ʻAno wahie wai
Loaʻa pinepine ʻia nā wahie wai mai ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe a i ʻole (i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi) mai ka lanahu a me ka lignite. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko a, i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, e hoʻomaka i nā paila mahu, no ka hoʻomehana a me ka ʻenehana.
ʻO nā wahie wai koʻikoʻi: ka ʻaila, diesel, wahie aila, kerosene, synthetic fuels.
ʻO Gas
ʻO kahi hui ʻana o ka wai hydrocarbons, kekahi o nā ʻano wahie nui i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻenekini o nā kaʻa, nā mokulele a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana pū ʻia e like me ka solvent. Mai ka manaʻo kemika, ʻo nā mea nui o ka ʻaila he aliphatic hydrocarbons me ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona mai 5 a 12. Aia pū kekahi me nā ʻano o ka hydrocarbons unsaturated a me ka aromatic.
Hāʻawi ka ʻaila i ka ikehu i ka ʻenekini ma o ka puhi ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ka oxygen mai ka lewa. Ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ke ahi i loko o nā pōʻai pōkole loa, pono e wikiwiki kēia kaʻina hana i ka hiki ke hiki i ka leo holoʻokoʻa o nā cylinders o ka ʻenekini. Hoʻokō ʻia kēia ma ka hui ʻana i ka ʻaila me ka ea ma mua o ke komo ʻana i loko o nā cylinders, e hana ana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka huila wahie-ea, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia (fog) o nā kulu liʻiliʻi loa o ka ʻaila i ka lewa. Hana ʻia ka ʻaila ma ka distillation o ka ʻaila ʻaila. Hoʻopili ʻia kona ʻano i ka haku mua o ka ʻaila a me nā kūlana hoʻoponopono. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai o ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he wahie, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi (ma lalo o 1%) o nā pūhui kemika i koho ʻia i nā mīkini, i kapa ʻia he antiknock agents (pale i ka detonation, ʻo ia hoʻi, uncontrolled and uneven combustion).
Kelepona Diesel
Hoʻolālā ʻia ka wahie no nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. He hui ia o ka paraffinic, naphthenic a me ka aromatic hydrocarbons i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka ʻaila maʻemaʻe i ka wā o ke kaʻina distillation. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paila Diesel (180-350°C) ma mua o nā distillates. No ka nui o ka sulfur i loko o lākou, pono e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka mālama hydrogen (hydrotreating).
ʻO nā aila Diesel nā huahana i loaʻa mai nā hakina i koe ma hope o ka distillation, akā no kēia mea pono e hoʻokō i nā kaʻina decomposition catalytic (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking). ʻO ka haku mele ʻana a me nā ratio like ʻole o nā hydrocarbons i loko o nā aila diesel e like me ke ʻano o ka ʻaila e hana ʻia a me nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana i hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou hana.
Mahalo i ke ʻano o ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka hui ʻaila-ea i loko o nā ʻenekini - sparkless, akā wela (self-ignition) - ʻaʻohe pilikia o ka detonation combustion. No laila, ʻaʻole kūpono ke kuhikuhi i ka helu octane no nā aila. ʻO ka palena nui no kēia mau wahie ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻā koke iā ia iho i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ke ana ʻo ia ka helu cetane.
ʻaila hinu, ʻaila hinu
ʻO ka wai ʻaila i koe ma hope o ka distillation o ka aila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana lewa ma kahi mahana o 250-350 ° C. Loaʻa iā ia nā hydrocarbons kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe. Ma muli o kona kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ka wahie no nā ʻenekini reciprocating moana haʻahaʻa, nā pahu mokuahi moana a no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā boilers mana, ka wahie no nā paila mahu i loko o kekahi mau locomotives, wahie no nā kapuahi ʻoihana (no ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana o gypsum). ), meaʻai no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻūhā, no ka hana ʻana i nā lubricants wai (lubricating aila) a me nā lubricants paʻa (no ka laʻana, vaseline), a ma ke ʻano he mea hānai ʻai no ka hana ʻana i ka aila a me ka ʻaila.
ʻAilā
ʻO ka hapa wai o ka ʻaila ʻaila, e paila ana ma ka laulā o 170-250°C, he 0,78-0,81 g/cm³ ka mānoanoa. ʻO kahi wai ʻāpala melemele me kahi ʻala ʻano, ʻo ia ka hui ʻana o nā hydrocarbons, nā molekala nona nā 12-15 carbon atoms. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā mea ʻelua (ma lalo o ka inoa "kerosene" a i ʻole "aviation kerosene") ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a no nā kumu hoʻonaninani.
wahie synthetic
He wahie i hoʻohui ʻia i kemika i hiki ke lilo i mea ʻokoʻa i ka ʻaila a i ʻole ka wahie diesel. Ma muli o nā mea maka i hoʻohana ʻia, ʻokoʻa nā ʻenehana aʻe:
- (GTL) - wahie mai ke kinoea maoli;
- (CTL) - mai ke kalapona;
- (BTL) - mai ka biomass.
I kēia manawa, ʻo nā ʻenehana mua ʻelua ka mea i kūkulu ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila hinu synthetic i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa ma ʻApelika Hema. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā wahie synthetic e pili ana i ka biomass aia nō i kahi pae hoʻokolohua, akā hiki ke loaʻa i ka kaulana ma muli o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi no ke kaiapuni (ke neʻe nei nā biofuels i ka hakakā me ka hoʻomehana honua). ʻO ke ʻano nui o ka synthesis i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā wahie synthetic ʻo ka Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
