi Stardust a NASA i ka Honua. Comet Wild-2. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōpala o ka lepo mai kēia kino hau hau ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma kahi wela kiʻekiʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Wild-2 i hoʻokumu ʻia a ulu aʻe i ka Kuiper Belt, no laila pehea e hana ai kēia mau kiko liʻiliʻi i kahi kaiapuni ma luna o 1000 Kelvin? ʻO nā laʻana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia mai Wild-2 hiki ke hoʻomaka wale ʻia ma ka ʻāpana waena o ka disk accretion, kokoke i ka lā ʻōpio, a ua lawe kekahi mea iā lākou i nā wahi mamao. ʻŌnaehana polū i ke kāʻei Kuiper. I kēia manawa wale nō?

A ma muli o ko mākou hele ʻana i laila, pono paha mākou e nīnau i ke kumu Aole Kuiper ua pau koke anei? ʻO ke kāʻei Kuiper kahi ʻāpana nui o ka ʻōnaehana solar e hana i ke apo a puni ka lā ma waho o ka orbit o Neptune. Ke emi koke nei ka heluna kanaka o nā Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs) i loko o 50 AU. mai ka la. He mea ʻē kēia, no ka mea, wānana nā kumu hoʻohālike i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā mea ma kēia wahi. ʻO ka hāʻule nui ʻana i kapa ʻia ʻo "Kuiper Cliff".

Nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i kēia. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe "pā" maoli a he nui nā mea kāʻei Kuiper e hoʻopuni ana ma kahi o 50 AU, akā no kekahi kumu he ʻuʻuku lākou a ʻike ʻole ʻia. ʻO kekahi manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā CMO ma hope o ka "pali" i kahili ʻia e kahi kino honua. He nui ka poʻe astronomers e kūʻē i kēia kuhiakau, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka nele o nā hōʻike ʻike e pili ana kekahi mea nui i ke kāʻei Kuiper.

Ua kūpono kēia i nā kuhiakau "Planet X" a i ʻole Nibiru. Akā he mea ʻē aʻe paha kēia, ʻoiai nā haʻawina resonant o nā makahiki i hala iho nei ʻO Konstantin Batygin i Mike Brown ʻike lākou i ka mana o ka "ʻeiwa honua" i nā hanana like ʻole, v nā orbit eccentric nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Extreme Trans-Neptunian Objects (eTNOs). ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka honua hypothetical no ka "kuiper cliff", a ʻo "ka iwa o ka honua", e like me ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe ʻike hōkū, e pili kokoke ana iā Neptune, ʻoi aku ka nui. Aia paha lāua ma laila a peʻe i ka pōʻeleʻele?

No ke aha ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i ka hypothetical Planet X ʻoiai he nui ka nui? I kēia mau lā, ua puka mai kahi manaʻo hou e wehewehe i kēia. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole mākou ʻike, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ia he honua, akā, ʻo ka lua ʻeleʻele maoli paha i waiho ʻia ma hope. Pahū nui, aka ua keakea ʻumekaumaha o ka lā. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Honua, aia ma kahi o 5 kenimika ke anawaena. ʻO kēia kuhiakau, ʻo ia hoʻi Ed Witten, he physicist ma Princeton University, ua puka mai i nā mahina i hala iho nei. Manaʻo ka ʻepekema e hoʻāʻo i kāna kuhiakau ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi kahi a mākou e manaʻo ai he lua ʻeleʻele, kahi pūʻulu o nā nanosatellites laser-powered, e like me nā mea i kūkulu ʻia ma ka papahana Breakthrough Starshot, nona ka pahuhopu he lele interstellar i Alpha Centauri.

ʻO ka ʻāpana hope loa o ka ʻōnaehana solar ka Oort Cloud. ʻAʻole wale nā ​​​​mea a pau i ʻike aia nō ia. He ao spherical hypothetical o ka lepo, nā ʻōpala liʻiliʻi, a me nā asteroids e hoʻopuni ana i ka Lā ma kahi mamao o 300 a 100 mau ʻāpana astronomical, ka hapa nui i haku ʻia me nā hau a me nā kinoea paʻa e like me ka ammonia a me ka methane. Hoʻonui ia ma kahi o ka hapahā o ka lōʻihi a hiki i Proxima Centauri. ʻO nā palena waho o ka Oort Cloud e wehewehe i ka palena o ka mana umekaumaha o ka ʻōnaehana solar. ʻO ke ao Oort kahi koena mai ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana lā. Aia ia i nā mea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka Pūnaehana e ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha o nā pilikua kinoea i ka wā mua o kona hoʻokumu ʻana. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻike pololei o ka Oort Cloud, pono e hōʻoia ʻia kona ola ʻana e nā comets lōʻihi a me nā mea he nui mai ka hui centaur. ʻO ka Oort Cloud waho, i hoʻopaʻa nāwaliwali ʻia e ka ʻumekaumaha i ka ʻōnaehana solar, e hoʻopilikia maʻalahi ʻia e ka ʻumekaumaha ma lalo o ka mana o nā hōkū kokoke a.

Nā ʻuhane o ka ʻōnaehana lā

ʻO ka luʻu ʻana i nā mea pohihihi o kā mākou Pūnaehana, ua ʻike mākou i nā mea he nui i manaʻo ʻia e ola ana, e hoʻopuni ana a puni ka Lā a i kekahi manawa he hopena koʻikoʻi loa i nā hanana i ka wā mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ko mākou ʻāina cosmic. He mau "ʻuhane" kūikawā kēia o ka ʻōnaehana solar. Pono e nānā i nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ua hele mua ma ʻaneʻi, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻole e ola hou a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike iā lākou (10).

10. Nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia a ʻike ʻole paha o ka ʻōnaehana solar

Nā kilo hōkū ua unuhi lakou i ka mea hookahi Orbit o Mercury he hōʻailona o ka honua e peʻe ana i nā kukuna o ka lā, ka mea i kapa ʻia. Lua Pele. Ua wehewehe ʻo Einstein i ka ʻumekaumaha i nā anomalies orbital o kahi honua liʻiliʻi me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi honua ʻē aʻe, akā aia nō paha nā asteroids ("pelepele") ma kēia wahi a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai.

Pono e hoʻohui ʻia i ka papa inoa o nā mea i nalowale ka honua ʻo Theya (a ʻo Orpheus paha), he honua kahiko hypothetical i ka ʻōnaehana solar mua, e like me ka ulu ʻana o nā kumumanaʻo, ua hui pū me honua mua Ma kahi o 4,5 biliona makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi o nā ʻōpala i hana ʻia ma kēia ʻano ma lalo o ka mana o ka umekaumaha i ka orbit o ko mākou honua, e hana ana i ka Moon. Inā pēlā, ʻaʻole paha mākou i ʻike iā Thea, akā ma ke ʻano, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana Earth-Moon kāna mau keiki.

Ma muli o ke ala o nā mea pohihihi, hāʻule mākou Ka Honua V, ka honua ʻelima hypothetical o ka ʻōnaehana solar, kahi i hoʻopuni ai i ka Lā ma waena o Mars a me ke kāʻei asteroid. Ua manaʻo ʻia kona ola ʻana e nā ʻepekema e hana ana ma NASA. John Chambers i Jack Lissauer ma ke ʻano he wehewehe ʻana no nā pōʻino nui i hana ʻia i ka wā Hadean i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ko kākou honua. Wahi a ke kuhiakau, i ka manawa o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hokele c ʻŌnaehana polū ʻelima mau hokele pōhaku i loko. Aia ka honua ʻelima ma kahi orbit eccentric liʻiliʻi me kahi axis semi-major o 1,8-1,9 AU. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia orbit e nā haunaele mai nā hīnaʻi ʻē aʻe, ua komo ka honua i kahi orbit eccentric e hele ana i ke kāʻei asteroid i loko. Ua hoʻopau ʻia nā asteroid i hoʻopuehu ʻia i nā ala e hui ai i ka orbit o Mars, nā orbit resonant, a me ka intersecting. ʻōpuni honua, hoʻonui iki i ka pinepine o nā hopena ma ka Honua a me ka mahina. I ka hopena, ua komo ka honua i kahi orbit resonant o ka hapalua o ka nui o 2,1 A a hāʻule i ka Lā.

No ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hanana a me nā hanana o ka wā mua o ka noho ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana solar, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi hopena, i kapa ʻia ʻo "jump theory of Jupiter" (). Ua manaoia Orbit Jupiter a laila ua loli koke ma muli o ka launa pū ʻana me Uranus a me Neptune. I mea e hiki ai i ka simulation o nā hanana ke alakaʻi i ke kūlana o kēia manawa, pono e manaʻo ʻia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana solar ma waena o Saturn a me Uranus i ka wā ma mua he honua me ka nui like me Neptune. Ma muli o ka "lele" o Jupiter i loko o ka orbit i ʻike ʻia e kākou i kēia mau lā, ua kiola ʻia ka pilikua kinoea ʻelima mai ka ʻōnaehana honua i ʻike ʻia i kēia mau lā. He aha ka mea i hiki mai i kēia honua? Ua hoʻopilikia paha kēia i ke kāʻei Kuiper e puka mai nei, e hoʻolei ana i nā mea liʻiliʻi he nui i loko o ka ʻōnaehana solar. Ua hopu ʻia kekahi o lākou ma ke ʻano he mahina, ʻo kekahi i paʻi i ka ʻili nā hōkū pōhaku. Malia paha, ʻo ia ka manawa i hana ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā lua o ka mahina. Pehea e pili ana i ka honua hoʻokuke? Hmm, kūpono kēia i ka wehewehe ʻana o Planet X ma kahi ʻano ʻē, akā a hiki i ka wā e nānā ai mākou, he kuhi wale kēia.

I ka papa inoa noho malie, he honua hypothetical e kaapuni ana i ka Oort Cloud, a ua manaoia ke ola ana ma muli o ka nana ana i na alahele o na comets o ka manawa loihi. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ma muli o Tyche, ke akua wahine Helene o ka laki a me ka waiwai, ke kaikuahine lokomaikaʻi o Nemesis. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia kekahi mea o kēia ʻano akā ʻike ʻia i nā kiʻi infrared i lawe ʻia e ka WISE space telescope. ʻO nā loiloi o kāna mau ʻike, i paʻi ʻia ma 2014, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi kino, akā ʻaʻole naʻe ʻo Tyche i wehe loa ʻia.

ʻAʻole paʻa kēlā papa inoa me ka ʻole Nemesis, he hōkū liʻiliʻi, he ʻulaʻula paha, i hele pū me ka lā i ka wā i hala aku nei, e hana ana i ka ʻōnaehana binary mai ka lā. Nui nā manaʻo e pili ana i kēia. ʻO Stephen Staller mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Berkeley i hōʻike i nā helu ʻana i ka makahiki 2017 e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā hōkū i ʻelua. Manaʻo ka poʻe he lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka satellite o ka Lā. Aia kekahi mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka Lā no kahi manawa lōʻihi loa, e like me 27 miliona mau makahiki, a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma muli o ka ʻike ʻana he ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele ʻālohilohi a liʻiliʻi ka nui. ʻAʻole maikaʻi loa ke koho hope, ʻoiai ke hoʻokokoke ʻana o ia mea nui hiki ke hoʻoweliweli i ke kūpaʻa o kā mākou Pūnaewele.

Me he mea lā he ʻoiaʻiʻo paha kekahi o kēia mau moʻolelo kupua no ka mea ua wehewehe lākou i kā mākou e ʻike nei i kēia manawa. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea huna a mākou e kākau ai e pili ana i luna, ua paʻa i kahi mea i hana ʻia i ka wā lōʻihi. Manaʻo wau ua nui nā mea i hana ʻia no ka nui o nā mea huna.