Killers submarine. ʻO ka mokulele i ka hakakā me nā submarines Kriegsmarine ʻāpana 3

E hoʻokele i ka mokulele mokulele USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60). Aia he 12 Avengers a me ʻeiwa Wildcats ma luna o ka moku.

ʻO ka hopena o ka U-Bootwaffe i ka makahiki 1944–1945 e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o nā pūʻali koa ʻekolu o Reich. ʻO ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā Allies i ka ea, ke kai, a me ka cryptography i hoʻopau i nā unahi i ko lākou makemake. ʻOiai nā kūleʻa kūʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻenehana hou, ua pau ka mana maoli o nā ʻauwaʻa submarine Kriegsmarine i ka holomua o ke kaua a hiki ke "lele me ka hanohano" i lalo.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o ka pae ʻana o Allied ma Norewai a i ʻole Farani, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻōki ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pūʻali submarine o Kriegsmarine no ka hana pale. Ma ka Atlantika, hoʻomau nā submarines, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā pūʻulu hoʻopuehu, e hoʻomau i ka hana kūʻē i nā convoy, akā ma kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi a ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina wale nō, i hiki ai ke hoʻouka i nā ʻauwaʻa hoʻouka kaua me ka hikiwawe loa. . hiki.

Mai ka lā 1 o Ianuali, 1944, he 160 mau submarine e lawelawe ana: 122 Type VIIB/C/D, 31 Type IXB/C (ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ʻelua Type VIIF torpedo bombers a me ʻeono mau ʻāpana Type II liʻiliʻi ma ke Kai ʻEleʻele), ʻelima "submarine. " Cruisers" type IXD2, hoʻokahi minelayer type XB a hoʻokahi hoʻolako moku ʻano XIV (ka mea i kapa ʻia "milk cow"). ʻO kekahi 181 e hana ʻia ana a he 87 i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā ʻauwaʻa, akā ʻaʻole lawa nā moku hou e uhi i nā poho o kēia manawa. I Ianuali, 20 mau moku luʻu i kauoha ʻia, akā 14 i nalowale; i ka malama o Feberuari, he 19 mau moku i komo, a he 23 i hoopauia; i Maraki he 19 a me 24. O na mokukaua kaua he 160 i komo ai na Kelemania i ka lima o ka makahiki o ke kaua, 128 ma ka moana Atelanika, 19 ma Norewai a me 13 ma ke Kaiwaenahonua. I nā mahina aʻe, ma ke kauoha a Hitler, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā pūʻali o nā pūʻulu ʻelua i hala - ma ka lilo o nā ʻauwaʻa ʻAkelanika, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea e emi mālie.

I ka manawa like, ke hana nei ka poʻe Kelemania i ka hana hou ʻana i nā lako submarine e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūlana kūʻē i ka mokulele. ʻO nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo snorkels (snorkels) i hiki ke omo i ka ea i loko o ka mīkini diesel a hoʻokuʻu i nā kinoea pau i ka wā e neʻe ai ka moku i ka hohonu periscope. ʻO kēia mea ʻenehana kahiko, ʻoiai ua ʻae ia i ka hoʻokele wā lōʻihi me ke kiʻi pāpaʻu, he mau hemahema koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā ʻenekini hoʻopau i loko, ma muli o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe o ka leo, ua maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i ka moku ma nā hōʻailona leo, a me ka ʻike maka, mahalo i nā kinoea pau e lana ana ma luna o ka wai. I kēlā manawa, he "kuli" ka moku (ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana i nā hydrophones) a "makapō" (ka haʻalulu ikaika i hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana i ka periscope). Eia kekahi, ua waiho ʻia nā "notches" e kū nei i kahi hōʻailona liʻiliʻi akā ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili wai, a ma ke ʻano maikaʻi o ke aniau (ke kai maʻemaʻe) hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka radar ASV. ʻO ka mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, inā ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā "snores" e nā nalu o ke kai, ua pani koke ka mea hana i ka ea, kahi i hoʻomaka ai nā ʻenekini e lawe mai loko mai o ka moku, kahi i hoʻoweliweli ʻia ai ka poʻe holo moku. Ua lilo ʻo U-2 i moku mua i hoʻolako ʻia me nā puka ihu e hele i kahi misionari kaua (Ianuali 539, mai Lorient).

I loko o nā makahiki hope o ke kaua, ʻo ka pūʻali maʻamau o nā pū anti-aircraft no nā submarines he ʻelua mau pū māhoe 20 mm a me hoʻokahi pū 37 mm. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā poʻe Kelemania nā mea waiwai maka, no laila he mau ʻāpana i hana ʻia nā pū 37 mm hou mai nā mea hiki ke hoʻopōʻino ʻia, a ua alakaʻi ʻia i ka pū. Ke hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia nei nā mea ʻike radar, a ma ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i luna, ua hōʻike i ka moku e ʻike ʻia ana e ka radar ma luna o ka mokulele a i ʻole ka moku lele. ʻO ka FuMB-10 Borkum suite, ka mea i pani i ka FuMB-9 Wanze (i hoʻopau ʻia i ka hopena o 1943), ʻimi ʻia ma kahi ākea ākea, akā aia nō i loko o nā lōʻihi nalu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā radar ASV Mk II kahiko. Ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka FuMB-7 Naxos, e hana ana ma ka lōʻihi hawewe mai 8 a 12 knm - e ʻike ana i nā radar hou, 10 cm ASV Mk III a me VI (hoʻohana i ka S-band).

ʻO kekahi mea hana no ka hakakā ʻana i ka Allied Air Force ʻo ia ka simulator FuMT-2 Thetis. Ua kauoha ʻia ma Ianuali 1944, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohālike i kahi submarine me nā leo radar a no laila e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hoʻouka ʻana i kēlā pahuhopu noʻonoʻo. He kia he mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, kahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai nā antenna dipole, i kau ʻia ma luna o kahi lana e paʻa ai ka hāmeʻa ma luna o ka wai. Ua manaʻo ka poʻe Kelemania e hoʻopilikia kēia mau "mea hoʻopunipuni," i kau nui ʻia ma ke Kai o Biscay, e hoʻopilikia i nā mokulele ʻenemi.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa o ka ʻAkelanika, ua hoʻomau ʻia ke kaua anti-submarine i ke kuleana o ka British Coastal Command, a ma ka lā 1 Ianuali 1944, ua loaʻa nā pūʻali koa i loaʻa no kēia kumu:

• • 15. Hui: 59 a me 86 Squadrons RAF (Liberatory Mk V/IIIA) ma Ballykelly, Northern Ireland; Helu 201 Squadron RAF a me Helu 422 a me 423 Squadrons RCAF (Sunderland Mk III mau moku lele) ma Archdale Castle, Northern Ireland;
  • 16. Pūʻulu: 415 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XIII) ma Bircham Newton, East Anglia; 547. Sqn RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ma Thorney Island, hema ʻEnelani;
  • 18. Pūʻulu: Helu 210 Squadron RAF (Catalina Mk IB/IV mau moku lele) a me Norewai Helu 330 Squadron RAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) ma Sullom Voe, Shetland;
  • 19. Pūʻulu: 10 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk II/III) ma Mount Batten, South West England; Helu 228 Squadron RAF a me Helu 461 Squadron RAAF (Sunderland Mk III) ma Pembroke Dock, Wales; Helu 172 a me 612 Squadrons RAF a me Helu 407 Squadron RCAF (Wellington Mk XII/XIV) ma Chivenor, South West England; 224. RAF Squadron (Liberatory Mk V) ma St. Petersburg. Eval, Cornwall; VB-103, -105 a me -110 (US Navy Liberator Squadrons, 7th Naval Airlift Wing, ma lalo o Coastal Command) ma Dunkswell, South West England; Helu 58 a me 502 Squadrons RAF (Halifaxy Mk II) ma St. Petersburg. Davids, Wales; 53 a me Czech 311 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk V) ma Beaulieu, hema ʻEnelani; Polani Helu 304 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV) ma Preannac, Cornwall.

No. 120 Squadron RAF (Liberatory Mk I/III/V) i hoonoho ia ma Reykjavik, Iceland; ma Gibraltar, Helu 202 Squadron RAF (Cataliny Mk IB/IV) a me Helu 48 a me 233 Squadron RAF (Hudsony Mk III/IIIA/VI); ma Langens, Azores, Nos. 206 and 220 Squadrons RAF (Flying Fortresses Mk II/IIA), No. 233 Squadron RAF (Hudson Mk III/IIIA) and a detachment of No. 172 Squadron RAF (Wellington Mk XIV), and in Algeria 500. Sqn RAF (Hudson Mk III/V a me Ventury Mk V).

Eia kekahi, ua komo pū nā pūʻali koa Beaufighter a me Mosquito i nā hana anti-submarine, a me kekahi mau pūʻali koa Commonwealth Pelekane e hana ana ma waho o Coastal Command ma ka hikina hikina a ma waho o ke kahakai o ʻApelika. Ua kiaʻi ʻia ke kahakai ʻo ʻAmelika e nā pūʻali koa he nui o ka US Navy, Canada a me Brazilian aviation, akā i ka makahiki 1944-1945 ʻaʻohe mea e hakakā me lākou. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻo US Naval Air Wing 15 (FAW-15) ma Morocco me ʻekolu mau pūʻali Liberator (VB-111, -112 a me -114; ka hope mai Malaki): ʻelua Ventur (VB-127 a me -132) a me hoʻokahi Catalin (VP. - 63).