Supermarine Spitfire ʻO ka mea kaua RAF kaao.

ʻO ke kope o kēia manawa o ka prototype fighter mua Supermarine 300, i kapa ʻia ʻo F.37/34 a i ʻole F.10/35 i ka kikoʻī o ka Air Ministry, a i ʻole K5054 i ka helu inoa RAF.

ʻO ka Supermarine Spitfire kekahi o nā mokulele kaulana loa o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, e lawelawe ana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana a hiki i ka lā hope o ka hakakā, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano nui o ka mokulele RAF. ʻEwalu o nā pūʻali koa ʻumikūmālima o ka Air Force Polish ma UK i lele iā Spitfires, no laila ʻo ia ka ʻano nui loa o kā mākou mokulele. He aha ka mea huna o kēia holomua? Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o ka Spitfire mai nā hoʻolālā mokulele ʻē aʻe? A i ʻole he pōʻino paha?

ʻO ka Royal Air Force (RAF) i nā makahiki 30 a me ka hapa mua o nā makahiki 1930 ua hoʻoikaika nui ʻia e ka manaʻo o Gulio Due no ka luku ʻana i ka ʻenemi me nā hoʻouka kaua nui. ʻO ke poʻo nui o ka hoʻohana ʻino ʻana i ka mokulele e luku ai i ka ʻenemi ma o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana i ka lewa, ʻo ia ke poʻo nui o nā limahana o ka Royal Air Force, ʻo General Hugh Montagu Trenchard, ma hope ʻo Viscount a me Luna Nui o ka Makai Lākana. Ua lawelawe ʻo Trenchard a hiki i Ianuali 1933, i ka wā i pani ʻia ai ʻo ia e General John Maitland Salmond, nona nā manaʻo like. Ua lanakila ʻo ia ma Mei XNUMX e General Edward Leonard Ellington, nona nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Royal Air Force ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa me nā mea o kona mau mua. ʻO ia ka mea i koho no ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka RAF mai ʻelima mau pūʻali koa bomber a i ʻelua mau pūʻali koa. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka "air combat" he mau hoʻouka kaua ʻana i nā kahua mokulele ʻenemi i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻemi i nā mokulele ʻenemi ma ka ʻāina i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ko lākou home. ʻO ka poʻe hakakā, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, pono lākou e ʻimi iā lākou i ka lewa, a i kekahi manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pō, ua like ia me ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi nila i loko o kahi ʻōpala. I kēlā manawa,ʻaʻohe mea iʻike mua i ka hikiʻana mai o ka radar, e hoʻololi loa i kēia kūlana.

I ka hapa mua o nā makahiki 30, ʻelua ʻano o nā mea hakakā ma UK: nā mea hakakā a me nā mea hakakā. ʻO ka poʻe mua ke kuleana no ka pale ʻana i ka ea o kahi wahi kikoʻī i ke ao a me ka pō, a ʻo nā pou nānā ʻike maka e kū ana ma ka ʻāina Pelekane e kuhikuhi ʻia iā lākou. No laila, ua hoʻolako ʻia kēia mau mokulele me nā lekiō a, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua loaʻa ka palena wikiwiki o ka pae ʻana e hōʻoia i ka hana palekana i ka pō.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono e hana ka fighter-interceptor ma kahi kokoke i kahakai, e kuhikuhi i nā pahuhopu ea e like me nā hōʻailona o nā mea hoʻolohe, a laila ʻike kūʻokoʻa i kēia mau pahuhopu. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hiki kēia i ka lā wale nō. ʻAʻohe koi no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi lekiō, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe wahi kiaʻi ma ke kai. ʻAʻole pono ka fighter-interceptor i kahi lōʻihi, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana o nā mokulele ʻenemi e hoʻohana ana i nā mea hoʻolohe ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 km. Akā, pono lākou i ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana a me ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana e hiki ai ke hoʻouka i nā pōkā ʻenemi ma mua o ke kahakai kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā mea hakakā, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ma hope o ka pale o ke ahi anti-aircraft i kau ʻia ma kahakai.

I nā makahiki 30, ua manaʻo ʻia ka mea hakakā Bristol Bulldog ma ke ʻano he hakakā wahi, a ʻo ka Hawker Fury ma ke ʻano he mea hakakā. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka hapa nui o nā mea kākau ma ka mokulele Pelekane ma waena o kēia mau papa o nā mea hakakā, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻo ua hoʻohana like ʻo United Kingdom, no kekahi kumu ʻike ʻole.

Ua kākau mākou e pili ana i kēia mau nuances aʻoaʻo i nā manawa he nui, no laila ua hoʻoholo mākou e haʻi i ka moʻolelo o ka Supermarine Spitfire fighter mai kahi ʻokoʻa iki, e hoʻomaka ana me nā poʻe i hāʻawi nui i ka hana ʻana i kēia mokulele kupaianaha.

ʻO Henry Royce ka mea hemolele

ʻO kekahi o nā kumu nui o ka kūleʻa o Spitfire, ʻo ia ka mea kanu mana, ʻo ka mīkini Rolls-Royce Merlin kaulana loa, i hana ʻia ma ka manaʻo o kahi kanaka koʻikoʻi e like me Sir Henry Royce, ʻaʻole naʻe i kali no ka kūleʻa o kāna " keiki”.

Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Frederick Henry Royce i ka makahiki 1863 ma kahi kauhale Pelekane maʻamau kokoke i Peterborough, ma kahi o 150 km ʻākau o Lākana. Ua holo kona makuakāne i ka wili palaoa, akā i kona wā i banekorupa ai, ua neʻe ka ʻohana i Ladana no ka berena. Ma ʻaneʻi, i ka makahiki 1872, ua make ka makua kāne o F. Henry Royce, a ma hope o hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō o ke kula, ua pono ʻo Henry he 9 makahiki e loaʻa i kona ola. Ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia i nā nūpepa ma ke alanui a hāʻawi i nā telegarapa no ka uku liʻiliʻi. I ka makahiki 1878, i kona mau makahiki he 15, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona kūlana i kona hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he haumana ma nā papa hana o ka Great Northern Railway ma Peterborough a, mahalo i ke kōkua kālā o kona ʻanakē, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i ke kula no ʻelua makahiki. ʻO ka hana i loko o kēia mau papa hana i hāʻawi iā ia i ka ʻike o ka mechanics, ka mea i hoihoi nui iā ia. Ua lilo ka ʻenekinia mīkini i kona makemake. Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kāna mau haʻawina, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana ma kahi hale hana mea hana ma Leeds ma mua o kona hoʻi ʻana i Lākana kahi i komo ai ʻo ia i ka Electric Light and Power Company.

I ka makahiki 1884, ua koi ʻo ia i kāna hoaaloha e wehe pū i kahi papa hana no ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kukui uila i loko o nā hale, ʻoiai ʻo ia iho he 20 paona wale nō e hoʻolilo ai (i kēlā manawa he nui loa). Ua hoʻomaka maikaʻi ka hale hana, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo FH Royce & Company ma Manchester. Ua hoʻomaka koke ka hale hana e hana i nā dynamo paikikala a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe. I ka makahiki 1899, ʻaʻole ia he hale hana, akā ua wehe ʻia kahi hale hana liʻiliʻi ma Manchester, i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Royce Ltd. Ua hana pū ia i nā ʻeke uila a me nā mea uila ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻokūkū mai nā hui ʻē aʻe iā Henry Royce e hoʻololi mai ka ʻoihana uila a i ka ʻoihana mīkini, kahi āna i ʻike maikaʻi ai. ʻO ia ka manawa o nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻa, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe e noʻonoʻo nui a koʻikoʻi.

I ka makahiki 1902, kūʻai ʻo Henry Royce i kahi kaʻa Farani liʻiliʻi ʻo Decauville no ka hoʻohana ponoʻī ʻana, i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi ʻenekini 2 hp 10-cylinder internal combustion. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he nui nā ʻōlelo a Royce e pili ana i kēia kaʻa, no laila ua wehe ʻo ia, nānā pono, hana hou a hoʻololi i nā mea hou e like me kona manaʻo. E hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1903, ma kahi kihi o ka papahele hale hana, ua hana ʻo ia a me ʻelua mau mea kōkua i ʻelua mau mīkini like i hui ʻia mai nā ʻāpana hana hou mai Royce. Ua hoʻoili ʻia kekahi o lākou i ka hoa a me ka mea nona ka hui ʻo Royce ʻo Ernest Claremont, a ua kūʻai ʻia kekahi e kekahi o nā alakaʻi o ka hui, ʻo Henry Edmunds. Ua hauʻoli loa ʻo ia i ke kaʻa a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hui pū me Henry Royce me kāna hoaaloha, ka mea hoʻokele heihei, ka mea kūʻai kaʻa a me ka mea hoihoi i ka mokulele ʻo Charles Rolls. Ua mālama ʻia ka hālāwai ma Mei 1904, a ma Dekemaba i pūlima ʻia ai kahi ʻaelike e kūʻai aku ai ʻo Charles Rolls i nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia e Henry Royce, me ke ʻano e kapa ʻia lākou ʻo Rolls-Royce.

I Malaki 1906, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo Rolls-Royce Limited (kūʻokoʻa i nā ʻoihana mua ʻo Royce a me Company), kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai kahi hale hana hou ma Derby, i waenakonu o ʻEnelani. I ka makahiki 1908, ua puka mai kekahi kumu hoʻohālike hou o Rolls-Royce 40/50, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Silver Ghost. He lanakila nui ia no ka hui, a ua kūʻai maikaʻi ʻia ka mīkini, i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia e Henry Royce, ʻoiai ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

Ua koi pinepine ʻo Charles Rolls, ka mea hoihoi i ka mokulele e hele ka ʻoihana i ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele a me nā ʻenekini mokulele, akā ʻaʻole makemake ka perfectionist Henry Royce e hoʻohuli ʻia a nānā i nā mīkini kaʻa a me nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma ko lākou kumu. Ua pani ʻia ka hihia i ka wā i make ai ʻo Charles Rolls ma Iulai 12, 1910 i kona mau makahiki he 32 wale nō. ʻO ia ke kanaka Pelekane mua i make ma kahi ulia mokulele. ʻOiai ʻo kona make ʻana, ua paʻa ka hui i ka inoa ʻo Rolls-Royce.

I ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke Kaua Honua I i ka makahiki 1914, ua kauoha ke aupuni iā ​​Henry Royce e hoʻomaka i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenekini mokulele. Ua kauoha ka State Royal Aircraft Factory i 200 hp in-line engine mai ka hui. I ka pane ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻo Henry Royce i ka ʻenekini Eagle, nāna i hoʻohana i ʻumikūmālua (V-twin ma kahi o ka laina) ma kahi o ʻeono mau pahu, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻonā mai ka mīkini kaʻa Silver Ghost. ʻO ka hopena o ka mana mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kūkulu ʻia he 225 hp, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā koi, a ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka mīkini mai 1600 a 2000 rpm, ua hoʻopuka hope ka mīkini 300 hp. Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o kēia mana mana i ka hapa lua o 1915, i ka manawa i hiki ʻole ai ka mana o ka hapa nui o nā mokulele mokulele i 100 hp! Ma hope koke iho o kēia, ua puka mai kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi no nā mea hakakā, i kapa ʻia ʻo Falcon, i hoʻomohala i 14 hp. me ka mana o 190 liters. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻenekini ma ke ʻano he mana mana o ka mea kaua Bristol F2B kaulana. Ma ke kumu o keia mana, ua hanaia he 6-cylinder in-line 7-lita engine me ka mana o 105 hp. — Hawk. I ka makahiki 1918, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mana hoʻonui, 35-lita o ka Eagle, a hiki i ka mana o 675 hp i kēlā manawa. Ua loaʻa ʻo Rolls-Royce iā ia iho ma ke kahua o nā ʻenekini mokulele.

I loko o ka wā interwar, ua noho ʻo Rolls-Royce, me ka hana ʻana i nā kaʻa, i ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Henry Royce i hana i nā hoʻonā kūpono no nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe kūloko iā ia iho, akā ua lawe pū kekahi i nā mea hoʻolālā like-minded talent. ʻO kekahi ʻo Ernest W. Hyves, ka mea, ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a me ka nānā pono ʻana a Henry Royce, i hoʻolālā i nā ʻenekini Eagle a me nā mea hoʻopuka a hiki i ka ʻohana R, ʻo kekahi ʻo A. Cyril Lawsey, ka mea hoʻolālā nui o ka Merlin kaulana. Ua lanakila pū ʻo ia i ka lawe ʻana mai i ka ʻenekinia ʻo Arthur J. Rowledge, ka ʻenekini poʻokela no ka Liona Napier. Ua hāʻule ka loea pahu pahu alumini me ka hoʻokele Napier a neʻe i Rolls-Royce i ka makahiki 20, kahi āna i hana nui ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenekini poʻokela o ka hui o nā 20s a me 30s, ka 12-cylinder V-twin engine. Kestrel . ʻenekini. ʻO ia ka mīkini Rolls-Royce mua i hoʻohana i kahi poloka alumini maʻamau i ʻeono mau pahu i ka lālani. Ma hope mai, ua hana nui ʻo ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻohana Merlin.

He ʻenekini kūleʻa maikaʻi loa ka Kestrel - he ʻenekini 12-cylinder 60-degree V-twin engine me kahi pahu pahu alumini, kahi neʻe o 21,5 lita a me ka nui o 435 kg, me ka mana o 700 hp. i nā mana i hoʻololi ʻia. Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka Kestrel me kahi compressor hoʻokahi, hoʻokahi-wikiwiki, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kaomi ʻia kāna ʻōnaehana hoʻomaha e hoʻonui i ka pono, no laila ʻaʻole i lilo ka wai i nā mahana a hiki i 150 ° C i mahu. Ma ke kumu, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mana nui o ka Buzzard, me ka nui o 36,7 lita a me ka nui o 520 kg, i hoʻomohala i ka mana o 800 hp. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēia ʻenekini a liʻiliʻi nā mea i hana ʻia. Eia naʻe, ma ke kumu o ka Buzzard, ua kūkulu ʻia nā ʻenekini R-type, i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā mokulele heihei (R for Race). No kēia kumu, he mau powertrains kikoʻī loa kēia me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe compression a kiʻekiʻe, "rotational" hana, akā ma ka lilo o ka lōʻihi.