Nā Mea Hana Nui - Māhele 1

ʻO kekahi poʻe mea hana akamai, a ʻo kekahi poʻe he poʻe hana akamai. Ua hoʻolālā lākou i nā kaʻa holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole kā lākou mau mea kī. Hoʻokahi ala a i ʻole, hoʻokani nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā ʻenekinia i kekahi o nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana kaʻa. Hōʻike mākou i nā moʻolelo o nā mea kaulana loa o lākou.

ʻo ia ka nani loa, kaʻa mua loa e hāʻule inā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka mīkini. Ke kūʻai nei mākou i kaʻa, hoʻolohe mua mākou i kāna hoʻolālā, akā hoʻoholo mākou i ka hoʻoholo hope ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo hoʻāʻo, ke loiloi mākou i ke ʻano o ka holo ʻana. pehea ka hana o ka enekini, Hoʻokuʻu ʻia, uila uila,. A ʻoiai he mea koʻikoʻi loa ka hana a nā stylist i ka hana ʻana i ke kaʻa, me ka ʻole o ka hana a nā ʻenekinia kuleana no ka mechanics a no ka papahana holoʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kaʻa.

, nā mea hoʻolālā a me nā ʻenekinia. Nā inoa like Benz, Maybach, Renault ai ole ia, Porsche ʻike ʻia lākou e nā poʻe hoʻomaka kaʻa. ʻO lākou nā paionia i hoʻomaka ia mau mea a pau. Akā, e hoʻomanaʻo kākou e hūnā pinepine nā ʻenekinia like ʻole i loko o ka malu o kēia mau mea kaulana loa. ina paha Nā kaʻa Alfa Romeo he mea hōʻailona ke ʻole nā ʻenekini i kūkulu ʻia e Giuseppe BussoHiki paha ke noʻonoʻo i kahi Mercedes haʻuki me ka ʻole ʻO Rudolf Uhlenhout, e haʻalele i nā mea i hoʻokō ʻia e ka poʻe Pelekane kaulana "nā hale kaʻa" a i ʻole ka mea i hana ʻia e Bela Barenya? ʻAʻole naʻe.

ʻEnekini hoʻāla ʻia ʻo Nicolas Otto 1876

ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni a me ke kiʻekiʻe compression diesel

Ua lilo ke kaʻa i kaʻa i ka wā i wehe ʻia ai nā kaʻa huki lio a pani ʻia. mīkini hoʻowalewala (ʻoiai e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ʻo nā paionia o ka ʻoihana kaʻa i hoʻāʻo pū i ke kinoea a me ka uila). ʻO kahi holomua i ka hana ʻana o ia mau mīkini ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi mea akamai i aʻo ponoʻī Nicholas Otto (1832-1891), nāna i 1876 me ke kōkua o Evgenia Langena, kukuluia mua ʻehā-stroke ʻenekini hoʻopau i lokoʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hana (ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Otto cycle), ka mea i loko o ka suction o ka wahie a me ka ea, ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka hui ʻana, ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻāla ʻana a me ka pōʻai hana, a, ʻo ka hope, ka wehe ʻana i nā kinoea hoʻopau. , hoʻohana mau ʻia a hoʻohana nui ʻia.

Patent ʻenekini Diesel

I ka makahiki 1892, kekahi mea hoʻolālā Kelemania, ʻO Rudolph Diesel (1858-1913), hōʻike i ka honua i kahi hopena ʻē aʻe - hoʻolālā ʻenekini diesel hoʻohuʻu wale. Ua hoʻokumu nui ʻia kēia ma ka mea i hana ʻia e ka mea hoʻolālā Polani ʻO Jan Nadrovskyʻaʻole naʻe i hiki ke hoʻopaʻa inoa i kāna patent no ka nele i ke kālā. Ua hana ʻo Diesel pēlā ma Pepeluali 28, 1893, a ʻehā makahiki ma hope mai. ʻenekini diesel hana mua loa ua mākaukau ʻo ia. I ka wā mua, ma muli o kona nui, ʻaʻole kūpono ia kaʻa, akā i ka makahiki 1936 ua loaʻa ʻo ia iā ia iho ma lalo o nā hood o nā kaʻa Mercedes, a ma hope o nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole i hauʻoli ʻo Diesel i kona kaulana no ka lōʻihi loa, ʻoiai i ka makahiki 1913 ua make ʻo ia ma lalo o nā kūlana pohihihi i ka wā o kahi ala moana ma ka English Channel.

paionia

Patent no ke kaʻa mua o ka honua

Ma Iulai 3, 1886, ma ka Ringstrasse ma Mannheim, Kelemānia (1844-1929), ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka lehulehu i kahi mea kupaianaha. kaʻa huila ʻekolu me ka ʻenekini puhi ahi i loko me ka nui o 954 cm3 a me ka mana o 0,9 hp. ʻO ka Patent-Motorvagen No. 1 ka uila uila, a ua lawe ʻia ka mana e kahi lever nāna i hoʻohuli i ka huila mua. Ua kau ʻia ka noho o ka mea hoʻokele a me ka mea kaʻa ma luna o ke ʻano o nā paipu kila piʻo, a ua pulu nā puʻu o ke alanui e nā pūnāwai a me nā puna lau i waiho ʻia ma lalo. Ua hana ʻo Benz i ke kaʻa mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala, me ke kālā mai ka dowry o kana wahine Berta, ka mea, e makemake ana e hōʻoia i ka hana ana o kana kane i hiki a ua lanakila, ma 1888 wiwo ole lanakila me ke kolu o ka mana. Patent-Motorvagen 106 km ala mai Mannheim a Pforzheim.

ʻO Carl lāua ʻo Bertha Benz me Benz-Victoria, hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1894

ʻO ka mea a Benz i ʻike ʻole ai, i ka manawa like, 100 km mamao, kokoke i Stuttgart, ua hana ʻelua mau mea hoʻolālā akamai i kahi kaʻa ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke kaʻa mua. ʻO Wilhelm Maybach (1846-1929) i ʻO Gottlieb Daimler (1834-1900).

Maybach he wā kamaliʻi paʻakikī kona (ua nalowale kona mau mākua i ka makahiki 10), akā ua laki ʻo ia me ka poʻe āna i hālāwai ai ma ke ala. ʻO ka mea mua ke alakaʻi o ke kula kūloko, nāna i ʻike i ko Maybach mau mana loea a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi haʻawina. ʻO ka lua ʻO Gottlieb Daimler, ke keiki a ka mea kahu palaoa mai Schorndorf, ka mea, mahalo i kona mau akamai loea e like me Maybach, ua hana wikiwiki ʻo ia i ka ʻoihana ʻenekinia. Ua hui mua nā mea hoʻolālā ʻelua i ka makahiki 1865 i ka wā i hoʻolimalima ai ʻo Daimler, ka mea nāna i hoʻokele i ka hale hana mīkini ma Reutilingen, i ka ʻōpio Maybach. Mai ia manawa a hiki i ka make ʻole ʻana o Daimler i ka makahiki 1900, ua hana mau lāua. Ua hoʻolimalima iā Nikolaus Otto i ka hui, ua hoʻopau lākou ʻEnekini ʻenekinia laila hana i kā lākou hale hana ponoʻī me ka manaʻo e hana liʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe gasoline engineana e pani ai nā mīkini kinoea. Ua holomua ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻo nā ʻanuʻu e hiki mai ana ke kūkulu ʻana i kekahi o nā kaʻa kaʻa mua ma ka honua (1885) a me ke kaʻa (1886). Kauoha mai la na keonimana i kaa, a ua hoohui lakou ʻenekini homemade. Penei i hana ʻia ai kaʻa ʻehā huila diesel mua. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua kūkulu lākou i kahi kaʻa ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻenehana.

ʻO ke kaʻa mua mai Daimler a me Maybach

Ua haku ʻo Maybach ʻūhā carburetor, ʻōnaehana kāʻei kāʻei a ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu ʻenekini hou. Poalua 1890 ʻO Daimler ua hoʻololi i ka hui i Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG). No ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻokūkū ʻo ia me ka hui Benz, a ma hope o nā kūleʻa mua, ua hahai i ka hahau a i ka makahiki 1894 i hoʻomohala i ka kaʻa i hana nui ʻia - Kauā mai 1894 (1200 kūʻai ʻia), kahi pahu pahu (1896), a ma 1909 kahi kaʻa haʻuki kūʻokoʻa - uila (Blyskawitz) me ka mīkini 200 hp. me ka nui o 21,5 lita, e wikiwiki ana i kahi kokoke i 227 km / h! I ka makahiki 1926, hui pū kāna hui ʻo Benz & Cie me DMG. Ua hana ʻia nā hale hana o Daimler-Benz AG, kaulana loa no nā kaʻa Mercedes. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻomaha ʻo Benz, ua make ʻo Daimler, a ua hoʻomaka ʻo Maybach i kāna hui kaʻa ponoʻī. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i ka hope kāna kaʻa ponoʻī, a ua makemake ʻo ia e hele wāwae a ma ka tram paha.

Nā kaʻa hou he mau mea hou lakou i loaa koke ai ka kaulana a puni ka honua. Ma ka Seine, ʻo nā mea hoʻomohala nui loa a me nā mea hou i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o nā papa hana o Panhard & Levassor, ka hui mua o ka honua i hoʻokumu wale ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa. Aia ka inoa mai ka inoa o nā mea hoʻokumu - Rene Panhard i Emil Levassoranāna i hoʻomaka i kā lākou ʻoihana kaʻa i ka makahiki 1887 ma ka hana ʻana i kaʻa (ʻoi aku ka pololei, he kaʻa) i hoʻohana ʻia e ka laikini Daimler.

ʻO ka nui o nā mea hana i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻa o kēia wā hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā kāne ʻelua. Aia i loko o kā lākou mau kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia kahi crankshaft e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻenekini i ka hoʻoili; pedal paʻa, lever hoʻololi ma waena o nā noho, radiator mua. Akā ʻo ka mea nui o nā mea a pau, ua hana lākou i ka hoʻolālā i mana ma hope o nā makahiki he nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, he kaʻa ʻehā huila mua e hoʻokele ana i nā huila hope ma o ke kaʻaahi hana lima i kapa ʻia. Pūnaehana Panara.

ʻO nā ʻenekini Panhard a me Levassor, i kūkulu ʻia ma lalo o ka laikini mai Daimler, ua kūʻai ʻia e kekahi ʻenekini Farani mākaukau. Arman Peugeot a i ka makahiki 1891, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻokomo iā lākou ma luna o nā kaʻa o kāna hana ponoʻī, i hoʻokumu i ka hui Peugeot. I ka makahiki 1898 ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i kāna kaʻa mua. Louis Reno. I kēia kanaka akamai i aʻo ponoʻī iā ia iho, i hana mua ʻia ma kahi hale hana liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi hale hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka māla o kona home ʻohana ma Billancourt, ʻaiʻē mākou, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, he ʻekolu-wikiwiki sliding gear transmission a Paukū kaʻanāna e hoʻoili i ka mana mai ka ʻenekini mua a i nā huila hope.

Ma hope o ka holomua i ka hana ʻana i ke kaʻa mua i kapa ʻia Kaʻa, Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Louis i ka hui Renault Freres (Renault Brothers) ma Malaki 30, 1899, me kona mau kaikunāne ʻo Marcel lāua ʻo Fernand. ʻO kā lākou hana hui, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kaʻa mua me kahi kino paʻa wawahi pahu. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua kūkulu ʻo Louis i kekahi o nā mea mua loa lawaiʻa - kaulana kumu hoʻohālike FT17.

Ma ʻAmelika pū kekahi, ua hoʻāʻo kekahi mau ʻenekini a me nā mea hoʻolālā i aʻo ponoʻī e kūkulu i kā lākou mau kaʻa ponoʻī, akā i kēia wā paionia, ua hoʻohana ka hapa nui o lākou i nā mea ʻenehana i kā lākou mau kaʻa, e like me ka hoʻokele huila ma mua o ka ʻai. . , "H" kaʻa kaʻa, accelerator a i ʻole ka ʻenekini 12-cylinder mua i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa kaʻa (Twin Six mai 1916).

Nā Hana Hana heihei

ʻOiai he mea koʻikoʻi loa nā hoʻokō o nā ʻenekini e like me Benz, Levassor, Renault a me Peugeot i ke kahua o nā kaʻa haʻuki, ʻo ia wale nō. ʻO Ettore Bugatti (1881-1947), he Italia i hānau ʻia ma Milan akā e hana ana ma ka ʻōlelo Kelemānia a laila ʻo French Alsace, hoʻokiʻekiʻe iā lākou i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hana mechanical a stylistic. E like me nā kaʻa maikaʻino ka mea, ʻo nā kaʻa heihei a me nā limousine ka mea kūikawā o ka Bugatti de la maison. Aia i ka makahiki 16 ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia ʻelua mau kaʻa i loko o kahi kaʻa kaʻa a ua komo ʻo ia i nā heihei kaʻa he 10, a he ʻewalu kāna i lanakila ai. Nā Hana Nui a Bugatti Type 35 Models, ʻAno 41 Piano i ʻAno 57SC Atlantika. ʻO ka mua kekahi o nā kaʻa heihei kaulana loa i ka mōʻaukala, i ka hapa lua o nā makahiki 20 ua lanakila kēia kaʻa nani nani ma mua o 1000 mau heihei. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ʻehiku kope, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kumukūʻai ʻo 41 Royale ma mua o ke kaʻa nui loa i kēlā manawa. ʻO Rolls-Royce... Ma kela aoao ʻAkelanika ʻo ia kekahi o nā kaʻa nani a paʻakikī i ka mōʻaukala automotive.

Ua lanakila ʻo Bugatti, me Alfa Romeo, i ka hui ʻana a me ka heihei no ka manawa lōʻihi. I ka makahiki 30, ua hui pū ʻia lākou e nā pūʻali ulu o Auto Union a me Mercedes. ʻO ka hope, mahalo i ka "Silver Arrow" mua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻano W25. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ua hoʻomaka kēia mea hoʻokele e nalowale i kona ʻoi ma mua o nā mea hoʻokūkū. A laila ua komo ke po'o hou o ka 'Oihana heihei 'o Mercedes. ʻO Rudolf Uhlenhout (1906-1989), kekahi o nā mea hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi o ka heihei a me nā kaʻa haʻuki i ka mōʻaukala automotive. I loko o hoʻokahi makahiki, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i ka Silver Arrow hou (W125), a laila, me ka hoʻololi hou ʻana i nā lula e kaupalena ana i ka mana mīkini, ʻo ka W154. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike mua he engine 5663-lita ma lalo o ka puʻupuʻu, e hoʻomohala ana i 592 km / h, wikiwiki i 320 km / h a noho mau ka ikaika loa. e ke kaʻa Grand Prix i ka makahiki 80!

Ma hope o nā makahiki o ka haunaele pūʻali koa, ua hoʻi hou ʻo Mercedes i ka motorsport mahalo i ka Uhlenhaut, kahi hana nui āna i hana ai ma nā studs ʻehā, ʻo ia hoʻi. kaʻa W196. Kākoʻo ʻia me nā hana ʻenehana he nui (me ka magnesium alloy body, ka hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa, 8 puʻupuʻu, in-line engine me ka hoʻokele pololei, desmodromic manawa, i.e. kahi i hoʻomalu ʻia ai ka wehe ʻana a me ka pani ʻana o nā pahu e nā camshaft cams) ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makahiki 1954-55.

Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka ʻōlelo hope a ka mea hoʻolālā akamai. Ke nīnau mākou i ke kaʻa mai Stuttgart ka mea kaulana loa, he nui ka poʻe e ʻōlelo: ʻo ka 300 SL Gullwing o 1954, a i ʻole ka 300 SLR, ka mea. ʻO Moss Sterling Ua kapa ʻo ia ʻo "ka kaʻa heihei nui loa i kūkulu ʻia". Hana ʻia nā kaʻa ʻelua Ulenhauta.

Pono e māmā loa ka "'ēheu gull", no laila ua hana ʻia ke ʻano o ka hull me nā paipu kila. No ka mea ua kāʻei lākou i ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hopena wale nō ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa mua loa. puka hiliʻO I. Uhlenhaut he kālena heihei nui, akā ʻaʻole i ʻae nā luna iā ia e komo i nā hoʻokūkū, no ka mea, he pilikia loa ia no ka hopohopo - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia. ʻIke ʻia naʻe, i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, i kekahi manawa "huki" ʻo ia i nā manawa maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ka moʻolelo Manuel Fangioa i hoʻokahi manawa, lohi ʻo ia no kahi hālāwai nui, ua hoʻokele ʻo ia i ka 300-horsepower kaulana "Uhlenhaut Coupé" (ʻano alanui o ka SLR) mai Munich a Stuttgart i hoʻokahi hola wale nō, ʻo ia hoʻi i kēia lā maʻamau ʻelua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. .

Ua lanakila ʻo Manuel Fangio i ka 1955 Argentine Grand Prix ma kahi Mercedes W196R.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi

Ma 1999, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi jure o 33 mau mea nūpepa automotive i ke poʻo inoa o "XNUMXth Century Automotive Engineer". Ferdinand Porsche (1875-1951). Hiki i kekahi, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana inā pono kēia mea hoʻolālā Kelemania i ka wahi kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka podium, akā ʻo kāna hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana automotive he mea kānalua nui, e like me ka ʻike ʻia e ka ʻikepili maloʻo - ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia ma luna o 300 mau kaʻa like ʻole a loaʻa ma kahi o 1000. nā patent kaʻa. Hoʻopili mākou i ka inoa Porsche ma mua hōʻailona kaʻa haʻuki a me 911, akā, ua hoʻokumu ka mea hoʻolālā kaulana i nā kumu no ka holomua o ka mākeke o kēia hui, no ka mea, ʻo ia ka hana a kāna keiki Ferry.

ʻO Porsche hoʻi ka makua kāne o ka holomua ʻO Volkswagen Beetleāna i hoʻolālā ai i ka makahiki 30 ma ke noi pilikino a Hitler. He mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kekahi mea hoʻolālā nui ma nā ʻano he nui. Hansa Ledwinkihoomakaukauia no ka Czech Tatra. ʻO kona ʻano i ka wā o ke kaua, he mea kānalua nō hoʻi ia, ʻoiai ʻo ia i hāʻawi manawaleʻa e hana pū me nā Nazis a hoʻohana i ka hana kauā ma ke ʻano he poʻe paʻahana ma nā hale hana āna i holo ai.

Eia nō naʻe, he nui nā hoʻolālā "maʻemaʻe" a me nā mea hana ʻo Porsche. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolālā kaʻa e hana ana no Lohner & Co. ma Vienna. ʻO kāna mau hana mua kaʻa uila prototypes - ʻo ka mua o kēia mau mea, ʻike ʻia ʻo Semper Vivus, i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka makahiki 1900, he hybrid hou - i kau ʻia i loko o nā hubs, me kahi ʻenekini ʻaila e hana ana ma ke ʻano he mana. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ia ke kaʻa kaʻa ʻehā ʻo Lohner-Porsche - ka kaʻa holo huila mua loa o ka honua.

Ma 1906, hui pū ʻo Porsche iā Austro-Daimler ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ka ʻoihana hoʻolālā, kahi āna i hana ai i nā kaʻa heihei. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kona mana piha wale nō ma Daimler-Benz, kahi i hana ai ʻo ia i kekahi o nā kaʻa haʻuki maikaʻi loa ma mua o ke kaua - ʻO Mercedes SSK, a me ka hui pū ʻana me Auto Union - ma 1932 i kūkulu ʻia no lākou i kahi mea hou kaʻa heihei P-Wagen, me ka enekini ma hope o ke kalaiwa. I ka makahiki 1931, ua wehe ka mea hoʻolālā i kahi hui i pūlima me kona inoa ponoʻī. ʻElua makahiki ma hope mai, no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka makemake o Hitler, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i kahi "kaʻa no nā kānaka" (Volkswagen ma German).

ʻO Ferdinand Porsche, kekahi mea hoʻolālā hānau ʻo Austro-Hungarian, e alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana i ia kaʻa. I loko o nā waihona o Mercedes, nā kiʻi a me nā kiʻi o kahi kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma ke ʻano tubular a me ka pahu pahulike loa me ka hope ʻUkena. He Hungarian ko lākou mea kākau, White Bareny (1907-1997), a pena ʻo ia iā lākou i nā makahiki 20 i kāna mau haʻawina, ʻelima mau makahiki ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Porsche e hana i kahi papahana like.

Kūkākūkā ʻo Bela Barenyi me kāna mau hoa hana i ka hoʻāʻo kūleʻa ʻo Mercedes

Hoʻopili ʻo Barenyi i kāna ʻoihana ʻoihana me Mercedes, akā loaʻa iā ia ka ʻike ma nā hui Austrian Austro-Daimler, Steyr a me Adler. Ua hōʻole ʻia kāna noi hana mua e Daimler. I ka makahiki 1939, ua puka ʻo ia no ka nīnauele ʻelua, a i ka manawa i nīnau aku ai ka lālā o ka hui ʻo Wilhelm Haspel iā ia i kāna makemake e ʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka laina kaʻa Mercedes-Benz i kēlā manawa. "ʻOiaʻiʻo… nā mea āpau," i pane aku ai ʻo Barenyi me ka kānalua ʻole, a hoʻokahi mahina ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II, ua lawe ʻo ia i ke keʻena palekana hou o ka hui.

Barenyi ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokiʻekiʻe i kona hiki, no ka mea, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea hana akamai a akamai i ka mōʻaukala. Ua kākau inoa ʻo ia ma mua o 2,5 tausani. patents (ma ka ʻōlelo maoli, he ʻuʻuku iki o lākou, no ka mea, i kekahi mau manawa, ʻo ia ka papahana like i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma nā ʻāina like ʻole), ʻelua ka nui o ka nui. ʻO Thomas Edison. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou i kūkulu ʻia no Mercedes a me ka palekana. ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui a Barenyi keʻena kaʻahele kūʻē deformation i nā ʻāpana deformation i hoʻomalu ʻia (patent 1952, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka W111 ma 1959) a palekana destructible hoʻokele kolamu (patent 1963, i hōʻike ʻia ma 1976 no ka moʻo W123). ʻO ia hoʻi ka mea mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. Ua kōkua ʻo ia i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana disc a me nā ʻōnaehana brake pālua. Me ka kānalua ʻole, ua hoʻopakele kāna mau mea hana (a ke mālama nei) i ke ola o nā miliona o nā kānaka.

Ke ho'āʻo nei i ka ʻāpana paʻi mua

ʻO ke keʻena kaʻahele kūʻē deformation

ʻO ka Farani like me Ferdinand Porsche Andre Lefebvre (1894-1964), ʻaʻole kānalua kekahi o nā mea hoʻolālā akamai loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻO Citroen Traction Avant, 2CV, DS, HY ʻO kēia nā kaʻa i kūkulu i ka inoa o ka mea hana Farani a me kekahi o nā kaʻa koʻikoʻi a hoihoi i hana ʻia. ʻO ia ke kuleana o kā lākou kūkulu ʻana. Lefebvre, me ke kākoʻo o kekahi ʻenekinia maikaʻi loa Paula Magesa a me ka stylist koʻikoʻi Flaminio Bertonego.

ʻO kēlā me kēia o kēia mau kaʻa he poʻokela a me nā mea hou. Kahakaha Avant (1934) - ka serial mua kaʻa huila mua, loaʻa iā ia kahi kino kīkoʻo hoʻokahi, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka huila kūʻokoʻa (i hoʻolālā ʻia e Ferdinand Porsche) a nā pahu hydraulic. 2CV (1949), maʻalahi loa i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, akā maʻalahi loa, i hoʻokele ʻia ma Farani, a ua lilo i kaʻa hoʻomana a me ke kaʻa. DS He kū hoʻokahi ia ma nā ʻano āpau i kona komo ʻana i ka mākeke ma 1955. He mau makahiki māmā ia ma mua o ka hoʻokūkū e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna holomua ʻenehana, e like me ka hoʻokuʻu hydro-pneumatic hou e hāʻawi ana i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻole. Ma kela aoao HY pahu hoʻouna (1947) mahalo ʻaʻole wale me kona helehelena (corrugated sheet), akā pū kekahi me kona pono.

"akua wahine" kaʻa kaʻa, a i ʻole Citroën DS