Nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēia manawa

ʻO nā mea i ʻike a ʻike ʻia e ka ʻepekema he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi wale nō ia o nā mea e ola nei. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i ka "ʻike" maoli. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki i ko mākou mau maka ke ʻike iā lākou, ua hiki i ka ʻepekema ke "ʻike" i nā mea e like me ka ea a me ka oxygen i loko, nā hawewe lekiō, nā kukui ultraviolet, ka pāhawewe infrared a me nā atom.

ʻIke pū mākou ma ke ʻano antimatteri ka wā e launa pū ai me nā mea maʻamau, a ʻo ia ka pilikia paʻakikī, no ka mea, ʻoiai mākou i ʻike iā ia i nā hopena o ka launa pū ʻana, ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa e like me ka vibration, ua paʻakikī ia iā mākou a hiki i 2015.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou "ʻike" i ka gravity, no ka mea, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i kahi mea lawe hoʻokahi o kēia pilina (ʻo ia hoʻi, he ʻāpana hypothetical i kapa ʻia. graviton). Pono e haʻi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi aia kekahi ʻano hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka mōʻaukala o ka gravity a me .

ʻIke mākou i ka hana a ka hope, akā ʻaʻole mākou e nānā pono, ʻaʻole maopopo mākou i ke ʻano o ia mea. Eia nō naʻe, aia kahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēia mau mea "ʻike ʻole". ʻAʻohe kanaka i nīnau i ka gravity. Akā me ka mea ʻeleʻele (1) ʻokoʻa.

Pehea g ikehu poulii ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻeleʻele. Ua kuhi ʻia kona ola ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano o ka Universe holoʻokoʻa. E ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka "ʻike" ma mua o ka mea ʻeleʻele, inā wale nō ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana o kā mākou ʻike maʻamau i ka ikehu ma kona ʻano he mea liʻiliʻi loa i ka naʻau (a me nā mea hana nānā) ma mua o ka mea.

Wahi a nā manaʻo o kēia wā, pono nā mea ʻeleʻele ʻelua i 96% o kāna ʻike.

No laila, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka Universe iā mākou, ʻaʻole e haʻi ʻia i ka wā e pili ana i kona mau palena, ʻike wale mākou i nā mea i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka nānā ʻana o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​mea ʻoiaʻiʻo loa - inā aia lākou ma pau loa.

Ke huki nei kekahi mea iā mākou me ka Galaxy holoʻokoʻa

ʻO ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kekahi mau mea ma ka lewa he mea paʻakikī loa ia, e like me ka neʻe mau ʻana o nā galaxies 100 kokoke i kahi wahi pohihihi o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo ia. Mea Hoohuoi Nui. Aia kēia wahi ma kahi o 220 miliona mau makahiki māmā, a kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema he anomaly gravity. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka Great Attractor ka nui o nā quadrillions o nā lā.

E hoʻomaka kākou me ka hoʻonui ʻana. Ua hana ʻia kēia mai ka Big Bang, a ʻo ka wikiwiki o kēia kaʻina hana i manaʻo ʻia ma 2,2 miliona km i kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o kā mākou galaxy a me kāna ʻano Andromeda galaxy e neʻe pū i kēia wikiwiki, ʻeā? ʻaʻole naʻe.

I ka makahiki 70 ua hana mākou i nā palapala ʻāina kikoʻī o waho. Ke kāʻei nalu microwave (CMB) Universe a ua ʻike mākou ua ʻoi aku ka mahana o kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka Milky Way ma mua o kekahi. Ua emi ka ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hapahaneri o ke degere Celsius, akā ua lawa ia no mākou e hoʻomaopopo ai ke neʻe nei mākou ma ka wikiwiki o 600 km i kēlā me kēia kekona i ka constellation Centaurus.

I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai ua ʻike mākou ʻaʻole ʻo mākou wale nō, akā ʻo nā mea a pau i loko o hoʻokahi haneli miliona mau makahiki māmā o mākou e neʻe nei i ka ʻaoʻao like. Hoʻokahi wale nō mea hiki ke pale aku i ka hoʻonui ʻana ma luna o ia mau mamao ākea, ʻo ia ka gravity.

ʻO Andromeda, no ka laʻana, pono e neʻe aku mai iā mākou, akā i loko o 4 billion mau makahiki e pono ai mākou e ... e hui pū me ia. Hiki i ka nuipa kūpono ke pale i ka hoʻonui. I ka wā mua, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo kēia wikiwiki no ko mākou wahi ma waho o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Local Supercluster.

No ke aha he mea paʻakikī loa iā mākou ke ʻike i kēia mea hoʻokalakupua nui? ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo kā mākou galaxy ponoʻī ke kāohi nei i kā mākou ʻike. ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ma kahi o 20% o ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma o ke kāʻei Milky Way. Ua hele pololei ʻo ia i kahi o ka Mea Nui Nui. Hiki ke komo i kēia pale me ka X-ray a me ka nānā ʻana i ka infrared, akā ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi maopopo.

ʻOiai kēia mau pilikia, ua hoʻoholo ʻia aia ma kahi ʻāpana o ka Great Attractor, ma kahi mamao o 150 miliona mau makahiki māmā, aia kahi galactic. Hui Norma. Ma hope o ia mea he supercluster ʻoi aku ka nui, 650 miliona mau makahiki māmā ka mamao, nona ka nui o 10 miliona mau makahiki māmā. nā galaxies, kekahi o nā mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia e mākou ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

No laila, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ka Great Attractor kikowaena umekaumaha nui nā pūʻulu nui o nā galaxies, me kā mākou - ma kahi o 100 mau mea i ka huina, e like me ka Milky Way. Aia kekahi mau manaʻo he hōʻiliʻili nui ia o ka ikehu ʻeleʻele a i ʻole kahi ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe me ka huki umekaumaha nui.

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe noiʻi he hōʻike mua wale nō kēia o ka hope ... hopena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ke kaumaha nui ka manaʻo o ka mānoanoa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i loko o kekahi mau trillion mau makahiki, i ka wā e lohi ai ka hoʻonui a hoʻomaka e hoʻohuli. I ka wā lōʻihi, e alakaʻi kēia i kahi supermassive e ʻai i nā mea āpau, me ia iho.

Eia naʻe, e like me ka ʻike ʻana o ka poʻe ʻepekema, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e lanakila ai ka ikaika o ka Great Attractor. ʻO kā mākou wikiwiki e hele ai he hoʻokahi hapalima wale nō ka wikiwiki e hoʻonui ai nā mea a pau. ʻO ka hale nui kūloko o Laniakea (2), kahi o mākou i ʻāpana, e hoʻopau ʻia i kekahi lā, e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.

ʻO ka lima o ka ikaika o ke ʻano

ʻO kekahi mea ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike, akā ua manaʻo nui ʻia kona ola ʻana, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hahau ʻelima.

ʻO ka ʻike, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka pāpaho, pili i ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana hou hypothetical me kahi inoa hoihoi. X17hiki ke kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka mea pohihihi o ka mea ʻeleʻele a me ka ikehu ʻeleʻele.

ʻEhā mau pilina i ʻike ʻia: gravity, electromagnetism, ikaika a nāwaliwali nā pilina atomika. ʻO nā hopena o nā mana ʻehā i ʻike ʻia ma ka mea, mai ka micro-aupuni o nā ʻātoma a hiki i ka nui nui o nā galaxies, ua kākau maikaʻi ʻia a ma ka hapa nui o nā hihia hiki ke wehewehe. Eia nō naʻe, ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe aia ma kahi o 96% o ka nui o ko kākou Universe he mau mea pohihihi a wehewehe ʻole ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mea ʻeleʻele a me ka ikehu ʻeleʻele, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka manawa lōʻihi o ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole i hōʻike kēia mau pūʻali ʻehā i nā mea āpau i loko. ka lani. hoʻomau.

ʻO kahi hoʻāʻo e wehewehe i kahi ikaika hou, ʻo ka mea kākau he hui alakaʻi ʻia e ʻO Attila Krasnagorskaya (3), ʻo ka physics ma ka Institute for Nuclear Research (ATOMKI) o ka Hungarian Academy of Sciences, a mākou i lohe ai e pili ana i ka hāʻule hope, ʻaʻole ia ka hōʻailona mua o ke ola ʻana o nā pilina pohihihi.

Ua kākau mua nā ʻepekema like e pili ana i ka "lima ʻelima" i ka makahiki 2016, ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻana i kahi hoʻokolohua e hoʻohuli i nā protons i isotopes, nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kemika. Ua nānā ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā protons i kahi isotope i kapa ʻia ʻo lithium-7 i kahi ʻano paʻa ʻole o ka atom i kapa ʻia he beryllium-8.

3. Prof. Attila Krasznahorkai ('ākau)

I ka palaho ʻana o ka beryllium-8, ua hana ʻo ia i ʻelua o nā electrons a me nā positrons e hoʻokuke ana kekahi i kekahi, e lele ana nā ʻāpana i kahi kihi. Manaʻo ka hui e ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka ikehu māmā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina palaho a me nā kihi e lele kaʻawale ai nā ʻāpana. Akā, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā ​​electrons a me nā positrons i nā degere 140 kokoke i ʻehiku manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona i wānana-he hopena i manaʻo ʻole ʻia.

"Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ko mākou ʻike āpau o ka honua ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Model Standard of particle physics," kākau ʻo Krasnagorkai. "Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi i nā ʻāpana i ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o ka electron a ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka muon, ʻo ia ka 207 manawa ʻoi aku ka kaumaha ma mua o ka electron. Inā ʻike mākou i kahi ʻāpana hou i ka puka aniani ma luna, e hōʻike ana ia i kahi ikaika hou ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka Model Model. "

Ua kapa ʻia ka mea pohihihi X17 ma muli o ka nui o kona nui he 17 megaelectronvolts (MeV), ʻo ia paha he 34 mau manawa o ka electron. Ua ʻike nā mea noiʻi i ka palaho o ka tritium i loko o ka helium-4 a ʻike hou i kahi hoʻokuʻu diagonal ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻāpana me ka nui o 17 MeV.

"Hoʻopili ka photon i ka ikaika electromagnetic, hoʻopili ka gluon i ka ikaika ikaika, a ʻo ka W a me Z boson e hoʻopili i ka ikaika nāwaliwali," wehewehe ʻo Krasznahorkai.

"Pono kā mākou ʻāpana X17 e hoʻopili i kahi pilina hou, ʻo ka lima. ʻO ka hopena hou e hōʻemi i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokolohua mua he mea coincidence wale nō a i ʻole nā ​​​​hopena i hana hewa ʻōnaehana."

Mea ʻeleʻele ma lalo o ka wāwae

Mai ka Universe nui, mai ka ʻāina ʻohu o nā mea pohihihi a me nā mea pohihihi o ka physics nui, e hoʻi kākou i ka Honua. Ke alo nei mākou i kahi pilikia kamahaʻo ma ʻaneʻi... ʻo ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hōʻike pololei ʻana i nā mea āpau i loko (4).

He mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua kākau mākou ma MT e pili ana mea pohihihi o ke kumu honuaaia kekahi paradox e pili ana i kāna hana ʻana a ʻaʻole maopopo i ke ʻano o kona ʻano a me kona ʻano. Loaʻa iā mākou nā ala e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me nā nalu seismic, ua hoʻokō ʻia hoʻi e hoʻomohala i kahi kumu hoʻohālike o ka ʻōnaehana kūloko o ka Honua, nona ka ʻaelike ʻepekema.

nae Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hōkū mamao a me nā galaxies, no ka laʻana, ʻilihune ko mākou ʻike i ka mea e waiho ana ma lalo o ko mākou mau wāwae. ʻIke wale mākou i nā mea lewa, ʻoiai nā mea mamao loa. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻōlelo like ʻia no ke kumu, nā ʻāpana mantle, a i ʻole nā ​​papa hohonu o ka ʻōpala o ka honua..

Loaʻa ka noiʻi pololei loa. Hōʻike nā awāwa mauna i nā pōhaku a hiki i kekahi mau kilomita ka hohonu. ʻO nā pūnāwai ʻimi hohonu loa a hiki i ka hohonu o 12 km wale nō.

Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻike e pili ana i nā pōhaku a me nā minela e kūkulu i nā mea hohonu e nā xenoliths, i.e. nā ʻāpana pōhaku i haehae ʻia a lawe ʻia mai ka ʻōpū o ka Honua ma muli o nā hana lua pele. Ma muli o lākou, hiki i nā petrologists ke hoʻoholo i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā minerala i kahi hohonu o nā haneli mau kilomita.

ʻO ka radius o ka Honua he 6371 km, ka mea i lilo i ala paʻakikī no kā mākou "penetrators". Ma muli o ke kaomi nui a me nā mahana e hiki aku ana ma kahi o 5 degere Celsius, he paʻakikī ke manaʻo e hiki ke loaʻa ka hohonu loa i ka nānā pololei ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

No laila pehea mākou i aʻo ai i kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka loko o ka Honua? Hāʻawi ʻia ia ʻike e nā nalu seismic i hana ʻia e nā ōlaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi. nā nalu elastic e hoʻolaha ana ma kahi ʻano elastic.

Loaʻa iā lākou ko lākou inoa no ka mea i hana ʻia e nā hopena. Hiki i ʻelua ʻano o nā hawewe elastic (seismic) ke hoʻolaha ma kahi ʻano elastic (pōhaku): ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki - longitudinal a me ka lohi - transverse. ʻO ka mua, ʻo ia nā haʻalulu o ka ʻauwaena e kū ana ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu, ʻoiai ma nā haʻalulu transverse o ka ʻupena e kū pololei ana i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka nalu.

Hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia nā nalu longitudinal (Latin primae), a ua kākau ʻia nā nalu kuʻekuʻe i ka lua (Latin secundae), no laila kā lākou hōʻailona kuʻuna i ka seismology - nā nalu longitudinal p a me nā nalu transverse s. He 1,73 manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā hawewe P ma mua o nā hawewe s.

ʻO ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia e nā hawewe seismic e hiki ai i kekahi ke kūkulu i ke kumu hoʻohālike o loko o ka Honua ma muli o nā waiwai elastic. Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai kino ʻē aʻe ma muli o kahua umekaumaha (density, pressure), nānā nā au magnetotelluric hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻaʻahu o ka Honua (ka hoʻoili uila uila) a i ʻole decomposition o ke kahe wela o ka Honua.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka petological ma muli o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua o nā waiwai o nā minerala a me nā pōhaku ma lalo o nā kūlana o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahana.

Puhi ka honua i ka wela, ʻaʻole maopopo kahi i hele mai ai. I kēia mau lā, ua puka mai kahi manaʻo hou e pili ana i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa paʻakikī loa. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka mea pohihihi o ka wela mai loko mai o ko kākou honua hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia e ke ʻano. neutrino - nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa - i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā kaʻina radioactive i hana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka Honua.

ʻO nā kumu nui i ʻike ʻia o ka radioactivity ʻo ka thorium paʻa ʻole a me ka potassium - e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai mai nā pōhaku pōhaku a hiki i 200 km ma lalo o ka honua. ʻAʻole ʻike hou ʻia ka mea moe hohonu.

Ua ʻike mākou geoneutrino ʻOi aku ka ikaika o ka poʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā palaho o ka uranium ma mua o ka poʻe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka wā palaho o ka potassium. No laila, ma ke ana ʻana i ka ikehu o nā geoneutrinos, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano o nā mea radioactive i loaʻa mai lākou.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, paʻakikī loa ka ʻike ʻana i nā geoneutrinos. No laila, ʻo kā lākou ʻike mua ʻana i ka makahiki 2003 e koi ana i kahi mea ʻike lalo honua i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka approx. tona o ka wai. Ana kēia mau mea ʻike i nā neutrino ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka hui ʻana me nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi wai.

Mai ia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia nā geoneutrinos i hoʻokahi hoʻokolohua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana like (5). Hōʻike nā ana ʻelua i kēlā Ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka wela o ka Honua mai ka radioactivity (20 terawatts) hiki ke pili i ka pala o ka uranium a me ka thorium. ʻO ke kumu o ke koena 50% ... ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia he aha.

5. Palapala palapala hoʻohālike o ka ikaika o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o geoneutrino ma ka Honua - nā wānana

I Iulai 2017, hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hale, ʻike ʻia hoʻi DUNEhoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana ma kahi o 2024. Aia ka hale ma kahi o 1,5 km ma lalo o ka Homestack, South Dakota.

Hoʻolālā ka poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻohana i ka DUNE e pane i nā nīnau koʻikoʻi i ka physics hou ma o ke aʻo pono ʻana i nā neutrino, kekahi o nā mea liʻiliʻi i hoʻomaopopo ʻole ʻia.

I ʻAukake 2017, ua paʻi kahi hui ʻepekema honua i kahi pepa i loko o ka puke pai Physical Review D i manaʻo i kahi hoʻohana hou ʻana o DUNE ma ke ʻano he scanner e aʻo ai i ka loko o ka Honua. Ma waho aʻe o nā nalu seismic a me nā pūnāwai, e hoʻohui ʻia kahi ala hou no ke aʻo ʻana i ka loko o ka honua, e hōʻike ana paha iā mākou i kahi kiʻi hou loa o ia mea. Eia naʻe, he manaʻo wale nō kēia i kēia manawa.

Mai ka mea pōʻeleʻele cosmic ua hiki mākou i loko o ko mākou honua, ʻaʻole i emi iki ka pōʻeleʻele no mākou. a ʻo ka opacity o kēia mau mea he mea hoʻohilahila, ʻaʻole naʻe e like me ka hopohopo ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā mea āpau e pili kokoke ana i ka Honua, ʻoi aku hoʻi nā mea e pili ana me ia.

Eia nō naʻe, he kumuhana ʻokoʻa kēia, a mākou i kamaʻilio pū ai me MT. ʻO kā mākou makemake e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano hana nānā ʻana ua kūpono piha i nā ʻano āpau.