Nā pahu pahu. ʻO nā makahiki haneli mua, ʻāpana 1

He 100 makahiki i hala aku nei, ma ka la 15 o Sepatemaba, 1916, ma na kula o Picardy ma ka muliwai o Somme ma ke komohana akau o Farani, ua komo mua aku he mau kakini kakini Beritania. Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka pahu pahu a hiki i kēia lā ke hana nui i ke kahua kaua.

ʻO ke kumu o ke ʻano o nā kaʻa kaʻa ka mea e pono ai, i hānau ʻia i loko o nā hakakā koko i loko o nā ʻauwaha lepo o ke Kaua Honua Mua, i ka wā i hoʻokahe nui ai nā koa o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ke koko, ʻaʻole hiki ke puka i waho o ke kūlana kūlana.

ʻAʻole hiki i ke kaua ʻauwaha ke uhaʻi i nā ʻano kaua kuʻuna, e like me nā kaʻa pale kaua, ʻaʻole hiki ke komo i loko o nā pā uwea ʻala a me nā ʻauwaha paʻakikī. ʻO kekahi mīkini hiki ke hana i kēia i hopu ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka Haku Mua o ka Admiralty i kēlā manawa, ʻo Winston S. Churchill, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia kāna hana. ʻO ka hoʻolālā mua i manaʻo ʻia he kaʻa ma luna o ka huila "me nā wāwae", ʻo ia hoʻi, nā kākoʻo hoʻoneʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia a puni ka pōʻai o ka huila, i kūpono i ka ʻāina. No Brama J. Diplock ka manaʻo no kēlā huila, he ʻenekinia Pelekāne nāna i kūkulu i nā traktor ma waho o ke alanui me ia mau huila ma kāna hui ʻo Pedrail Transport ma Fulham, kahi ʻāpana o Lākana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo kēia kekahi o nā "hopena make" he nui; ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā huila me nā "legs-rails" ma mua o nā huila maʻamau.

Ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia ka caterpillar chassis e ka mea hana ʻeleʻele ʻo Maine ʻo Alvin Orlando Lombard (1853-1937) ma nā traktor mahiʻai āna i kūkulu ai. Ma ke axle kaʻa, ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i kahi hoʻonohonoho me nā anuhe, a ma ke alo o ke kaʻa - ma kahi o ka axle mua - hoʻokele skids. I loko o kona ola a pau, ua "hoʻopuka" ʻo ia i 83 o kēia mau traktor mahu, hoʻokomo iā lākou i 1901-1917. Ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he hāmare no ka mea, ʻo kāna hana maʻamau ʻo Waterville Iron Works ma Waterville, Maine, ua hana ʻo ia ma mua o ʻelima mau kaʻa i ka makahiki no kēlā mau makahiki he ʻumikumamāono. Ma hope, a hiki i ka makahiki 1934, ua "hana" ʻo ia i nā tractor caterpillar diesel ma ka wikiwiki like.

ʻO ka hoʻomohala hou ʻana o nā kaʻa i hahai ʻia i pili pū me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ʻelua mau mea hoʻolālā hoʻolālā. ʻO Benjamin Leroy Holt kekahi o lākou (1849–1920). Ma Stockton, Kaleponi, aia kahi hale hana huila kaʻa liʻiliʻi na ka Holts, ka Stockton Wheel Company, i hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana i nā traktor no nā mahi mahu i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1904. I Nowemapa i ka makahiki 1908, ua hoʻolauna ka hui i kāna tractor tracked diesel mua, i hoʻolālā ʻia e Benjamin L. Holt. ʻO kēia mau kaʻa he axle torsion mua i hoʻololi i nā skids i hoʻohana mua ʻia me nā huila, no laila, he mau ala hapa ia e like me nā ala hapa hope. I ka XNUMX wale nō, ua kūʻai ʻia kahi laikini mai ka hui Pelekane ʻo Richard Hornsby & Sons, e like me ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaumaha holoʻokoʻa o ka mīkini ma ka chassis tracked. No ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka pilikia o ka hoʻokele ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa kaʻa ma waena o nā ala hema a me ka ʻākau, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā pilikia huli ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi axle hope me nā huila hoʻokele, ʻo ia ka mea e koi ai ke kaʻa e hoʻololi i ke ala. .

ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ua paʻa ka hana. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hoʻolako aku ka Hui Hana Hana Holt ma luna o 10 mau kaʻa kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia e nā pūʻali koa Pelekania, ʻAmelika a me Farani. ʻO ka hui, i kapa hou ʻia ʻo Holt Caterpillar Company i ka makahiki 000, ua lilo i hui nui me ʻekolu mau mea kanu ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻo ka inoa Pelekane o ka caterpillar he "track" - ʻo ia hoʻi, ke alanui, ke ala; no ka enuhe, he ano alanui pau ole, e wili mau ana malalo o na huila o ke kaa. Akā, ua ʻike ka mea paʻi kiʻi ʻo Charles Clements i ka kolo ʻana o ka tractor a Holt e like me ka enuhe - he larva pepeke maʻamau. ʻO ia ka "caterpillar" ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka inoa o ka hui a ʻike ʻia kahi enuhe ma ka hōʻailona, ʻo ia hoʻi he larva.