E ʻike anei mākou i nā mokuʻāina āpau? Ma kahi o ʻekolu, ʻelima haneli
I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻolaha ka media i ka ʻike "ua ala mai kahi ʻano mea," hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo superhard a i ʻole, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻaʻole naʻe i ka Polish, superhard. Ke hele mai nei mai nā keʻena hana o nā ʻepekema ma Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he ʻano kūʻē i ka hui ʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea paʻa a me nā superfluids - i.e. wai me ka viscosity ʻole.
Ua wānana mua nā physicists i ke ola ʻana o kahi supernatant, akā i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea like i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka hale hana. Ua paʻi ʻia nā hopena o ka noiʻi ʻana e nā ʻepekema ma Massachusetts Institute of Technology ma ka puke pai Nature.
"ʻO kahi mea e hui pū ai i ka superfluidity a me nā waiwai paʻa e kūʻē i ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau," i kākau ai ke alakaʻi o ka hui ʻo Wolfgang Ketterle, ke kaukaʻi o ka physics ma MIT a me 2001 Nobel Prize winner, i ka pepa.
No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia ʻano mea kūʻē, ua hoʻopunipuni ka hui o Ketterle i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻātoma ma kahi kūlana supersolid ma kekahi ʻano mea ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). ʻO Ketterle kekahi o nā mea i ʻike i ka BEC, i loaʻa iā ia ka makana no ka Nobel ma ka Physics.
"ʻO ka paʻakikī ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mea i ka condensate e hoʻololi ai i kahi ʻano ma waho o ka 'ātomic trap' a loaʻa nā ʻano o kahi paʻa," wehewehe ʻo Ketterle.
Ua hoʻohana ka hui noiʻi i nā kukuna laser i loko o kahi keʻena ʻāwīwī kiʻekiʻe loa e kāohi i ka neʻe ʻana o nā mana i loko o ka condensate. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho mua o nā lasers e hoʻololi i ka hapalua o nā ʻātoma BEC i loko o kahi wili ʻokoʻa a i ʻole ka helu quantum. No laila, ua hana ʻia ʻelua ʻano BEC. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mana ma waena o nā condensates ʻelua me ke kōkua o nā kukuna laser hou i hoʻololi i nā loli.
"Ua hāʻawi aku nā lasers hou aku i nā ʻātoma me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ikehu no ka hui ʻana o ka spin-orbit," wahi a Ketterle. ʻO ka mea i loaʻa, e like me ka wānana o nā physicists, pono e "superhard", no ka mea, ʻo ka condensates me nā atom conjugated i loko o kahi orbit spin e hōʻike ʻia e ka "modulation density". I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e pau ka paʻa o ka mea i ka mau. Akā, e loaʻa iā ia ke ʻano pae e like me ka paʻa crystalline.
ʻO ka noiʻi hou ʻana i nā mea superhard e alakaʻi i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai o nā superfluids a me nā superconductors, he mea koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu. Hiki paha i nā Superhards ke kī i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea mana superconducting a me nā mea ʻike.
ʻAʻole nā mokuʻāina o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, akā nā pae
He mea waiwai anei ka mokuʻāina superhard? ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pane i hāʻawi ʻia e ka physics hou. Hoʻomanaʻo mākou mai ke kula ʻo ke kūlana kino o ka mea ke ʻano nui i loaʻa ai ka waiwai a hoʻoholo i kāna mau waiwai kino. Hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai o kahi mea ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke ʻano o kāna mau molekole. ʻO ka māhele kuʻuna o nā mokuʻāina o ke kenekulia XNUMX e hoʻokaʻawale i ʻekolu mau mokuʻāina: paʻa (paʻa), wai (wai) a me ke kinoea (gas).
Eia nō naʻe, i kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea. ʻO nā waiwai o nā kino i kēlā me kēia mokuʻāina e hilinaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā molekala (a i ʻole nā mana) i haku ʻia ai kēia mau kino. Mai kēia manaʻo, ʻo ka māhele kahiko i nā mokuʻāina o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana he ʻoiaʻiʻo wale nō no kekahi mau mea, ʻoiai ua hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻepekema ʻo ka mea i manaʻo mua ʻia he mokuʻāina hoʻokahi o ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻāpana he nui o kahi mea ʻokoʻa ke ʻano. hoʻonohonoho ʻāpana. Aia kekahi mau hanana i hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻokoʻa ʻia nā molekala i loko o ke kino hoʻokahi i ka manawa like.
Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā mokuʻāina paʻa a me ka wai ma nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka helu o nā ʻāpana o ka mea i loko o ka ʻōnaehana a me ka helu o nā mea hoʻololi koʻikoʻi (no ka laʻana, ke kaomi, ka mahana) hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hoʻololi qualitative o ka ʻōnaehana i wehewehe ʻia e ke kumu o ka pae Gibbs.
ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka māhele o kahi mea waiwai ke koi i ka lako a i ʻole ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu - a laila e like ka nui o ka ikehu e kahe ana i waho me ka nui o ka mea nāna e hoʻololi i ka pae. Eia nō naʻe, hiki mai kekahi mau hoʻololi ʻana me ka ʻole o ka ikehu a i ʻole ka puka. Lawe mākou i ka hopena e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae ma muli o ka hoʻololi stepwise o kekahi mau nui e wehewehe ana i kēia kino.
Ma ka papa helu nui loa i paʻi ʻia a hiki i kēia lā, aia ma kahi o ʻelima haneli mau mokuʻāina hui. Nui nā mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hui ʻana o nā pūhui kemika like ʻole, hiki ke noho i ka manawa like i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha.
ʻAe ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou i ʻelua mau ʻāpana - wai a paʻa, ʻo ke kinoea kekahi o nā hihia o ka pae wai. ʻO ka mea hope e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka plasma, ka pae supercurrent i ʻōlelo ʻia, a me kekahi mau mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike ʻia nā pae paʻa e nā ʻano crystalline like ʻole, a me kahi ʻano amorphous.
Topological zawiya
ʻO nā hōʻike o nā "ʻāina hui" hou a i ʻole nā paʻi paʻakikī o ka wehewehe ʻana o nā mea i hoʻopaʻa mau ʻia i nā nūhou ʻepekema i nā makahiki i hala. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mea hou i kekahi o nā ʻāpana. ʻO ka mea supersolid i hōʻike mua ʻia he pae paʻa paha, akā ʻokoʻa paha ka manaʻo o nā physicists. He mau makahiki i hala aku nei ma ke keʻena hoʻokolohua kulanui
Ma Colorado, no ka laʻana, ua hana ʻia kahi dropleton mai nā ʻāpana o ka gallium arsenide - kahi wai, kahi mea paʻa. I ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻolaha kekahi hui ʻepekema honua i alakaʻi ʻia e Cosmas Prasides ma ke Kulanui ʻo Tohoku ma Iapana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano mea hou e hoʻohui i nā waiwai o kahi insulator, superconductor, metala, a me ka magnet, kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka metala Jahn-Teller.
Aia kekahi mau moku'āina "hybrid" atypical. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻano aniani o ke aniani a no laila ua helu ʻia i kekahi manawa he wai "supercooled". ʻOi aku - hoʻohana ʻia nā kristal wai i kekahi mau hōʻike; putty - silicone polymer, plastic, elastic a i ʻole brittle, e pili ana i ka nui o ka deformation; ʻO ka wai kahe nui loa (i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai, e hoʻomau ʻia ke kahe ʻana a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka wai i loko o ke aniani luna); ʻO ka Nitinol, kahi mea hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo nickel-titanium, e hoʻopololei i waho i ka ea mehana a i ʻole ka wai ke kulou.
ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Hoʻopau nā ʻenehana hou i nā palena ma waena o nā mokuʻāina o ka mea. Ke hana ʻia nei nā mea hou. ʻO ka 2016 Nobel Prize winners - David J. Thouless, F. Duncan, M. Haldane a me J. Michael Kosterlitz - pili i nā honua ʻelua: mea, ʻo ia ke kumuhana o ka physics, a me ka topology, he lālā o ka makemakika. Ua ʻike lākou aia nā hoʻololi ʻano kuʻuna ʻole e pili ana i nā hemahema topological a me nā pae kuʻuna ʻole o nā mea - nā pae topological. Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi avalanche o ka hana hoʻokolohua a me ka manaʻo. Ke kahe mau nei kēia avalanche me ka wikiwiki loa.
Ke ʻike hou nei kekahi poʻe i nā mea XNUMXD ma ke ʻano he kūlana kūʻokoʻa. Ua ʻike mākou i kēia ʻano nanonetwork - phosphate, stanene, borophene, a i ʻole, ka graphene kaulana - no nā makahiki he nui. ʻO nā mea lanakila no ka Nobel Prize i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua, ua komo pū ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, i ka loiloi topological o kēia mau mea papa hoʻokahi.
ʻO ka ʻepekema kahiko o nā mokuʻāina o nā mea a me nā pae o ka mea me he mea lā ua hele lōʻihi. ʻOi aku ma mua o ka mea hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomanaʻo mai nā haʻawina physics.
