He ihu ko ka chemist

Ma ka ʻatikala ma lalo nei e nānā mākou i ka pilikia o ka ʻala ma o nā maka o kahi chemist - ma hope o nā mea a pau, pono kona ihu iā ia i kāna hale hana i kēlā me kēia lā.

1. ʻO ka ihu o ke kanaka - ʻo ka mānoanoa ma luna o ka ʻōpū o ka ihu, ʻo ia ka ʻōpuʻu olfactory (mea kākau: Wikimedia/Opt1cs).

Hiki iā mākou ke kaʻana like i nā manaʻo kino (ʻike, lohe, hoʻopā) a ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o lākou kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻono a ʻala. No ka mea mua, ua hana ʻia nā analogues artificial (photosensitive elements, microphones, touch sensors), akā ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ka hope i ka "aniani a me ka maka" o nā ʻepekema. Ua hana ʻia lākou he mau piliona makahiki aku nei i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai nā cell mua e loaʻa nā hōʻailona kemika mai ko lākou kaiapuni.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻono mai ka ʻono i ka wā lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēia i nā mea ola āpau. Honi mau nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ko lākou puni, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike i loaʻa ma kēia ala ma mua o ka ʻike mua ʻana. No nā mea aʻo ʻike a me ka lohe, me nā kānaka.

Mea huna olfactory

Ke inhale ʻoe, holo ka ea i loko o ka ihu a, ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana aku, komo i loko o ke kino kūikawā - ka epithelium olfactory, he mau kenimika ka nui.². Eia ka hopena o nā pūnaʻi aʻalolo e ʻike i nā mea ʻala. ʻO ka hōʻailona i loaʻa mai nā mea hoʻokipa e komo i ka olfactory bulb i loko o ka lolo, a mai laila aku i kona mau ʻāpana ʻē aʻe (1). Loaʻa i ka manamana lima nā laʻana ʻala kikoʻī no kēlā me kēia ʻano. Hiki i ke kanaka ke ʻike ma kahi o 10 o lākou, a hiki i nā poʻe loea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ke ʻike i nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Hiki i nā ʻala ke hoʻoulu i ke kino, ʻo ka ʻike (no ka laʻana, e lele ʻoe i kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole) a me ka subconscious. Hoʻohana nā mea kūʻai aku i ka papa inoa o nā hui ʻala. ʻO ko lākou manaʻo, ʻo ia ke ʻala i ka lewa i loko o nā hale kūʻai me ka ʻala o nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka a me ka gingerbread i ka wā o ka makahiki hou, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i nā manaʻo maikaʻi i nā mea āpau a hoʻonui i ka makemake e kūʻai i nā makana. Pēlā nō, ʻo ka ʻala o ka berena hou i loko o ka hale kūʻai e wai ai kou waha a e hoʻohui ʻoe i nā mea hou aku i kāu kaʻa.

2. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Camphor i nā ʻaila hoʻomehana. ʻEkolu pūhui me nā ʻano hana like ʻole ko lākou ʻala ponoʻī.

Akā he aha ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia ke kumu o kēia ʻano olfactory a ʻaʻole kekahi?

ʻElima mau ʻono nui no ka ʻono olfactory: paʻakai, ʻono, ʻawaʻawa, ʻawaʻawa, ʻoun (ʻiʻo) a me ka helu like o nā ʻano mea loaʻa ma ke alelo. No ka honi, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻala kumu, a i ʻole inā loaʻa kekahi. ʻO ke ʻano o nā molekala e hoʻoholo pono i ka ʻala, akā no ke aha i honi ʻokoʻa ai nā pūhui me nā hale like ʻole (2), a me nā mea ʻokoʻa like ʻole (3)?

3. ʻO ka pūhui ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ke ʻala e like me ka musk (he mea ʻala ʻala), ʻoiai ʻo ka hui ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau ua ʻaneʻane like ke ʻano a ʻaʻohe ona ala.

No ke aha i honi ai ka hapa nui o nā esters, akā, ʻaʻala ʻoluʻolu nā pūhui sulfur (hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo)? ʻAʻole naʻe loa kekahi poʻe i kekahi mau mea ʻala, a ma ka helu helu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ihu wahine ma mua o nā kāne. Hōʻike kēia i nā kūlana genetic, i.e. ka loaʻa ʻana o nā protein kikoʻī i nā mea loaʻa.

I kekahi hihia, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā nīnau ma mua o nā pane, a ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau manaʻo e wehewehe i nā mea pohihihi o ka ʻala.

Ki a laka

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea mua ma kahi mīkini enzymatic i hōʻoia ʻia kahi e komo ai ka mole reactant i loko o ka lua o ka mole enzyme (pae hana) e like me ke kī i loko o kahi laka. No laila, honi lākou no ka mea e pili ana ke ʻano o kā lākou mau mole i nā lua ma ka ʻili o nā mea hoʻokipa, a hoʻopaʻa kekahi mau pūʻulu atom i kona mau ʻāpana (e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā enzymes i nā reactants).

ʻO kēia, ma kahi pōkole, ke kumumanaʻo o ka honi i hoʻomohala ʻia e kahi biochemist Pelekane. Jonah E. Amurea. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ʻehiku mau ʻala nui: camphor-musk, floral, minty, ethereal, spicy and putrid (ʻo ke koena ka hui pū ʻana o kēia). He ʻano like ko nā molekule o nā pūhui me kahi ʻala like, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka poʻe me ke ʻano spherical ʻala e like me ka camphor, a ʻo nā pūhui me kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole he sulfur.

Ua kūleʻa ka manaʻo hoʻolālā - no ka laʻana, wehewehe i ke kumu o ka pau ʻana o ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻala ma hope o kekahi manawa. Ma muli o ke kaohi ʻana o nā mea loaʻa a pau e nā molekala e lawe ana i kahi ʻala i hāʻawi ʻia (e like me ke ʻano o nā enzyme i noho ʻia e nā substrates keu). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i kēia manaʻo ke hoʻokumu i ka pilina ma waena o ke ʻano kemika o kahi hui a me kona ʻala. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke wānana me ke kūpono kūpono i ke ʻala o kekahi mea ma mua o ka loaʻa ʻana. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke wehewehe i ke ʻala ʻala o nā molekole liʻiliʻi e like me ka ammonia a me ka hydrogen sulfide. ʻO nā hoʻololi i hana ʻia e Cupid a me kona mau hope (me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻono kumu) ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i nā hemahema āpau o ka ʻenehana hoʻolālā.

Nā molekala haʻalulu

ʻO nā ʻātoma i loko o nā molekala e haʻalulu mau, hoʻopololei a hoʻopaʻa i nā mea paʻa ma waena o lākou iho, ʻaʻole e pau ka neʻe ʻana i nā mahana ʻole loa. Hoʻomoʻa nā molekule i ka ikehu vibrational, aia ma ka laulā o ka radiation infrared. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka spectroscopy IR, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala nui no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā molekala - ʻaʻohe ʻelua pūhui like ʻole me ka spectrum IR like (koe wale nā ​​mea i kapa ʻia ʻo optical isomers).

Nā mea hana ʻO ka manaʻo haʻalulu o ka pilau (J.M. Dyson, R.H. Wright) ua ʻike ʻia nā pilina ma waena o ke alapine vibration a me ka ʻala i ʻike ʻia. ʻO nā haʻalulu me ka resonance ke kumu o ka haʻalulu o nā molekele loaʻa i loko o ka epithelium olfactory, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ko lākou ʻano a hoʻouna i kahi neʻe aʻalolo i ka lolo. Ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o iwakālua mau ʻano o nā mea loaʻa a, no laila, ka helu like o nā ʻala kumu.

I nā makahiki 70, ua hoʻokūkū ikaika nā mea kākoʻo o nā manaʻo ʻelua (vibrational a me structural).

Ua wehewehe ka poʻe ʻepekema Vibrio i ka pilikia o ka ʻala o nā moleke liʻiliʻi ma muli o ko lākou ʻano like ʻole me nā ʻāpana o ka spectra o nā molela nui i loaʻa ka ʻala like. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke wehewehe i ke kumu i loaʻa ai nā ʻala ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau isomers optical me ka spectra like (4).

4. ʻO nā isomers Optical o ka carvone: ʻala ʻo ka papa S e like me ke kumina, ʻo ka papa R ke ʻala me ka mint.

Ua wehewehe maʻalahi nā Structuralists i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo - nā mea hoʻokipa, e hana like me nā enzymes, ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā mole. ʻAʻole hiki i ke kumumanaʻo vibration ke wānana i ka ikaika o ka ʻala, i wehewehe ʻia e ka poʻe hahai i ke kumumanaʻo Cupid e ka ikaika o ka paʻa ʻana o nā mea lawe ʻala i nā mea hoʻokipa.

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hoʻopakele i ke kūlana L. Torinoe manaʻo ana e hana ka epithelium olfactory ma ke ʻano he microscope tunneling scanning (!). Wahi a Turin, e kahe ana nā electrons ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka mea loaʻa ke loaʻa kahi ʻāpana o kahi mole ʻala me kahi alapine vibrational ma waena o lākou. ʻO ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mea loaʻa ke kumu o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o kahi nerve impulse. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o Turin i nā ʻepekema he nui.

ʻOi

Ua ho'āʻo pū ka molecular biology e wehe i nā mea pohihihi o ka ʻala, a ua loaʻa kēia ʻike i ka makana Nobel i nā manawa he nui. ʻO nā mea hoʻokipa ʻala kanaka he ʻohana ma kahi o hoʻokahi kaukani mau protein ʻokoʻa, a ʻo nā genes kuleana no kā lākou synthesis aia wale nō i loko o ka epithelium olfactory (ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi e pono ai). Loaʻa nā protein receptor i kahi kaulahao helical o nā waikawa amino. Ma ke kiʻi o kahi humu hoʻopaʻa keʻa, ʻo ke kaulahao o nā protein e hoʻopaʻa i ka membrane cell i ʻehiku mau manawa, no laila ka inoa: ʻehiku-helix transmembrane cell receptors ,

ʻO nā ʻāpana e kū ana ma waho o ke kelepona e hana i kahi pahele e komo ai nā molekala me ke ʻano kūpono (5). Hoʻopili ʻia kahi pūmua G-type kikoʻī i ka pūnaewele hoʻokipa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke keena. hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia, a pēlā aku. Hoʻomau ka pōʻai a hiki i ka wā i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka mole ʻala i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a luku ʻia e nā enzymes e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau i ka ʻili o ka epithelium olfactory. Hiki i ka mea hoʻokipa ke hoʻoikaika i nā haneli G protein, a ʻo ia ʻano hoʻonui hōʻailona kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai iā ia ke pane aku i ka nui o nā mea ʻono (6). Hoʻomaka ka protein G i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i kahi pōʻai o nā hopena kemika e alakaʻi i ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi nerve impulse.

5. ʻO kēia ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻokipa ʻala - protein 7TM.

ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana ma luna o ka hana ʻana o nā mea hoʻokipa olfactory ua like ia me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kumumanaʻo. Ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā molekala, hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ua pololei kekahi hapa o ke kumumanaʻo vibrational. ʻAʻole kēia ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema ʻaʻole i hewa loa nā kumumanaʻo mua, akā ua kokoke loa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.

6. ʻO ka ihu kanaka ma ke ʻano he mea ʻike o nā pūhui i ka nānā ʻana o kā lākou hui ʻana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka chromatographically.

No ke aha e pilau ai kekahi mea?

ʻOi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻala ma mua o nā ʻano olfactory receptors, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā molekala ʻala i kekahi mau protein i ka manawa like. ma muli o ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o nā hōʻailona e hele mai ana mai kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻōpuʻu olfactory. No ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻala maoli ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli, hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo i ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana o ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻano olfactory.

ʻAe, akā, no ke aha e ʻala maikaʻi ai kekahi mea, he mea hoʻopailua, a he mea ʻole loa?

He hapalua noʻonoʻo ka nīnau, akā hiki ke pane ʻia kekahi hapa. ʻO ka lolo ke kuleana no ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻala, nāna e hoʻomalu i ka ʻano o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona, ​​​​e kuhikuhi ana i ko lākou hoihoi i nā ʻala ʻoluʻolu a e ʻōlelo aku iā lākou e kūʻē i nā mea ʻala. Loaʻa nā ʻala hoʻowalewale i loko, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā esters i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻatikala e nā hua pala (no laila pono ke ʻai ʻia), a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pūhui sulfur mai nā koena palaho (ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka haʻalele ʻana iā lākou).

ʻAʻole honi ka ea no ka mea ʻo ia ke kumu e laha ai nā ʻala: akā naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka nui o NH3 a i ʻole H.₂S, a na ko makou okana olfactory e kani i ka alarm. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike o ka ʻala he hōʻailona ia o ka mana o kekahi mea. ʻano pili i nā ʻano.

He aha ke ʻano o nā lā hoʻomaha e hiki mai ana? Hōʻike ʻia ka pane ma ke kiʻi (7).

7. ʻO ke ʻala o ka Kalikimaka: ma ka hema nā mea ʻala o ka gingerbread (zingerone a me gingerol), ma ka ʻākau - nā lāʻau Kalikimaka (bornyl acetate a me ʻelua mau ʻano pinene).