Nā nalu o ka maopopo ʻole

I Ianuali o kēia makahiki, ua hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka LIGO observatory, ʻo ia paha ka lua o ka hanana o ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron ʻelua. ʻIke maikaʻi kēia ʻike ma ka pāpaho, akā nui nā ʻepekema e hoʻomaka nei e kānalua koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi o nā ʻike o ka "hōkū ʻo ka nalu gravitic" e kū nei.

I ʻApelila 2019, ua ʻike ka mea ʻike LIGO ma Livingston, Louisiana i kahi hui o nā mea i loaʻa ma kahi o 520 miliona mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua. ʻO kēia ʻike, i hana ʻia me hoʻokahi wale nō mea ʻike, ma Hanford, ua hoʻopau ʻia no ka manawa pōkole, ʻaʻole i kākau inoa ʻo Virgo i ka hanana, akā naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia he hōʻailona lawa ia o ka hanana.

Nānā Hōʻailona GW190425 hōʻike i ka hui ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana binary me ka nuipaʻa holoʻokoʻa o 3,3 a 3,7 ka nui o ka nui o ka Lā (1). ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia ma mua o nā pūʻulu i ʻike maʻamau ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana hoku neutron binary ma ka Milky Way, mai ka 2,5 a i ka 2,9 ka nui o ka lā. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike paha ka ʻike i ka heluna o nā hōkū neutron binary i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma mua. ʻAʻole makemake nā kānaka a pau i kēia hoʻonui ʻana o nā mea ola ma mua o ka pono.

1. ʻIke ʻia o ka hui ʻana o ka hōkū neutron GW190425.

Point he mea GW190425 ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka mea ʻike hoʻokahi ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻoholo i kahi kikoʻī, a ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻike i ka laulā electromagnetic, e like me ke ʻano o GW170817, ka hui mua o nā hōkū neutron ʻelua i ʻike ʻia e LIGO (he kānalua nō hoʻi. , akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma lalo). ʻAʻole paha kēia mau hōkū neutron ʻelua. ʻO kekahi paha o nā mea Puka ʻeleʻele. ʻO lāua ʻelua paha. Akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā lua ʻeleʻele ma mua o nā lua ʻeleʻele i ʻike ʻia, a pono e kūkulu hou ʻia nā kumu hoʻohālike no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lua ʻeleʻele binary.

He nui loa kēia mau hiʻohiʻona a me nā manaʻo e hoʻololi ai. A i ʻole e hoʻomaka ana ka "hōkū hawewe ʻumekaumaha" e hoʻololi i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema o nā kula kahiko o ka nānā ʻana i ka lewa?

Nui loa nā manaʻo hoʻopunipuni

Alexander Unzicker (2), he German theoretical physicist a mahalo kaulana ʻepekema kākau, kākau ma Medium i Feberuari, me ka nui o ka manao, na LIGO a me VIRGO (3) gravity hawewe detectors i hōʻike i kekahi mea hoihoi i loko o ka makahiki, koe wale no ka random false positives. Wahi a ka ʻepekema, hāpai kēia i nā kānalua koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia.

Me ka 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics i hāʻawi ʻia iā Rainer Weiss, Barry K. Barish, a me Kip S. Thorne, ʻo ka nīnau inā hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hawewe gravity me he mea lā ua hoʻoholo ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa. Pili ka hoʻoholo a ke Komite Nobel ʻike hōʻailona ikaika loa GW150914 hōʻike ʻia ma kahi hālāwai kūkā ma Pepeluali 2016, a ʻo ka hōʻailona GW170817 i ʻōlelo mua ʻia, i manaʻo ʻia i ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron ʻelua, ʻoiai ʻelua mau telescopes i hoʻopaʻa i kahi hōʻailona converging.

Mai ia manawa, ua komo lākou i ka papahana ʻepekema kūhelu o ka physics. ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia ua hoʻāla ʻia nā pane hoihoi, a ua manaʻo ʻia kahi au hou o ka astronomy. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā nalu ʻumekau he "puka hou" i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e hoʻohui ana i ka waihona o nā telescopes i ʻike mua ʻia a alakaʻi i nā ʻano ʻike hou loa. He nui ka poʻe i hoʻohālikelike i kēia ʻike me ka telescope 1609 a Galileo. ʻOi aku ka hauʻoli i ka piʻi ʻana o ka naʻau o nā mea ʻike nalu gravity. Ua kiʻekiʻe nā manaʻolana no nā hanana hoihoi a me nā ʻike i ka wā o ka pōʻaiapuni nānā O3 i hoʻomaka i ʻApelila 2019. Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, ʻōlelo ʻo Unziker, ʻaʻohe a mākou mea.

No ka pololei, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia kūʻokoʻa kekahi o nā hōʻailona nalu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā mahina i hala. Ma kahi, aia kahi helu kiʻekiʻe ʻole o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā hōʻailona, ​​​​a laila ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia. He ʻumikūmālima mau hanana i hāʻule i ka hōʻoia hōʻoia me nā telescope ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, ua wehe ʻia nā hōʻailona 19 mai ka hoʻāʻo.

Ua manaʻo mua ʻia kekahi o lākou he mea koʻikoʻi loa - no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo GW191117j he hanana me ka manaʻo o hoʻokahi i 28 billion mau makahiki, no GW190822c - hoʻokahi i 5 billion mau makahiki, a no GW200108v - 1 i 100. makahiki. Ke noʻonoʻo nei ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi makahiki holoʻokoʻa ka manawa o ka nānā ʻana, aia ka nui o ia mau mea hoʻopunipuni. Aia paha kekahi hewa i ke ʻano hōʻailona ponoʻī, ʻōlelo ʻo Unziker.

ʻO nā pae hoʻohālikelike no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hōʻailona ma ke ʻano he "hewa", i kona manaʻo, ʻaʻole maopopo. ʻAʻole wale kona manaʻo. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo physicist theoretical kaulana ʻo Sabine Hossenfelder, nāna i hōʻike mua i nā hemahema i nā ʻano loiloi data detector LIGO, i ʻōlelo ma kāna blog: "Ke hāʻawi nei kēia iaʻu i ke poʻo, e nā poʻe. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe maopopo i ke kumu e ʻohi ai kāu mea ʻike i kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e like me kāu e manaʻo ai, pehea ʻoe e hilinaʻi ai ke ʻike ʻo ia i kāu mea e manaʻo ai?

Manaʻo ka wehewehe hewa ʻaʻohe kaʻina hana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hōʻailona maoli mai nā mea ʻē aʻe, koe wale nō ka pale ʻana i nā kūʻē kūʻē me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka nui o nā hihia he 53 o nā "ʻike moho" hoʻokahi mea maʻamau - ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia e ka mea hōʻike.

E hoʻolauleʻa mua ka poʻe media i nā ʻike LIGO/VIRGO. Ke hāʻule ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻimi ʻana no ka hōʻoia ʻana, e like me ia no kekahi mau mahina, ʻaʻohe hoihoi a hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i ka media. I kēia pae ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻole, ʻaʻohe makemake o ka media.

Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻike maopopo

Wahi a Unziker, inā mākou i hahai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kūlana mai ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha kiʻekiʻe i ka makahiki 2016, ʻaʻole pono e hele mai nā kānalua o kēia manawa. ʻO ka loiloi kūʻokoʻa mua o ka ʻikepili i hana ʻia e kahi hui ma ka Niels Bohr Institute ma Copenhagen i alakaʻi ʻia e Andrew D. Jackson. Ua hōʻike ko lākou ʻikepili i nā pilina ʻē aʻe i nā hōʻailona i koe, ʻaʻole maopopo ke kumu o ia mea, ʻoiai nā ʻōlelo a ka hui. komo nā anomali a pau. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā hōʻailona ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻikepili maka (ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ʻana a me ke kānana ʻana) me nā mea i kapa ʻia nā mamana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hōʻailona theoretically i manaʻo ʻia mai nā hoʻohālikelike helu o nā nalu gravity.

Eia naʻe, i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili, kūpono ke kaʻina hana i ka wā i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke ola maoli o ka hōʻailona a ʻike pololei ʻia kona ʻano. Inā ʻaʻole, he mea hana hoʻopunipuni ke kālailai kumu. Ua hana maikaʻi loa ʻo Jackson i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana, e hoʻohālikelike ana i ke kaʻina hana i ka ʻike kiʻi maʻalahi o nā papa laikini kaʻa. ʻAe, ʻaʻohe pilikia me ka heluhelu pololei ʻana ma ke kiʻi pohihihi, akā inā loaʻa i nā kaʻa āpau e hele kokoke ana i nā palapala laikini o ka nui a me ke ʻano kūpono. Eia naʻe, inā pili ka algorithm i nā kiʻi "ma ke ʻano", e ʻike ia i ka palapala laikini mai kekahi mea ʻālohilohi me nā kikoʻeleʻele. ʻO kēia ka mea i manaʻo ai ʻo Unziker hiki ke loaʻa i nā nalu gravity.

3. Pūnaehana o nā mea ʻike nalu gravity ma ka honua

He mau kānalua ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano ʻike ʻike hōʻailona. I ka pane ʻana i ka hoʻohewa ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ka hui Copenhagen i kahi ala e hoʻohana ai i nā hiʻohiʻona helu maʻemaʻe e ʻike i nā hōʻailona me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā mamana. Ke noi ʻia, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka hanana mua o Kepakemapa 2015 i nā hopena, akā ... ʻo kēia wale nō. Hiki ke kapa ʻia kēlā ʻano hawewe ʻumekaumaha he "laki maikaʻi" ma hope koke o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka mea ʻike mua, akā ma hope o ʻelima mau makahiki, ʻo ka nele o nā ʻike hou i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e hoʻomaka i ka hopohopo. Inā ʻaʻohe hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i nā makahiki he ʻumi e hiki mai ana, aia paha ʻike mua ʻia o GW150915 i manaʻo ʻia he ʻoiaʻiʻo?

E ʻōlelo kekahi poʻe ma hope ʻike ʻia o GW170817, 'o ia ho'i, ka hō'ailona thermonuclear o ka hoku neutron binary, e like me ka nānā 'ana i nā mea kani ma ka'āpana gamma-ray a me nā telescopes. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, nui nā mea like ʻole: ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o LIGO a hiki i kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o nā telescopes i ka hōʻailona.

ʻO ka VIRGO lab, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ʻekolu mau lā ma mua, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i kahi hōʻailona ʻike. Eia kekahi, aia kahi hoʻopau pūnaewele ma LIGO / VIRGO a me ESA ma ka lā hoʻokahi. Aia nā kānalua e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka hōʻailona me ka hui ʻana o ka hōkū neutron, kahi hōʻailona optical nāwaliwali loa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā telescope ʻelua ʻē aʻe, a ke ʻōlelo nei lākou ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i ka pōʻino.

No Unziker, he mea hoʻopilikia loa ia ʻo ka ʻikepili no GW150914 a me GW170817, nā hanana mua o kāna ʻano i ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻaha kūkā nui, ua loaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana "kūʻokoʻa" a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana ʻenehana maikaʻi loa i kēlā manawa. ana o ka moo loihi.

Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i nā nūhou e like me kahi pahū supernova i manaʻo ʻia (i lilo i mea hoʻopunipuni), huikau kūʻokoʻa o nā hōkū neutronhoʻoikaika ia i nā ʻepekema e "noʻonoʻo hou i nā makahiki o ka naʻauao maʻamau" a i ʻole he 70-solar black hole, i kapa ʻia e ka hui LIGO he hōʻoia wikiwiki loa i kā lākou mau manaʻo.

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Unziker i kahi kūlana e loaʻa ai i ka astronomy nalu gravitational kahi inoa kaulana no ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā mea hōkū "ʻike ʻole" (a ʻole). No ka pale ʻana i kēia, hāʻawi ia i ka ʻoi aku ka ʻike o nā ʻano hana, ka paʻi ʻana i nā templates i hoʻohana ʻia, nā kūlana o ka nānā ʻana, a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka lā pau no nā hanana i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia.