ʻO Tankettes - kahi hanana poina i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūʻali koa

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Morris-Martel One Man Tankette hou i ka nui o ʻewalu kope. Ua hoʻopau ʻia kona hoʻomohala ʻana no ka hoʻolālā like ʻo Carden-Loyd.

He kaʻa kaua liʻiliʻi ka tankette, maʻa mau me nā pū mīkini wale nō. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia i kekahi manawa he pahu liʻiliʻi kēia, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā pahu māmā. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo mua e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pūʻali koa, hāʻawi iā lākou i kahi kaʻa e hiki ai iā lākou ke hele pū me nā kaʻa i ka hoʻouka ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā ʻāina he nui i hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻohana i kēia mau kaʻa me nā kaʻa māmā - me kahi pōʻino. No laila, ua haʻalele koke kēia kuhikuhi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā wedges. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia mau mīkini ma kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa a hiki i kēia lā.

ʻO ka wahi hānau o ka tankette ʻo Great Britain, kahi hānau o ka pahu, i ʻike ʻia ma nā kahua kaua o ke Kaua Honua Mua i ka makahiki 1916. ʻOi aku ʻo Great Britain ma mua o ka waena o ka wā interwar, i.e. a hiki i ka makahiki 1931-1933 nā kaʻina hana o ka mechanization o nā pūʻali honua a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻali koa a me nā wikiwiki. Ma hope mai, i ka XNUMXs, a ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hapa lua o ka ʻumi makahiki, ua loaʻa iā ia e Kelemania a me ka USSR.

ʻO ka Carden-Loyd One Man Tankette ke kumu hoʻohālike mua o ka pahu pahu noho hoʻokahi, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e John Carden lāua ʻo Vivian Loyd (ua kūkulu ʻia ʻelua kope, ʻokoʻa nā kikoʻī).

Ma hope koke iho o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua loaʻa iā Beretania he ʻelima mau pūʻali koa wāwae (ʻekolu pūʻali koa kipi a me nā pūʻali puʻupuʻu i kēlā me kēia), iwakālua mau pūʻali koa lio (me ʻeono mau pūʻali koa kūʻokoʻa, ʻeono i kūkulu ʻia ʻekolu pūʻali koa lio a ʻewalu hoʻi i hoʻonoho ʻia ma waho o nā mokupuni Pelekane) a me ʻehā mau pūʻali koa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka makahiki XNUMX ua nui nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka mīkini ʻana o nā pūʻali honua. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "mechanization" i hoʻomaopopo nui ʻia - e like me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ʻenekini kūloko i loko o ka pūʻali, ma ke ʻano o nā kaʻa, a, no ka laʻana, nā kaulahao i ka ʻenekinia a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana mana diesel. ʻO kēia mau mea a pau i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi o ke kaua ʻana o nā pūʻali koa, a ma luna o nā mea a pau, e hoʻonui i ko lākou neʻe ʻana ma ke kahua kaua. ʻO ka maneuver, ʻoiai ka ʻike kaumaha o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻoholo no ka kūleʻa o kekahi hana ma ka tactical, hana a i ʻole ka pae hoʻolālā. Hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo "ʻoiai", akā hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo aku he mahalo ia i ka ʻike o ke Kaua Honua Mua i lilo ai ke kuleana o ka maneuver i ke kaua i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi. Ua loaʻa mai i ka positional kaua, strategically i ke kaua o ka luku a me ka depletion o ka waiwai, a mai ke kanaka manaʻo, wale auwaha "junk", 'aʻole e alakai i ka decisive hoʻoholo o ka paio. ʻAʻole hiki iā Beritania Nui ke hoʻouka kaua o ka luku (ʻo ia hoʻi, kūlana), no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waiwai a me nā limahana o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ko Pelekania, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua pau nā kumuwaiwai Pelekane ma mua.

No laila, pono ka hana, a he mea pono i nā koina a pau e ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻokau ai i kahi ʻenemi. Pono e hoʻomohala i nā manaʻo no ka hele ʻana (hoʻoikaika) o nā hana maneuver a me ka manaʻo o ke kaua maneuver ponoʻī. Ma UK, nui nā hana theoretical a me nā hana i hana ʻia ma kēia pilikia. I Kepakemapa 1925, ʻo ka manawa mua loa mai ka makahiki 1914, ua mālama ʻia nā hana hoʻolālā bilateral nui e pili ana i kekahi mau māhele. I loko o kēia mau hana, ua hoʻoponopono ʻia kahi hoʻolālā mīkini nui i kapa ʻia ʻo Mobile Force, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua pūʻali koa lio a me kahi pūʻali koa ukali kaʻa. Ua ʻokoʻa loa ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā pūʻali koa lio a me nā huakaʻi hele, ʻoiai ʻo ka neʻe mua ʻana o ka pūʻali koa o nā kaʻa kaʻa i mua, i ka wā e hiki mai ana e puhi ʻia lākou i kahi mamao loa mai ke kahua kaua. ʻO ka hopena, ua hōʻea nā koa hele wāwae i ke kahua kaua i ka wā i pau ai.

ʻO Carden-Loyd Mk III tankette, kahi hoʻololi o ka Mk II me nā huila hāʻule iho e like me ka Mk I* (kahi i kūkulu ʻia).

He mea maʻalahi ka hopena o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa: ua loaʻa i nā pūʻali koa Pelekania nā ʻano loea o ka hoʻokele mechanized, akā ʻo ka nele o ka ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻenehana (i hui pū ʻia me ka huki lio) ʻo ia ka mea ʻaʻole i kūleʻa ka hana ʻana o nā pūʻali koa. He mea pono e hooikaika i ka nee ana o na koa ma ke alanui, i holo malie keia hana, a e hookokoke pono mai na mokukaua i ke kahua kaua, me na mea e pono ai no ke kaua a me ka uhi kaua. ʻO kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe ʻo ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka hana o nā pūʻulu infantry me nā pū (a me ka sapper, kamaʻilio, reconnaissance, anti-aircraft elements, etc.), me nā pūʻali koa e neʻe ana ma nā ala, a no laila pinepine ma waho o nā alanui e hiki ai i nā kaʻa huila. ʻO ia mau hopena i huki ʻia mai nā hana nui o 1925. Mai ia manawa mai, ua hana ʻia ka hana manaʻo ma ka nīnau o ka neʻe ʻana o nā pūʻali i ka wā o kā lākou mīkini.

ʻO ka Carden-Loyd Mk IV he pahu pahu ʻelua kanaka e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona mua, me ka ʻole o ka hale a i ʻole ka pā, me nā huila alanui ʻehā ma kēlā me kēia ʻaoʻao a me nā huila hāʻule hou.

I Mei 1927, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka brigade mechanized mua o ka honua ma Great Britain. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kumu o ka 7th Infantry Brigade, kahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai ka 2nd Battalion o ka Cheshire Regiment. ʻO nā pūʻali koa i koe o ka pūʻali koa: Flanking Reconnaissance Group (hui ʻēheu reconnaissance group) nona nā hui kaʻa kaua ʻelua mai ka pūʻali koa o ka 3rd Battalion o ka Royal Tank Corps (RTK); ʻO ka hui ʻike nui he ʻelua hui, hoʻokahi me 8 Carden Loyd tankettes a ʻo kekahi me 8 Morris-Martel tankettes mai ka 3rd RTC battalion; ʻO 5th RTC Battalion me 48 Vickers Medium Mark I nā pahu; Puali Puali Mīkini Mechanized - 2nd Somerset Light Infantry Battalion me Vickers pū mīkini kaumaha, lawe ʻia ma Crossley-Kégresse half-tracks a me 6-wheeled Morris trucks; ʻO 9th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery, me ʻekolu mau pākahi o nā pū kī QF 18-pauna a me nā howitzer 114,3 mm, ʻelua o ia mau mea i huki ʻia e nā tractor Dragon a ua huki ʻia kekahi e Crossley-Kégresse half-tracks; 20th Battery, 9th Field Brigade, Royal Artillery - Brich Gun pahu hoʻokolohua; he kaukau māmā o 94 mm mauna howitzer i lawe ʻia e Burford-Kégresse half-track tractors; ʻO ka hui kahua mīkini o ka Royal Engineers ma nā kaʻa Morris 6-wheeled. ʻO ke alakaʻi o kēia pūʻali mechanized ʻo ia ʻo Konela Robert J. Collins, ʻo ia hoʻi ke alakaʻi o ka 7th Infantry Brigade i hoʻonoho ʻia ma ia pūʻali koa ma Camp Tidworth ma Salisbury Plain.

ʻO ka Carden-Loyd Mk VI ka pahu pahu holomua mua i lilo i hoʻolālā maʻamau i kāna papa i hahai ʻia e kekahi.

ʻO nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua o ka hoʻokumu hou i ka 3rd Infantry Division, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Major W. John Burnett-Stewart, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena like ʻole. He mea paʻakikī ke hoʻohui i nā hana o nā mea like ʻole e nā kaʻa me nā waiwai like ʻole.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hana a nā pūʻali mechanized akamai i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa wale i nā hoʻokumu infantry e kū nei, me nā pūlima i hoʻopili ʻia iā lākou a me nā pūʻali kākoʻo ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana reconnaissance, sappers, kamaʻilio a me nā lawelawe, ʻaʻole e lawe mai i nā hopena maikaʻi. Pono e hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūʻali koa mechanized ma luna o nā kumu hou a mālama pono ʻia i nā mana kaua o nā pūʻali koa hui pū ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā pūʻali kaʻa kaʻa, nā pū mechanized, a me nā lawelawe kaʻa, akā i nā nui i kūlike me nā pono o ke kaua mobile.

Mai ka Carden-Loyd tankettes e hele mai ai ka mea lawe lima kila kila Universal Carrier, ʻo ia ka nui loa o nā kaʻa kaua Allied i ke Kaua Honua II.

ʻO Tankitki Martella lāua ʻo Carden-Loyda

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i makemake nā kānaka a pau e hoʻohana i ka pūʻali koa ma kēia ʻano. Ua manaʻo lākou ua hoʻololi loa ke ʻano o kahi pahu i ke kahua kaua i kona kiʻi. ʻO kekahi o nā luna akamai loa o ka Royal Mechanized Corps ma hope, ʻo Giffard Le Quen Martel, ke kāpena o nā sappers i ka makahiki 1916 (ma hope o Lieutenant-General Sir G. C. Martel; 10 ʻOkakopa 1889 - 3 September 1958), he ʻokoʻa loa ka manaʻo. .

ʻO GQ Martel ke keiki a Brigadier General Charles Philip Martel nāna i mālama i nā hale hana pale aupuni āpau me ROF ma Woolwich. Ua puka 'o GQ Martel mai ka Royal Military Academy, Woolwich i ka makahiki 1908 a ua lilo ia i lutena lua o na 'enekinia. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua hakakā ʻo ia i ka pūʻali ʻenekinia-sapper, e hana ana, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā kaua a me ko lākou lanakila ʻana e nā kaʻa. I ka makahiki 1916, ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi memo i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Tank Army" kahi āna i manaʻo ai e hoʻolako hou i ka pūʻali holoʻokoʻa me nā kaʻa kaua. I ka makahiki 1917-1918, ʻo Brig. Fuller i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu i nā hana hewa ma hope. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua lawelawe ʻo ia i ka pūʻali ʻenekinia, akā mau ka hoihoi i nā kaʻa. I loko o ka pūʻali mechanized hoʻokolohua ma Camp Tidworth, ua kauoha ʻo ia i kahi hui mechanized o nā sappers. Aia i ka hapa mua o ka XNUMXs, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā alahaka pahu, akā makemake mau ʻo ia i nā kaʻa. Me ka pūʻali ma kahi kālā paʻa, ua huli ʻo Martel i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pahu pahu liʻiliʻi, hoʻokahi kanaka i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻali koa holo wāwae a me nā lio.

Nā Prototypes o nā tankettes Polish (hema) TK-2 a me TK-1 a me ka British Carden-Loyd Mk VI me kahi undercarriage i hoʻololi ʻia i kūʻai ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka mīkini kumu o kēia ʻano; 1930 paha

Eia ke kūpono e hoʻi i ka memo 1916 a ʻike i ka mea a GQ Martel i hāʻawi ai i kēlā manawa. ʻAe, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻololi ʻia nā pūʻali ʻāina āpau i hoʻokahi pūʻali koa nui. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki i ke koa hoʻokahi me ke kāhiko ʻole ke ola ma ke kahua kaua i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā pū mīkini a me nā pū kī kī wikiwiki. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻolako ʻia ke poʻo kaua me ʻekolu mau ʻano nui o nā pahu. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi hoʻohālikelike moana - ʻo nā moku wale nō i hakakā ma ke kai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kaua, akā he analogue kikoʻī o ka infantry, i.e. ʻaʻohe koa ma ka ʻauʻau ʻana a me nā waʻa liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā kaʻa kaua a pau o ke kaua moana mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻohana ʻia i nā mīkini kila kila o nā ʻano nui (ʻo ka nui o ka mahu ma muli o ko lākou nui).

No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻo GQ Martel i ke au o ka uila uila mai nā pū mīkini a me nā pū kīwī ahi wikiwiki, pono nā pūʻali honua āpau e hoʻololi i nā kaʻa e like me nā moku.

Hāʻawi ʻo GQ Martel i ʻekolu mau ʻano o nā kaʻa kaua: nā pahu luku, nā moku kaua a me nā pahu torpedo (nā pahu holo moana).

ʻO ka māhele o nā kaʻa kaua kaua e pono e komo i nā pahu hoʻolako, i.e. nā kaʻa pale kaua no ka lawe ʻana i nā pū, wahie, ʻāpana ʻokoʻa a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kahua kaua.

E pili ana i nā kaʻa kaua, ʻo ka nui nui o ka nui he mau kaʻa kaua. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo ʻia he moku luku, e like me ka manaʻo o ka inoa - he hoʻohālikelike wale nō ia me ke kaua moana. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kahi pahu māmā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pū mīkini, i hoʻohana maoli ʻia no ka mīkini hana wāwae. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻāpana luku pahu e pani i ka pūʻali koa kahiko a me nā lio a hana i kēia mau hana: ma ka "kavalry" wahi - reconnaissance, uhi i ka ʻēheu a lawe i nā kupapaʻu ma hope o nā laina ʻenemi, ma ka "infantry" wahi - lawe i ka wahi a ke kiaʻi ʻana i nā wahi i noho ʻia, e hakakā ana i nā ʻano hoʻokumu like ʻana i ka ʻenemi, interception a me ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻāina koʻikoʻi, nā kumu a me nā hale kūʻai o ka ʻenemi, a me ka uhi no nā pahu kaua.

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo nā kaʻa kaua e hoʻokumu i ka pūʻali koa nui a hana i nā hana ʻano o nā pūʻali koa, a me kekahi hapa o nā pū. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: kaumaha me ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa, akā ʻo ka mea kaua ikaika a me nā mea kaua i ke ʻano o ka pū 152-mm, medium me nā mea kaua nāwaliwali a me nā mea kaua, akā me ka wikiwiki nui, a me ka māmā - wikiwiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kaua a me nā mea kaua. ʻO ka mea hope i manaʻo ʻia e hana i ka ʻike ma hope o nā pūʻali koa kaua, a me ka alualu ʻana a luku i nā mea luku pahu ʻenemi. A ʻo ka mea hope loa, ʻo "torpedo tanks", ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea luku pahu moku kaua, me nā mea kaua kaumaha, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kaua no ka wikiwiki. Ua manaʻo ʻia nā pahu torpedo e hopu i nā pahu o nā moku kaua, e luku iā lākou, a e hele i waho o kā lākou mau mea kaua ma mua o ka luku ʻia ʻana. No laila, ma ke kaua moana, he mau hoa mamao loa lakou no na moku holo moku nui; i loko o ke kaua ʻāina, ua kū mai kahi hoʻohālikelike me ka manaʻo hope o ʻAmelika e pili ana i nā mea luku pahu. Ua manaʻo ʻo G.K. Martel e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka "torpedo tank" i ka wā e hiki mai ana me kahi ʻano mea hoʻolele pōhaku, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻi ʻana i nā pahu kaua. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka mechanization piha o ka pūʻali ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā pūʻali koa me nā kaʻa pale kaua pū kekahi i huki ʻia ʻo Konela W. (ma hope o General) ʻo John F. C. Fuller, ka loea kaulana loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pūʻali koa Pelekane.

I ka wā o kāna hana hope, ua hāpai ʻo Kāpena a me Major Giffard Le Ken Martel i ka manaʻo o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mea luku pahu, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻuʻuku loa, liʻiliʻi, 1/2-noho i nā kaʻa pale kaua i kāhiko ʻia me nā pū mīkini, kahi e pani ai i ka pūʻali koa hele wāwae a me nā koa lio. I ka makahiki 1922 ua hōʻike ʻo Herbert Austin i kāna kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi me ka mīkini 7 hp. (no laila ka inoa ʻo Austin Seven), ua hoʻomaka ʻo GQ Martel e hoʻolaha i ka manaʻo o ia tank.

I ka makahiki 1924, ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi prototype o ia kaʻa i loko o kāna hale kaʻa ponoʻī, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa kila maʻalahi a me nā ʻāpana mai nā kaʻa like ʻole. ʻO ia iho he mechanic maikaʻi a, ma ke ʻano he sapper, loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻonaʻauao ʻenekinia kūpono. I ka wā mua, hāʻawi ʻo ia i kāna kaʻa i kāna mau hoa pūʻali koa me ka leʻaleʻa ma mua o ka hoihoi, akā ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu ua loaʻa ka manaʻo i ka ʻāina momona. I Ianuali 1924, no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke aupuni o ka ʻaoʻao hema o Labour Party ma Great Britain, alakaʻi ʻia e Ramsay MacDonald. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua mau kona aupuni a hiki i ka hopena o ka makahiki, akā ua hoʻomaka ka mīkini. ʻElua mau hui kaʻa - Morris Motor Company o Cowley, alakaʻi ʻia e William R. Morris, Lord Nuffield, a me Crossley Motors o Gorton ma waho o Manchester - ua hana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaʻa e pili ana i ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o GQ Martel.

Ua kūkulu ʻia he ʻewalu mau pahu pahu Morris-Martel, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā chassis tracked mai Roadless Traction Ltd. a me ka mīkini Morris me ka mana o 16 hp, i hiki ai i ke kaʻa ke hiki i ka wikiwiki o 45 km / h. Ma ka mana hoʻokahi noho, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻa me kahi pū mīkini, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua noho, ua hoʻolālā ʻia kahi pū pōkole 47-mm. Hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻa mai luna mai a he silhouette kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka Crossley prototype wale nō ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia e ka mīkini Crossley ʻehā ʻehā ʻehā. a he enuhe ma lalo o ka ʻōnaehana Kègresse. Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia kēia prototype ma 27 a hāʻawi ʻia i ka Royal Military College of Science ma ke ʻano he hōʻike. ʻAʻole naʻe i ola a hiki i kēia lā. ʻO nā mīkini ʻelua - mai Morris lāua ʻo Crossley - he hapalua ka hahai ʻana, ʻoiai he mau huila ko lāua e hoʻokele ai i ke kaʻa ma hope o ke kaʻa ma lalo. Ua maʻalahi kēia i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ke kaʻa.

ʻAʻole makemake ka pūʻali koa i ka hoʻolālā Martel, no laila ua hoʻoholo wau i kēia mau wedge ʻewalu Morris-Martel. ʻO ka manaʻo ponoʻī naʻe, ua nani loa ma muli o ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o nā kaʻa like. Hāʻawi kēia i ka manaʻolana no ke komo ʻana i ka lawelawe o ka nui o nā "tanks" ma nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa no kā lākou mālama a kūʻai. Eia naʻe, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hopena i makemake ʻia e kahi mea hoʻolālā ʻoihana, ʻenekinia ʻo John Valentine Cardin.

ʻO John Valentine Cardin (1892-1935) he loea aʻo ponoʻī. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka Guard Corps o ka Army Corps, e hana ana i nā tractor tracked Holt i hoʻohana ʻia e ka pūʻali koa Pelekania e huki i nā pū kaumaha a hoʻolako i nā kaʻa. I loko o kāna ʻoihana koa, ua piʻi ʻo ia i ke kūlana kāpena. Ma hope o ke kaua, ua hana ʻo ia i kāna hui ponoʻī e hana ana i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā i ka makahiki 1922 (a i ʻole 1923) ua hālāwai ʻo ia me Vivian Loyd, a ua hoʻoholo lākou e hana i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi no ka pūʻali - ma ke ʻano he tractor a no nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1924 ua hoʻokumu lākou iā Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. ma Chertsey ma ka aoao komohana o Ladana, ma ka hikina o Farnborough. I Malaki 1928, ua kūʻai ʻo Vickers-Armstrong, kahi hopohopo nui, i kā lākou hui, a ua lilo ʻo John Carden i alakaʻi loea o ka Vickers Panzer Division. Ua loaʻa iā Vickers ka tankette kaulana a nui loa o ka Carden-Loyd duo, Mk VI; Ua hana pū ʻia kahi tank Vickers E 6-ton, i lawe nui ʻia i nā ʻāina he nui a ua laikini ʻia ma Polani (ʻo 7TP kona hoʻomohala lōʻihi) a i ka USSR (T-26). ʻO ka hoʻomohala hou loa o John Carden ʻo ia ka VA D50 kaʻa māmā, i hana pololei ʻia ma ke kumu o ka pahu Mk VI a ʻo ia ka prototype o ka Bren Carrier light aircraft carrier. I ka lā 10 o Dekemaba, 1935, ua make ʻo John Cardin ma kahi ulia mokulele ma luna o ka mokulele Belgian Sabena.

ʻO kāna hoa ʻo Vivian Loyd (1894-1972) he kula kiʻekiʻe a ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka pūʻali koa Pelekane i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua. Ma hope koke iho o ke kaua, ua kūkulu pū ʻo ia i nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka hui Carden-Loyd. Ua lilo ʻo ia i mea hana pahu ma Vickers. Me Cardin, ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hana i ka ʻohana Bren Carrier a ma hope o Universal Carrier. I ka makahiki 1938, ua haʻalele ʻo ia e hoʻomaka i kāna hui ponoʻī, ʻo Vivian Loyd & Co., nāna i hana i nā tractor crawler crawler ʻoi aku ka nui o Loyd Carrier; ma kahi o 26 i kūkulu ʻia i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II (ka hapa nui e nā hui ʻē aʻe ma lalo o ka laikini mai Loyd).

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka pahu pahu mua ma ka hale hana ʻo Cardin-Loyd i ka hoʻoilo o 1925-1926. He hull māmā ia me ka mīkini hope ma hope o ka mea hoʻokele, me nā ala i hoʻopili ʻia ma nā ʻaoʻao. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā huila alanui liʻiliʻi, a heʻe ka piko o ka enuhe ma luna o nā mea paheʻe metala. Hāʻawi ʻia ka hoʻokele e hoʻokahi huila i kau ʻia ma ka fuselage hope, ma waena o nā ala. Ua kūkulu ʻia ʻekolu prototypes, a ʻaʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua kūkulu ʻia kahi mīkini i kahi mana hoʻomaikaʻi o ka Mk I *. I loko o kēia kaʻa, hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā huila ʻē aʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao, i alakaʻi ʻia e ke kaulahao mai ka axle kaʻa mua. Mahalo iā lākou, hiki i ke kaʻa ke neʻe i ʻekolu huila - ʻelua huila hoʻokele i mua a hoʻokahi huila liʻiliʻi ma hope. ʻO kēia ka mea i hiki ai ke mālama i nā ala ma nā alanui i ka wā e haʻalele ai i ke kahua kaua a hoʻonui i ka neʻe ʻana ma nā ala i hahau ʻia. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he pahu kaʻa huila. ʻO ka Mk I a me Mk I* he mau kaʻa noho hoʻokahi, e like me ka Mk II i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka hopena o 1926, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wili track i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā lima hoʻomaha, i hoʻopuʻi ʻia e nā pūnāwai. ʻO kahi ʻano like ʻole o kēia mīkini me ka hiki ke hoʻokomo i nā huila e like me ka papahana Mk I * ua kapa ʻia ʻo Mk III. Ua ho'āʻo ikaika ka prototype i ka makahiki 1927. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike koke ʻia kahi mana pahu pahu noho ʻelua me ka hull haʻahaʻa. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ʻelua mau luina o ke kaʻa ma kēlā ʻaoʻao kēia ʻaoʻao o ke kaʻa, mahalo i ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaʻa i kahi hiʻohiʻona, ʻano huinaha me ka lōʻihi e like me ka laulā o ke kaʻa. Hoʻokahi o nā ohua i hoʻomalu i ka pahu pahu, a ʻo kekahi i lawelawe i kāna mea kaua ma ke ʻano he pū mīkini. ʻOi aku ka nani o ke kaʻa ma lalo o ke ala, akā ʻo ka hoʻokele hoʻokahi huila ma hope. Na ka ʻenekini i hoʻokele i nā kaʻa mua, nāna i hoʻohuli i ka traction i nā ala. Ua hiki no hoi ke hoopili i na huila hou i ka aoao, i ka mana i laweia ma o ke kaulahao mai ka mua kaʻa huila - no ka holo ma luna o ka lepo alanui. Ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻa i ka hopena o 1927, a i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 1928, ʻewalu mau kaʻa Mk IV i komo i ka hui o ka 3rd tank battalion, kahi ʻāpana o ka Experimental Mechanized Brigade. ʻO kēia nā pahu Carden-Loyd mua i kūʻai ʻia e ka pūʻali koa a hoʻokomo ʻia i ka lawelawe.

ʻO ka 1928 Mk V prototype ka mea hope loa i kūkulu ʻia e Carden-Loyd Tractors Ltd. He ʻokoʻa ia mai nā kaʻa mua me kahi huila nui a me nā ala lōʻihi. ʻAʻole naʻe i kūʻai ʻia e ka pūʻali koa.

ʻO Carden-Loyd ma lalo o ka brand Vickers

Ua hoʻomohala mua ʻo Vickers i kahi prototype tankette hou, ʻo ka Mk V*. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui he hoʻololi nui i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā huila alanui nui ma luna o nā puʻu kopa, ua hoʻopaʻa pālua ʻia ma luna o nā bogies me ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana maʻamau me kahi pūnāwai lau ākea. Ua lilo kēia hoʻonā i maʻalahi a maikaʻi. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kaʻa i ʻeiwa kope, akā ua lilo ka ʻaoʻao aʻe i mea holomua. Ma kahi o kahi huila hoʻokele ma hope, hoʻohana ʻo ia i nā paʻa ʻaoʻao e hāʻawi i ka hoʻoili mana ʻokoʻa i nā ala. No laila, ua hoʻokō ʻia ka huli ʻana o ka mīkini e like me nā kaʻa kaua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kēia wā - ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o nā ala ʻelua a i ʻole ke hoʻokuʻu ʻana i kekahi o nā ala. ʻAʻole hiki i ke kaʻa ke neʻe ma luna o nā huila, he ʻano enuhe wale nō. ʻO ke kaʻa he ʻenekini Ford hilinaʻi loa, i loaʻa mai ka Model T kaulana, me ka mana o 22,5 hp. ʻO ka lako wahie i loko o ka pahu he 45 lita, kahi i lawa e hele ai ma kahi o 160 km. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa he 50 km / h. Aia ka mea kaua o ke ka'a ma ka akau: he 7,7 mm i hooluolu i ka lewa Lewis machine gun a i ole he raifela Vickers i hooluolu i ka wai.

ka like like.

ʻO kēia mīkini ka mea i komo i ka hana nui. I loko o ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui o 162 a me 104 kope, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka huina o 266 mau kaʻa ma ke ʻano kumu me nā prototypes a me nā koho kūikawā, a ua hana ʻia ʻo 325. Ua hana ʻia kekahi o kēia mau kaʻa e ka mokuʻāina ʻo Woolwich Arsenal plant. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo Vickers i nā wedges Mk VI hoʻokahi me ka laikini hana i nā ʻāina he nui (Fiat Ansaldo ma Italia, Polskie Zakłady Inżynieryjne ma Polani, USSR State Industry, Škoda ma Czechoslovakia, Latil ma Farani). ʻO ka haole nui loa i loaʻa i nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia e Pelekane ʻo Thailand, i loaʻa iā 30 Mk VI a me 30 Mk VIb kaʻa. Ua kūʻai ʻo Bolivia, Chile, Czechoslovakia, Iapana a me Pokukala i 5 mau kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma UK.

ʻO ka pahu koʻikoʻi Soviet T-35 i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā tankettes (nā pahu hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā) T-27. Hoʻololi ʻia e T-37 a me T-38 amphibious reconnaissance tanks me nā mea kaua i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka turret rotating.

Ma UK, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pahu pahu Vickers Carden-Loyd Mk VI i nā ʻāpana hoʻokele. Eia nō naʻe, ma ko lākou kumu, ua hana ʻia kahi pahu māmā Mk I, i hoʻomohala ʻia i nā mana hope i nā makahiki 1682. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pahu pahu ma ke ʻano he pani no ka Mk VI kahi i iho mai ai ka Scout Carrier, Bren Carrier a me Universal Carrier ʻohana o nā mea lawe lima kaua, kahi hull i pani ʻia a me kahi puʻupuʻu ʻoni me ka pū mīkini a i ʻole ka pū mīkini. pū mīkini kaumaha. ʻO ka ʻano hope loa o ka pahu kukui Mk VI i kūkulu ʻia i ka helu o XNUMX mau kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kaua i ka wā mua o ke Kaua Honua II.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā tankette Japanese Type 94 i ka wā o ke Kaua Sino-Iapana a me ka manawa mua o ke Kaua Honua II. Ua pani ʻia e ka Type 97 me kahi pū 37 mm, i hana ʻia a hiki i 1942.

Hōʻuluʻulu

I ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō pololei ʻia ka hana laikini o nā tankettes, akā ua hoʻokomo ʻia kā lākou mau hoʻololi ponoʻī, e hoʻololi pinepine i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka mīkini. Ua kūkulu ka poʻe Italia i 25 mau kaʻa e like me kā Carden-Loyd hoʻolālā ma lalo o ka inoa CV 29, ukali ʻia e kahi 2700 CV 33 mau kaʻa a hoʻonui i nā kaʻa CV 35 - ʻo ka hope me ʻelua mau pū mīkini. Ma hope o ke kūʻai ʻana i ʻelima mau mīkini Carden-Loyd Mk VI, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Iapana e hoʻomohala i kāna hoʻolālā like. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kaʻa e ka Ishikawajima Motorcar Manufacturing Company (i kēia manawa ʻo Isuzu Motors), nāna i kūkulu i 167 Type 92s me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana Carden-Loyd he nui. ʻO kā lākou hoʻomohala ʻana he mīkini me kahi hull uhi ʻia a me kahi puʻupuʻu hoʻokahi me kahi pū mīkini 6,5 mm hoʻokahi i hana ʻia e Hino Motors ma ke ʻano he Type 94; 823 mau ʻāpana i hana ʻia.

Ma Czechoslovakia i ka makahiki 1932, ua kūkulu ka hui ČKD (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) mai Prague i kaʻa ma lalo o ka laikini mai Carden-Loyd. ʻO ke kaʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo Tančík vz. 33 (wedge wz. 33). Ma hope o ka ho'āʻoʻana i ka Carden-Loyd Mk VI i kūʻaiʻia, ua hiki mai ka Czechs i ka hopena he nui nā hoʻololi i nā mīkini. ʻEhā prototype o ka vz i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia. 33 me nā ʻenekini Prague 30 hp. ua hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka makahiki 1932, a i ka makahiki 1933 ua hoʻomaka ka hana nui o 70 mau mīkini o kēia ʻano. Ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ke Kaua Honua II

ka pūʻali koa Slovak.

Ma Polani, mai ʻAukake 1931, ua hoʻomaka ka pūʻali e loaʻa nā wedge TK-3. Ua hoʻomaka mua lākou e nā prototype ʻelua, ʻo ka TK-1 a me TK-2, pili loa i ka Carden-Loyd mua. Ua loaʻa iā TK-3 kahi keʻena hakakā i uhi ʻia a me nā hoʻomaikaʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina. Ma ka huina, ma 1933, ua kūkulu ʻia ma kahi o 300 mau kaʻa o kēia ʻano (me 18 TKF, a me nā prototypes o ka TKV a me ka TKD self-propelled anti-tank gun), a laila, i ka makahiki 1934-1936, he 280 mau kaʻa i hoʻololi ʻia. ua hāʻawi ʻia i ka Polish Army TKS me nā mea kaua i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia a me kahi mea kanu mana ma ke ʻano o ka mīkini Polish Fiat 122B me 46 hp.

ʻO ka hana nui o nā mīkini e pili ana i nā hoʻonā Carden-Loyd i hana ʻia ma USSR ma lalo o ka inoa T-27 - ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka hana ʻana ma Italia a ʻaʻole ka mea nui loa ma ka honua. I ka USSR, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia ka hoʻolālā kumu ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻoili mana a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kāna mīkini ponoʻī 40 hp GAZ AA. ʻO nā mea kaua he hoʻokahi pū mīkini 7,62 mm DT. Ua hanaʻia ka hanaʻana ma 1931-1933 ma ka hale kanu No. 37 ma Moscow a ma ka hale kanu GAZ ma Gorki; He 3155 mau kaʻa T-27 i kūkulu ʻia a he 187 hou aʻe i ka ChT-27 ʻano like ʻole, kahi i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka pū mīkini me kahi pahu ahi. Ua mau kēia mau kaʻa i ka hana a hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke komo ʻana o ka USSR i ke Kaua Honua II, ʻo ia hoʻi, a hiki i ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule o 1941. Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he traktor no nā pū māmā a me nā kaʻa kamaʻilio.

Haʻaheo ʻo Farani i ka hana nui loa o nā tankettes ma ka honua. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻomohala i kahi kaʻa liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma muli o nā ʻenehana loea a Carden-Loyd. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻoholoʻia e hoʻolālā i ke kaʻa iʻole e uku i ka poʻe Pelekania no ka laikini. Ua komo ʻo Renault, Citroen a me Brandt i ka hoʻokūkū no kahi kaʻa hou, akā i ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1931, ua koho ʻia ka hoʻolālā Renault UE me kahi Renault UT two-axle crawler trailer no ka hana nui. ʻO ka pilikia, ʻoiai ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe a pau, ua mālama ʻia nā ʻano ʻano maoli o Carden-Loyd tankettes ma ke ʻano he mau kaʻa kaua (i manaʻo nui ʻia no nā ʻāpana reconnaissance, ʻoiai ma USSR a me Italia ua mālama ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he ala maʻalahi no ka hana ʻana i ke kākoʻo pale kaua. infantry units), aia ma Farani mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i manaʻo ʻia ʻo Renault UE he tractor artillery a he kaʻa lawe pū. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia e huki i nā pū māmā a me nā morta i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pēpē, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pū anti-tank a me nā pu anti-aircraft, a me nā morta. A hiki i 1940, 5168 o kēia mau mīkini i kūkulu ʻia a he 126 hou ma lalo o ka laikini ma Romania. Ma mua o ka puka ʻana o ka hoʻouka kaua, ʻo ia ka tankette nui loa.

Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kaʻa Pelekane, i hana pololei ʻia ma ke kumu o nā tankettes Carden-Loyd, ua uhaʻi i nā moʻolelo kaulana loa. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ua hoʻolālā mua ke kāpena i ka hana nona i ka makahiki 1916. ʻO Martela - ʻo ia hoʻi, he kaʻa ia no ka lawe ʻana i ka infantry, a i ʻole, ua hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pū mīkini pēpē pēpē, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole: mai ka reconnaissance a i kahi tractor mea kaua māmā, nā kaʻa lako kaua, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. , kamaʻilio, patrolling, etc. Hoʻomaka kona hoʻomaka i ka Vickers-Armstrong D50 prototype, i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui ponoʻī. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea lawe i kahi pū mīkini no ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā pēpē, a ma kēia kuleana - ma lalo o ka inoa Carrier, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1 - ua hoʻāʻo ka pūʻali koa i kāna mau prototypes. Ua komo nā kaʻa hana mua i ka lawelawe me nā pūʻali Pelekania ma 1936: Machine Gun Carrier (a ʻo Bren Carrier), Cavalry Carrier a me Scout Carrier. Ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻokoʻa liʻiliʻi ma waena o nā kaʻa e ko lākou kumu i manaʻo ʻia - ma ke ʻano he kaʻa no nā pū mikini pēpē, ma ke ʻano he mea lawe no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kaʻa lio a ma ke ʻano he kaʻa no nā ʻāpana ʻike. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ua aneane like ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia mau mīkini, ua ʻike ʻia ka inoa Universal Carrier i ka makahiki 1940.

I ka manawa mai 1934 a 1960, ua kūkulu ʻia ka nui o 113 o kēia mau kaʻa ma nā hale hana like ʻole ma Great Britain a me Kanada, kahi moʻolelo paʻa no nā kaʻa kaua i ka honua i ko lākou mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia nā kaʻa i hoʻoikaika nui i ka poʻe hele wāwae; ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou no nā hana like ʻole. Mai ia mau kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia ai nā mea lawe lima kaua ma hope o ke kaua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha no ka lawe ʻana i nā koa hele wāwae a kākoʻo iā ia ma ke kahua kaua. ʻAʻole pono e poina ʻo ka Universal Carrier ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea lawe kaʻa kaua kaua mua ma ka honua. ʻO nā mea lawe i kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha, akā like kā lākou kumu - e lawe i nā infantrymen, pale iā lākou e like me ka hiki mai ke ahi ʻenemi a hāʻawi iā lākou i ke kākoʻo ahi ke hele lākou i ke kaua ma waho o ke kaʻa.

Ua ʻae ʻia ʻo nā wedges he hopena make i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pūʻali koa a me nā mechanized. Inā mākou e hana iā lākou e like me nā kaʻa, ma ke ʻano he mea kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai no ke kaʻa kaua (ʻo nā tankettes, no ka laʻana, nā pahu kukui German Panzer I, he haʻahaʻa loa ka waiwai kaua), a laila ʻae, he hopena make ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā kaʻa kaua. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he mau pahu kaʻa maʻamau, ua poina ʻia e kekahi mau pūʻali koa i hoʻāʻo e hoʻohana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he pahu pahu. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mau kaʻa hele wāwae. No ka mea, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Fuller, Martel a me Liddell-Hart, pono e neʻe ka pūʻali koa a kaua i nā kaʻa kaua. No nā "mea luku pahu" i ka makahiki 1916, aia nā hana i hana ʻia e nā kaʻa kaʻa ma luna o nā kaʻa kaua infantry - aneane like.

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