ʻO nā mea hana paʻakai, ʻāpana 4 Bromine

ʻO kekahi mea mai ka ʻohana halogen he bromine. Noho ʻo ia ma waena o ka chlorine a me ka iodine (e hui pū ana i ka subfamily halogen), a ʻo kona mau waiwai he awelika i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kona mau hoalauna ma luna a ma lalo o ka hui. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka poʻe e manaʻo nei he mea hoihoi ʻole kēia e kuhihewa.

No ka laʻana, ʻo ka bromine wale nō ka wai ma waena o nā metala ʻole, a ʻo kona kala hoʻi e kū kūʻokoʻa i ka honua o nā mea. ʻO ka mea nui, akā naʻe, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoihoi me ia ma ka home.

- Ua pilau kekahi mea ma ʻaneʻi! -

...... i hoʻōho ai ke kāmeka Farani Joseph Gay-Lussaci ke kauwela o 1826, ma ka inoa o ka French Academy, ua nānā ʻo ia i ka hōʻike no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea hou. ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia kona mea kākau Na keiki Antoine. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua, ua ʻimi kēia apothecary 23-makahiki i ka hiki ke hana i ka iodine mai nā wai inu wai i koe mai ka crystallization o ka paʻakai pōhaku mai ka wai kai (he ʻano hana e hana ai i ka paʻakai ma nā piʻi wela e like me ke kahakai ʻo Farani Mediterranean). Huhū ka chlorine i ka hopena, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka iodine mai kona paʻakai. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka mea, akā ua ʻike i kahi mea ʻē aʻe - he kiʻiʻoniʻoni o kahi wai melemele me kahi ʻala ikaika. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia a hoʻohui ʻia. Ua lilo ke koena he wai ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele, ʻaʻole like me nā mea i ʻike ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo o Balar he mea hou kēia. No laila, ua hoʻouna ʻo ia i kahi hōʻike i ka French Academy a kali i kāna ʻōlelo hoʻoholo. Ma hope o ka hōʻoia ʻia ʻana o ka ʻike ʻana o Balar, ua noi ʻia kahi inoa no ka mea. bromine, no ka olelo Helene bromos, i.e. pilau, no ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻoluʻolu ka ʻala o ka bromine (1).

E hoʻomaikaʻi mai! ʻAʻole ʻala ʻino wale ka pōʻino o ka bromine. He mea ʻino kēia mea e like me nā halogens kiʻekiʻe, a, i ka manawa ma ka ʻili, waiho i nā ʻeha paʻakikī ke ho'ōla. No laila, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e kiʻi i ka bromine i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe a pale aku i ka honi ʻana i ka ʻala o kāna hopena.

mea wai kai

Loaʻa i ka wai kai ʻaneʻane ka bromine i loaʻa ma ka honua. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlorine ka mea e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka bromine, e hoʻoheheʻe me ka ea i hoʻohana ʻia e puhi i ka wai. I loko o ka mea hoʻokipa, hoʻopili ʻia ka bromine a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka distillation. Ma muli o ka hoʻokūkū haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka reactivity, hoʻohana wale ʻia ka bromine inā pono. Ua pau nā mea hoʻohana he nui, e like me ka bromide kālā ma ke kiʻi, nā mea hoʻohui ʻaila leaded, a me nā mea kinai ahi halon. ʻO ka Bromine kahi mea i hoʻohui ʻia i nā ʻanuʻu bromine-zinc, a ua hoʻohana ʻia kona mau pūhui e like me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā mea ʻulaʻula, nā mea hoʻohui e hōʻemi i ka flammability o nā plastics, a me nā huahana pale mea kanu.

Ma nā huaʻōlelo kemika, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa ka bromine mai nā halogens ʻē aʻe: hana ia i ka waika hydrobromic ikaika HBr, nā paʻakai me ka anion bromine a me kekahi mau waikawa oxygen a me kā lākou mau paʻakai.

ʻO ka mea nānā bromine

ʻO nā ʻano hopena o ka anion bromide e like me nā hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia no nā chlorides. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi hopena o ke kālā nitrate AgNO₃ he wai e hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ʻole ʻia o AgBr precipitates, pōʻeleʻele i ka mālamalama ma muli o ka decomposition photochemical. He waihoʻoluʻu melemele ka eha (he ʻokoʻa me ke AgCl keʻokeʻo a me AgI melemele) a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke hoʻohui ʻia ka hopena NH ammonia._3aq (ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale iā ia mai AgCl, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o kēia mau kūlana) (2). 

2. Hoʻohālikelike i nā kala o nā halides kālā - ʻike ʻoe i ko lākou palaho ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama.

ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e ʻike ai i nā bromides, ʻo ia ka hoʻokahe ʻana iā lākou a hoʻoholo i ke alo o ka bromine manuahi. No ka hoʻāʻo e pono ai ʻoe: potassium bromide KBr, potassium permanganate KMnO₄, ʻakika sulfuric solution (VI) H₂SO₄ a me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe (e laʻa, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe pena). E ninini i kahi mea hoʻonā KBr a me KMnO i loko o kahi paipu hoʻāʻo.₄a laila he mau kulu waika. Lilo koke ka ʻike i ka melemele (ma mua he poni mai ka potassium permanganate i hoʻohui ʻia):

2KMn₄ +10KBr +8H₂SO4 → 2MnSO₄ + 6 tausani.₂SO₄ +5Br₂ + 8H₂E pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana

3. ʻO ka bromine i unuhi ʻia mai ka papa wai (lalo) e hoʻohuli i ka ʻāpana solvent organik ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula (luna).

ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻoluliluli i ka hue e hoʻohui i nā mea i loko. Ma hope o ka ʻili ʻana, e ʻike ʻoe ua loaʻa ka ʻāpana organik i kahi ʻulaʻula brownish. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o Bromine i nā wai non-polar a hele mai ka wai a hiki i ka solvent. ʻIke ʻia pio (3). 

ʻO ka wai bromine ma ka home

wai bromine ʻO ka hopena wai i loaʻa i ka ʻoihana ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka bromine i ka wai (ma kahi o 3,6 g bromine no 100 g wai). He reagent ia i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa a ʻike i ke ʻano unsaturated o nā pūhui organik. Eia nō naʻe, he mea weliweli ka bromine manuahi, a ma waho aʻe, ʻaʻole paʻa ka wai bromine (e hoʻoheheʻe ka bromine mai ka hoʻonā a hana me ka wai). No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hana liʻiliʻi a hoʻohana koke iā ia no nā hoʻokolohua.

Ua aʻo mua ʻoe i ke ala mua no ka ʻike ʻana i nā bromides: oxidation e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka bromine manuahi. I kēia manawa, e hoʻohui i kekahi mau kulu o H i ka solution potassium bromide KBr i loko o ka ipu.₂SO₄ a me kekahi hapa o ka hydrogen peroxide (3% H₂O₂ hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he disinfectant). Ma hope o kekahi manawa, lilo ka hui i melemele:

2KBr+H₂O₂ +H₂SO₄ →K₂SO₄ + ʻO Br₂ + 2H₂O

Ua haumia ka wai bromine, akā ʻo X wale nō ka mea e hopohopo nei.₂O₂. No laila, pono e wehe ʻia me ka manganese dioxide MnO.₂ka mea e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hydrogen peroxide keu. ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e kiʻi i ka pūhui mai nā cell disposable (i koho ʻia ʻo R03, R06), aia ma ke ʻano o kahi pōʻeleʻele e hoʻopiha ana i kahi kīʻaha zinc. E kau i kahi kui o ka nui i loko o ka ipu, a ma hope o ka hopena, e ninini i ka supernatant, a mākaukau ka reagent.

ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe ka electrolysis o kahi hoʻonā wai o KBr. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hopena bromine maʻemaʻe, pono e kūkulu i kahi electrolyzer diaphragm, ʻo ia hoʻi. e mahele wale i ka beaker me kahi ʻāpana pepa kūpono (ma kēia ʻano e hōʻemi ai ʻoe i ka hui ʻana o nā huahana hopena ma nā electrodes). ʻO kahi lāʻau graphite i lawe ʻia mai ka cell disposable 3 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he electrode maikaʻi, a ʻo kahi kui maʻamau e like me ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO ke kumu mana he 4,5 V coin cell battery. E ninini i ka solution KBr i loko o ka beaker, e hoʻokomo i nā electrodes me nā uwea i hoʻopili ʻia, a hoʻohui i ka pākaukau me nā uea. Ma kahi kokoke i ka electrode maikaʻi, e lilo ka hopena i melemele (ʻo kou wai bromine kēia), a e hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōmole hydrogen ma ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole (4). Aia ka ʻala ikaika o ka bromine ma luna o ke aniani. E huki i ka hopena me kahi syringe a i ʻole pipette.

4. ʻO ka cell diaphragm homemade ma ka hema a me ka cell like i ka hana ʻana i ka wai bromine (akau). Hoʻopili ka reagent a puni ka electrode maikaʻi; ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōmole hydrogen ma ka electrode ʻino.

Hiki iā ʻoe ke mālama i ka wai bromine no ka manawa pōkole i loko o kahi pahu paʻa paʻa, pale ʻia mai ka mālamalama a ma kahi anuanu, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻāʻo koke. Inā ʻoe i hana i nā pepa iodine starch e like me ka papa ʻaina mai ka ʻāpana ʻelua o ka pōʻai, e kau i kahi kulu o ka wai bromine ma ka pepa. E ʻike koke ʻia kahi wahi ʻeleʻele, e hōʻailona ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka iodine manuahi:

2KI + Br.₂ → i₂ + KVg

E like me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka bromine mai ka wai kai ma ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana iā ia mai nā bromides me kahi mea hoʻoneʻe ʻoi aku ka ikaika (), pēlā ka bromine e hoʻoneʻe ai i ka iodine nāwaliwali ma mua o ia mai nā iodides (ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hoʻoneʻe pū ka chlorine i ka iodine).

Inā ʻaʻohe pepa iodine starch, e ninini i ka hopena o ka potassium iodide i loko o kahi paipu hoʻāʻo a hoʻohui i kekahi mau kulu o ka wai bromine. Poʻeleʻele ka hopena, a ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi hōʻailona starch (kahi hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka palaoa ʻuala i loko o ka wai), lilo ia i uliuli ʻeleʻele - hōʻike ka hopena i ke ʻano o ka iodine manuahi (5). 

5. ʻIke i ka bromine. Ma luna - ka pepa iodine starch, ma lalo - he hopena o ka potassium iodide me kahi hōʻailona starch (ma ka hema - reagents no ka hopena, ma ka'ākau - ka hopena o ka huiʻana i nā hopena).

ʻElua hoʻokolohua kīhini.

ʻO ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua me ka wai bromine, manaʻo wau i ʻelua e pono ai ʻoe i nā reagents mai ka lumi kuke. I ka mua, e lawe i ka ʻōmole ʻaila rapeseed,

7. Ka hopena o ka wai bromine me ka aila meaʻai. ʻIke ʻia ka papa o luna o ka ʻaila (hema) a ʻo ka papa lalo o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka bromine ma mua o ka hopena (hema). Ma hope o ka pane ʻana (akau), ua ʻeleʻele ka papa wai.

lā a i ʻole ʻaila ʻoliva. E ninini i kahi ʻaila ʻaila liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi pahu hoʻāʻo me ka wai bromine a lulu i nā mea i loko i hui maikaʻi nā reagents. I ka wā e haki ai ka emulsion labile, aia ka ʻaila ma luna (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai) a me ka wai bromine ma lalo. Eia naʻe, ua nalowale ka wai melemele. ʻO kēia hopena "pāpā" i ka hoʻonā wai a hoʻohana iā ia e hana me nā ʻāpana o ka ʻaila (6). 

Loaʻa i ka ʻaila meaʻai ka nui o nā ʻakika momona unsaturated (e hui pū me ka glycerin i mea momona). Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻātoma bromine i nā paʻa pālua i loko o nā molekala o kēia mau waikawa, e hana ana i nā derivatives bromine. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka wai bromine he hōʻailona ia e loaʻa ana nā pūhui organik unsaturated i ka hāpana hoʻāʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi. nā pūhui i paʻa pālua a ʻekolu paha ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona (7). 

No ka lua o ka hoʻokolohua lumi kuke, e hoʻomākaukau i ka soda baking, ʻo ia hoʻi ka sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO.₃, a me ʻelua kō - glucose a me ka fructose. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i ka soda a me ka glucose ma ka hale kūʻai, a me ka fructose ma ka hale kūʻai diabetic a i ʻole ka hale kūʻai meaʻai olakino. Hoʻokumu ka Glucose a me ka fructose i ka sucrose, he kō maʻamau. Eia kekahi, ua like loa lākou i nā waiwai a loaʻa i ka huina like, a inā ʻaʻole lawa kēia, hele maʻalahi lākou i kekahi i kekahi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o lākou: ʻoi aku ka ʻono o ka fructose ma mua o ka glucose, a i ka hopena e hoʻohuli i ka mokulele o ka mālamalama i kekahi ʻaoʻao. Eia nō naʻe, no ka ʻike ʻana, e hoʻohana ʻoe i ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana kemika: he aldehyde ka glucose, a he ketone ka fructose.

7. Ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka bromine i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana

E hoʻomanaʻo paha ʻoe e ʻike ʻia ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kō me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua Trommer a me Tollens. ʻIke waho o ka waiho pōhaku Cu₂ʻO (ma ka hoʻāʻo mua) a i ʻole ke aniani kālā (ma ka lua) e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūhui hōʻemi, e like me nā aldehydes.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa kēia mau hoʻāʻo ʻana ma waena o ka glucose aldehyde a me ka fructose ketone, no ka mea, e hoʻololi koke ka fructose i kona ʻano i loko o ke ʻano o ka hopena, e lilo i glucose. Pono kahi reagent ʻoi aku ka lahilahi.

Halogens like 

Aia kekahi pūʻulu o nā pūhui kemika i ʻano like nā waiwai me nā pūhui like. Hoʻokumu lākou i nā ʻakika o ke ʻano maʻamau HX a me nā paʻakai me nā anion mononegative X-, a ʻaʻole hana ʻia kēia mau ʻakika mai nā oxides. ʻO nā laʻana o ia mau pseudohalogens ka waika hydrocyanic ʻona HCN a me ka HSCN thiocyanate pōʻino. Hoʻokumu kekahi o lākou i nā molekole diatomic, e like me cyanogen (CN).₂.

ʻO kēia kahi e pāʻani ai ka wai bromine. Hana i nā hāʻina: glucose me ka hoʻohui ʻana o NaHCO₃ a me ka fructose, me ka hoʻohui pū ʻana i ka soda. E ninini i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe glucose i hoʻomākaukau ʻia i loko o ka pahu hoʻāʻo me ka wai bromine, a me ka solution fructose i loko o kekahi, me ka wai bromine. ʻIke maopopo ʻia ka ʻokoʻa: ka wai bromine decolorized ma lalo o ka hana o ka glucose solution, a ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka fructose. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kō ʻelua i loko o kahi wahi alkaline liʻiliʻi (i hāʻawi ʻia me ka sodium bicarbonate) a me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe māmā, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai bromine. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hopena alkaline ikaika (pono no nā hoʻāʻo ʻo Trommer a me Tollens) ke kumu o ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana o ke kō i kekahi a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai bromine e ka fructose. Inā makemake ʻoe e ʻike, e hana hou i ka hoʻāʻo me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka sodium hydroxide ma kahi o ka soda baking.