ʻO Vladimir Kramnik ka poʻokela chess honua

ʻO ka Professional Chess Association (PCA) kahi hui chess i hoʻokumu ʻia e Garry Kasparov lāua ʻo Nigel Short ma 1993. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hui ma muli o Kasparov (ʻo ia ka poʻokela honua) a me Short (ka mea lanakila knockout) ʻaʻole i ʻae i nā ʻōlelo kālā o ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū honua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e FIDE (International Chess Federation). Ua lanakila ʻo Nigel Short i nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū FIDE, a ma nā pāʻani moho ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka poʻokela honua kahiko ʻo Anatoly Karpov lāua ʻo Jan Timman. Ma hope o ka kipaku ʻia ʻana mai FIDE, ua pāʻani ʻo Kasparov lāua ʻo Short i kahi pāʻani ma Ladana i 1993 i pau i ka lanakila 12½:7½ no Kasparov. ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o ka SPS a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i kahi hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū no ke poʻo poʻokela honua i hoʻokaʻawale i ka honua chess. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā pāʻani hoʻokūkū honua ma nā ʻano ʻelua: na FIDE a me nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia e Kasparov. Ua lilo ʻo Vladimir Kramnik i Poʻokela Honua Braingames (hoʻomau PCA) ma 2000 ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana iā Kasparov. I ka makahiki 2006, ua ho'okō 'ia kahi ho'okūkū hui no ka po'okela honua, a ma hope iho ua lilo 'o Vladimir Kramnik i po'okela chess honua.

1. ʻŌpio Volodya Kramnik, kumu: http://bit.ly/3pBt9Ci

ʻO Vladimir Borisovych Kramnyk (Lūkini: Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik) i hānau ʻia ma Iune 25, 1975 ma Tuapse, Krasnodar region, ma ke kahakai ʻo Black Sea. Ua aʻo kona makuakāne ma ka Academy of Arts a lilo i mea kālai a me ka mea pena. Ua puka 'o Māmā mai ka conservatory ma Lviv, a ma hope ua hana 'o ia ma ke 'ano he kumu mele. Mai ka wā kamaliʻi, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Volodya he keiki prodigy ma kona kūlanakauhale hānau (1). I kona wā he 3 makahiki, ua nānā ʻo ia i nā pāʻani a kona kaikuaʻana a me kona makuakāne. I ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoihoi o Vladimir liʻiliʻi, ua kau ʻo makuakāne i kahi pilikia maʻalahi ma ka chessboard, a ʻo ke keiki i manaʻo ʻole ʻia, kokoke koke, hoʻoponopono pololei. Ma hope koke iho, hoʻomaka ʻo Volodya e pāʻani chess no kona makuakāne. I ka makahiki 10, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea pāʻani maikaʻi loa ma Tuapse āpau. I ka 11 makahiki o Vladimir, ua ne'e ka 'ohana a pau i Moscow. Ma laila hele i ke kula o nā kālena chess, hana ʻia a hoʻokele ʻia e kahi mea mua āna i kōkua ai i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa Garry Kasparov. Ua kōkua pū kona mau mākua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kālena o Vladimir, a ua haʻalele kona makuakāne i kāna hana e hele pū me kāna keiki i nā hoʻokūkū.

I ka ʻumikūmālima mea pāʻani chess talent hiki iā ia ke pāʻani i ka pale maka me iwakālua mau hoa paio i ka manawa like! Ma lalo o ke kaomi ʻana mai Kasparov, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Kramnik ʻōpio i ka hui chess aupuni Lūkini a i kona mau makahiki he 16, ua lilo ʻo ia i pani no Rūsia ma ka ʻOlumepika Chess ma Manila. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻopunipuni i kona manaʻolana a mai loko mai o ʻeiwa pāʻani i pāʻani ʻia ma ka 'Olumepika, lanakila ʻo ia i ʻewalu a huki hoʻokahi. I ka makahiki 1995, ua lanakila ʻo ia ma ka World Championships ma Dortmund me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lanakila hoʻokahi i ka hoʻokūkū. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ʻo Kramnik i kāna string o nā hana maikaʻi loa a lanakila i ka huina o 9 mau hoʻokūkū ma Dortmund.

ʻO Braingames World Chess Championship Match

I ka makahiki 2000 ma Lākana Ua pāʻani ʻo Kramnik i ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū honua me Kasparov na Braingames (2). Ma kahi hoʻokūkū paʻakikī he 16 mau pāʻani, ua lanakila ʻo Kramnik i kāna kumu ʻo Kasparov, ka mea i noho mau ma ka noho aliʻi chess no nā makahiki he 16 i hala.

2. Vladimir Kramnyk - Garry Kasparov, hoʻokūkū no ka hoʻokūkū honua o ka hui Braingames, kumu: https://bit.ly/3cozwoR

ʻO Vladimir Kramnyk - Garry Kasparov

ʻO Braingames World Championship ma Lākana, 10th puni, ʻOkakopa 24.10.2000, XNUMX, XNUMX

1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Sc3 Gb4 4.e3 O -O 5.Gd3 d5 6.Sf3 c5 7.OO c:d4 8.e:d4 d:c4 9.G:c4 b6 10.Gg5 Gb7 11.We1 Nbd7 12.Wc1 Wc8 13.Hb3 Ge7 14.G:f6 S:f6 15.G:e6 (kiʻi 3) q:e6? (Pono au e pāʻani i 15… Rc7 16.Sg5 N:d4 17.S:f7 Bc5 18.Sd6+ Kh8 19.S:b7 H:f2+ a ua loaʻa iā Black ka uku no ka pawn nalowale) 16.H:e6+Kh8 17.H:e7 G:f3 18.g:f3 Q:d4 19.Sb5 H:b2? (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 19…Qd2 20.W:c8 W:c8 21.Sd6 Rb8 22.Sc4 Qd5 23.H: a7 Ra8 keʻokeʻo iki keʻokeʻo) 20.W: c8 W: c8 21.Nd6 Rb8 22.Nf7 + Kg8 23.Qe6 Rf8 24.Nd8 + Kh8 25.Qe7 1-0 (Pauku 4).

3. Vladimir Kramnik - Garry Kasparov, kūlana ma hope o 15.G: e6

4. Vladimir Kramnik - Garry Kasparov, hoʻopau kūlana ma hope o ka 25th neʻe He7

ʻO Vladimir Kramnik ʻAʻole ʻo ia i nalowale i hoʻokahi pāʻani ma kēia pāʻani, a ua ʻaiʻē ʻo ia i kona lanakila, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻano ʻano "Berlin Wall", i hana ʻia ma hope o nā neʻe: 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 Nf6 (diagram 5) 4.OO S:e4 5.d4 Sd6 6.G:c6 d:c6 7.d:e5 Sf5 8.H:d8 K:d8 (diagram 6).

5. ʻO ka pā Berlin mai ka ʻaoʻao Sepania

6. Ka mana o ka "Berlin Wall" na Vladimir Kramnik.

ʻO ka pā ʻo Berlin ma ka Pāʻina Sepania Ua aie kona inoa i ke kula chess 2000th century ma Berlin, ka mea i waiho i kēia ʻano like ʻole i ka nānā pono ʻana. Noho ʻo ia ma hope no ka manawa lōʻihi, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e nā mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa no nā makahiki he mau makahiki, a hiki i XNUMX, i ka wā i hoʻohana ai ʻo Kramnik iā ia i kahi pāʻani kūʻē. Kasparov. Ma kēia ʻano hoʻololi, ʻaʻole hiki iā Black ke hoʻolei hou (ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he mea koʻikoʻi i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā mōʻī wahine) a ua pālua ʻia nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka manaʻo o Black e pani i nā ala āpau i kona kahua hoʻomoana a hoʻohana i nā ʻelele ʻelua. Ua koho ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻololi e ka ʻeleʻele inā he hopena maikaʻi ke kaha kiʻi o ka hoʻokūkū.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo Kramnik i ʻehā mau manawa i kēia pāʻani. ʻAʻole hiki iā Kasparov a me kāna hui ke loaʻa kahi antidote i ka Berlin Wall, a ua maʻalahi ka mea hoʻokūkū. ʻO ka inoa "Berlin Wall" e pili ana i ka hilinaʻi o kāna hoʻomaka, ʻo ia hoʻi ka inoa o nā mea kila a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i hoʻoikaika ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lua hohonu ("Berlin Wall").

7. ʻO Vladimir Kramnik ma ka Corus Chess Tournament, Wijk aan Zee, 2005, kumu: http://bit.ly/36rzYPc

I ʻOkakopa 2002 ma ʻO Bahrain mea kūʻai kiʻi i ka pāʻani ʻewalu pāʻani kūʻē i ka kamepiula chess Deep Fritz 7 (ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe: 3,5 miliona mau kūlana i kekona). ʻO ka waihona kālā he hoʻokahi miliona kālā. Ua lanakila ka lolouila a me ke kanaka i ʻelua pāʻani. Ua hoʻokokoke ʻo Kramnik i ka lanakila ʻana i kēia pāʻani, me ka ʻike ʻole ua nalowale i ka huki ʻana i ke ono o ka pāʻani. He ʻelua lanakila ko ke kanaka ma nā kūlana maʻalahi, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kamepiula ma mua o ke kanaka, a aneane lanakila ʻo ia i ka pāʻani ʻehā. Ua nalo ʻo ia i hoʻokahi pāʻani ma muli o kahi hewa taktika nui, a ʻo kekahi ma muli o kahi hana hoʻoweliweli i kahi kūlana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua pale 'o Kramnyk i ka po'okela honua. ʻO ka hui Braingames, ka mea i pāʻani me ka Hungarian Peter Leko ma ke kūlanakauhale Swiss o Brissago (e like me nā lula o ka pāʻani, ua paʻa ʻo Kramnik i ke poʻo inoa i kahi huki). I kēia manawa, ua komo ʻo ia i nā hoʻokūkū chess he nui me nā mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa ma ka honua, me nā mea i mālama ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Dutch. Wijk aan Zee, maʻamau i ka hapa ʻelua o Ianuali a i ʻole i ka manawa o Ianuali a me Pepeluali (7). ʻO ka hoʻokūkū Wimbledon i kēia manawa ma Wijk aan Zee i kapa ʻia ʻo Tata Steel Chess i hoʻokani ʻia e ʻelua Pole: a.

E hoʻokūkū no ke poʻo inoa hui o ka poʻokela chess honua

I Kepakemapa 2006, ma Elista (ke kapikala o ka Repubalika Lūkini o Kalmykia) kahi hoʻokūkū no ka inoa hui ʻana o ka poʻokela chess honua ma waena o Vladimir Kramnik a me Bulgarian Veselin Topalov (ka poʻokela honua o ka International Chess Federation) (8).

8. ʻO Vladimir Kramnik (hema) a me Veselin Topalov i ka pāʻani mua o ka 2006 World Chess Championship match, kumu: Mergen Bembinov, Associated Press

Ua hui pū ʻia kēia pāʻani me ka mea kaulana loa hoʻopaʻapaʻa chess (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "toilet scandal"), pili me ka kānalua o ke kōkua kamepiula ʻole. Kramnik ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia e ka luna o Topalov no ke kākoʻo ʻana iā ia iho i ka papahana Fritz 9 i loko o kahi lua pilikino. Ma hope o ka pani ʻia ʻana o nā keʻena kaʻawale, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻo Kramnik i ka pāʻani ʻelima aʻe (a laila alakaʻi ʻo ia i ka 3: 1) a nalowale iā ia e ka lanakila ʻenehana. Ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o nā halepaku, ua pau ka pāʻani. Ma hope o 12 mau pāʻani nui he 6:6 ka helu, lanakila ʻo Kramnik i 2,5:1,5 i ka manawa hou. Ma hope o kēia pāʻani, ma ka nui o nā hoʻokūkū chess koʻikoʻi, nānā ʻia nā mea pāʻani me nā mea ʻike metala ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka hale pāʻani.

Ma hope o ka lanakila ʻana i ka inoa honua, ua pāʻani ʻo Kramnik i kahi pāʻani ʻeono ala kūʻē i ka polokalamu kamepiula Deep Fritz 10 ma Bonn., Nowemapa 25 - December 5, 2006 (9).

9. Kramnik - Deep Fritz 10, Bonn 2006, kumu: http://bit.ly/3j435Nz

10. ʻO ka wāwae ʻelua o Deep Fritz 10 - Kramnik, Bonn, 2006

Ua lanakila ka lolouila me ka helu 4:2 (ʻelua lanakila a me 4 huki). ʻO kēia ka hopena hope loa o ka hui kanaka-mīkini, ma kahi o ʻewalu miliona mau kūlana i kēlā me kēia kekona me ka hohonu waena o ka pāʻani a hiki i ka 17-18 laps. I kēlā manawa, ʻo Fritz ka 3 - 4th engine ma ka honua. Ua loaʻa iā Kramnik 500 10 euros no ka hoʻomaka, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa he miliona no ka lanakila. I ka huki mua, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻo Kramnik i ka manawa e lanakila ai. Ua kaulana ka lua o ka pāʻani no ke kumu hoʻokahi: Ua male ʻo Kramnik i hoʻokahi neʻe ʻana i ka hopena like, i kapa ʻia he kuhihewa mau loa (Fig. 34). Ma kēia kūlana, ua pāʻani ʻo Kramnik i ka 3… He35 ??, a laila loaʻa iā 7.Qh3 ≠. Ma kahi hālāwai kūkā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma hope o ka pāʻani, ʻaʻole hiki iā Kramnik ke wehewehe i ke kumu i hana ai ʻo ia i kēia kuhi hewa, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua maikaʻi ʻo ia i kēlā lā, pāʻani pono i ka pāʻani, helu pololei i ka hoʻololi HeXNUMX, a laila nānā i nā manawa he nui, akā e like me kāna ʻōlelo ʻana. hoʻopaneʻe ʻia nā eclipses ʻē aʻe, ʻeleʻele.

Ua pau nā pāʻani ʻekolu i ka huki ʻana. I ka pāʻani hope ʻeono, ʻaʻohe ona mea e nalowale ai a pono e hele i ke ala āpau, ua pāʻani ʻo Kramnik me ka hakakā ʻole. ʻO ke ʻano o Naidorf ma ka Sicilian Defence, a nalowale hou. Mai kēia hanana, ua ʻike ka honua chess holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kākoʻo, e pāʻani ʻia ka pāʻani hōʻikeʻike e hiki mai ana ma ka pahu hoʻokahi, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe manawa o ke kanaka me kona kino kīnā i ka duel me kahi kamepiula.

31 Kekemapa 2006 ka poʻokela chess honua ʻo Vladimir Kramnik Ua mare ʻo ia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo Farani ʻo Marie-Laure Germont, a ua mālama ʻia kā lāua male halepule ma Pepeluali 4 ma ka Alexander Nevsky Cathedral ma Paris (11). Ua hele ka ʻohana a me nā hoaaloha pili loa i ka hui, no ka laʻana, ka ʻelele o Farani mai 1982, ka ʻumi ʻumi o ka honua chess champion.

11. ʻO ka Mō'ī a me kāna mō'īwahine: ʻO ka male Orthodox ma ka Alexander Nevsky Cathedral ma Paris, kumu: Nā kiʻi mai ka maleʻana o Vladimir Kramnik | Kahuakau

Ua lilo ʻo Vladimir Kramnik i kāna poʻo inoa honua i ka makahiki 2007 Viswanathana Ananda hoʻokūkū ma Mekiko. I ka makahiki 2008 ma Bonn, ua lilo pū ʻo ia i ka hoʻokūkū me ka poʻokela honua ʻo Viswanathan Anand 4½:6½.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Kramnik iā Rūsia i nā manawa he nui i nā hoʻokūkū hui, ʻo ia hoʻi: ʻewalu manawa ma Chess Olympiads (ʻekolu manawa złoty ma ke ʻano he hui a ʻekolu manawa złoty ma ke kanaka hoʻokahi). I ka makahiki 2013, ua lanakila 'o ia i ka mekala gula ma ka World Team Championship i mālama 'ia ma Antalya (Turkey).

Ua hoʻolālā ʻo Kramnik e hoʻopau i kāna ʻoihana chess ma 40, akā ʻike ʻia ke pāʻani nei ʻo ia ma ka pae kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo ia ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o kāna ʻoihana ma 41 mau makahiki. ʻOkakopa 1, 2016 me ka helu o 2817 helu. Aia nō ia i kēia manawa ma waena o nā mea maikaʻi loa o ka honua a ʻo kona kūlana ma 2763 Jan 1 ʻo 2021.

12. ʻO Vladimir Kramnik ma ke kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa o nā ʻōpio India koʻikoʻi loa ma ke kūlanakauhale Farani o Chen-sur-Leman i ʻAukake 2019, kiʻi: Amruta Mokal

I kēia manawa, hāʻawi nui ʻo Vladimir Kramnik i ka hoʻonaʻauao ʻana i nā mea pāʻani chess ʻōpio (12). Ma Ianuali 7-18, 2020, ua komo ka ex-world champion i kahi kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ma Chennai (Madras), India (13). He ʻumikūmāhā mau mea pāʻani chess ʻōpio akamai mai India mai 12-16 makahiki (me ka poʻe maikaʻi loa o ka honua i kā lākou ʻano makahiki D. Gukesh a me R. Praggnanandaa) i komo i kahi kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa 10 lā. He kumu aʻo ʻo ia no kekahi o nā ʻōpio maikaʻi loa o ka honua. ʻO Boris Gelfand - Ke poʻokela Belarusian e pani ana i ka ʻIseraʻela, hope poʻokela o ka honua ma 2012.

13. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo Vladimir Kramnik lāua ʻo Boris Gelfand i nā poʻe ʻōpio India akamai ma Chennai, kiʻi: Amruta Mokal, ChessBase India

Noho nā Kramniks ma Geneva a he ʻelua mau keiki, he kaikamahine ʻo Daria (hānau ʻia 2008) (14 mau makahiki) a he keiki kāne ʻo Vadim (hānau ʻia 2013). Maliʻa paha e hahai kā lākou mau keiki i ka wā e hiki mai ana i ka wāwae o ka makuakāne kaulana.

14. ʻO Vladimir Kramnik a me kāna kaikamahine ʻo Daria, kumu: https://bit.ly/3akwBL9

Ka papa inoa o nā poʻokela chess honua

Poʻokela honua holoʻokoʻa

1. Wilhelm Steinitz, 1886-1894

2. Immanuel Lasker, 1894-1921

3. José Raul Capablanca, 1921-1927

4 Alexander Alechin, 1927-1935 a me 1937-1946

5. Max Euwe, 1935-1937

6. Mikhail Botvinnik, 1948-1957, 1958-1960 a me 1961-1963

7. Vasily Smyslov, 1957-1958

8. Mikhail Tal, 1960-1961

9. Tigran Petrosyan, 1963-1969

10. Boris Spassky, 1969-1972

11. Bobby Fischer, 1972-1975

12. Anatoly Karpov, 1975-1985

13. Garry Kasparov, 1985-1993

PCA/Braingames World Champions (1993-2006)

1. Garry Kasparov, 1993-2000

2. Vladimir Kramnyk, 2000-2006.

FIDE World Champions (1993-2006)

1. Anatoly Karpov, 1993-1999

2. Alexander Chalifman, 1999-2000

3. Viswanathan Anand, 2000-2002

4. Ruslan Ponomarev, 2002-2004

5. Rustam Kasymdzhanov, 2004-2005.

Veselin Topalov, 6-2005

ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka World Champions (ma hope o ka hui ʻana)

14. Vladimir Kramnyk, 2006-2007.

15. Viswanathan Anand, 2007-2013

16. Magnus Carlsen, mai ka makahiki 2013