Supermarine Seafire ch.1

ʻO ka mokulele 899th NAS ma luna o HMS Indomitable no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana no Operation Husky; ʻO Scapa Flow, Iune 1943. He mea kaulana ka elevator i hoʻonui ʻia, i hiki ai i ka moku ke hoʻokipa i nā mokulele me nā ʻēheu ʻole.

ʻO ka Seafire kekahi o nā ʻano mokulele hakakā i hoʻohana ʻia me ka lanakila nui a i ʻole e ka FAA (Fleet Air Arm) ma luna o nā mokulele mokulele Royal Navy i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua. Ua loiloi nui ka mōʻaukala iā ia. Ua pono anei keia?

ʻO ka loiloi o ka Seafire ua hoʻopili ʻia e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻohe mea hoʻokūkū FAA ʻē aʻe e kūleʻa e like me ka mokulele, ma kāna ʻano kumu, he hoʻololi maʻalahi ia o ka Spitfire kaao. ʻO ka maikaʻi a me ka kaulana o kēia hope, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma hope o ke kaua ʻo Beretania i ka makahiki 1940, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ka Seafire "no ka holomua." Eia nō naʻe, i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua ʻike ʻia he mea liʻiliʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mokulele, kahi mea hoʻokele honua maikaʻi loa no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea lawe mokulele, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo kona hoʻolālā ʻana i nā koi kikoʻī no nā mea hoʻokele mokulele. ʻO nā mea mua mua ...

E aʻo mai nā hewa

Ua hele aku ka Navy Pelekane i ke kaua me ka kuhi hewa e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mokulele mokulele. Pono nā moku lawe moku Aliʻi e holo mamao loa mai nā kahua mokulele ʻenemi i waho o ka nui o kā lākou mokulele. Akā, ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea kaua FAA i nā moku lele a i ʻole nā ​​mokulele ʻike lōʻihi e hoʻāʻo e nānā i ka neʻe ʻana o nā moku Royal Navy1.

Me he mea lā i ka wā e kū ai me ia ʻenemi, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka wikiwiki, ka hoʻokele a i ʻole ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana he mau mea hoʻonani pono ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mokulele me ka lōʻihi o ka lele ʻana, e ʻae ana i nā mākaʻikaʻi mau o kekahi mau hola ma kahi kokoke i nā moku. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia he mea pono ka hoʻokele, e hoʻokaumaha ana i ka mea hakakā me ka lua o ka poʻe holo moku (ʻo ʻAmelika a me Iapana wale nō ka ʻike ma kēia ʻano i hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka poʻe Pelekania e hiki i kahi mea hoʻokele mokulele ke hoʻokele hoʻokahi). Me he mea lā ʻaʻole lawa, ua hoʻokō ʻia nā manaʻo hemahema ʻelua.

Wahi a ka mea mua, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka mokulele Blackburn Roc, ʻaʻole pono ka mea hakakā i kahi mea kaua laina pololei, no ka mea, ʻo ka turret i kau ʻia ma kona hope e hāʻawi i nā mana ʻoi aku2. Wahi a ka manaʻo ʻelua, ka mea i loaʻa i ka mokulele Blackburn Skua, hiki ke "universal", ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā ia ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he pahu luʻu.

ʻAʻole i kūleʻa loa kēia mau ʻano mokulele ʻelua ma ke ʻano he mau mea hakakā, ʻoi loa ma muli o kā lākou hana maikaʻi ʻole - i ka hihia o ka Skua, ka hopena o ka nui o nā kuʻikahi. Ua ʻike wale ka ʻAmiralty i kēia, i ka lā 3 Kepakemapa 26, ʻeiwa mau Skua o ka moku mokulele ʻo Ark Royal i hui pū me ʻekolu mau moku Kelemania Dornier Do 1939 ma luna o ke Kai Akau. A i ka makahiki aʻe (Iune 18, 18), i ka wā o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻo Norewai, ua holo ʻo Skua ma luna o Trondheim e pana i ka moku kaua Scharnhorst a loaʻa i nā mea kaua Luftwaffe ma laila, ua pana aku nā pailaka Kelemania i ʻewalu o lākou me ka pohō ʻole.

ʻO ka hana a Churchill

ʻO ka pono e loaʻa koke kahi pani no ka mokulele Roc a me Skua i hopena i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka prototype P.4/34 light dive bomber, hōʻole ʻia e ka RAF, no nā pono o ka FAA. No laila ua hānau ʻia ʻo Fairey Fulmar. He hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi kona (ʻo ia ka mea i makemake nui ʻia i ka wā lawelawe lele) a me ka lōʻihi o ka lele ʻana no nā mea hakakā o ia manawa (ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻehā hola). Eia hou, ua lako ia me ewalu mau pu mikini pololei me ka palua o ka nui o na poka o ka Hurricane, no ka mea, ua hiki ia ia ke hana i kekahi mau hoouka kaua i loko o hookahi kiai loihi. Eia naʻe, he mea hakakā ʻelua noho i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka pahu pahu māmā ʻo Fairey Battle, no laila ʻaʻole kūlike ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe, ke kaupaku, ka maneuverability a me ka piʻi piʻi ʻana no nā mea hakakā noho hoʻokahi.

Me kēia noʻonoʻo, hoʻi i Dekemaba 1939, ua hoʻokokoke ka FAA iā Supermarine me kahi noi no ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka Spitfire no ka lawelawe mokulele. A laila, i Pepeluali 1940, ua noi ka Admiralty i ka Air Ministry no ka ʻae e hana i 50 Spitfires holo moana. Akā naʻe, ua hewa loa ka manawa no kēia. Ua hoʻomau ke kaua a ʻaʻole hiki i ka RAF ke hoʻopaʻa i ka hoʻolako ʻana i kāna mokulele maikaʻi loa. I kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana ʻana o kēia mau mea hakakā 50 no ka FAA, ma muli o kā lākou hoʻolālā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī (nā ʻēheu pelu ʻia), e hōʻemi i ka hana Spitfire ma kahi o 200 mau ʻāpana. I ka hopena, i ka hopena o Malaki 1940, ua koi ʻia ʻo Winston Churchill, ka Haku Mua o ka Admiralty, e haʻalele.

mai keia papahana.

I ka manawa i komo ai ka Fulmarians i ka lawelawe ma ka pūnāwai o 1940, ua loaʻa i ka FAA he mau mea kaua biplane Sea Gladiator. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo lākou, e like me kā lākou prototype honua like ʻole, he liʻiliʻi ka hiki ke hakakā. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke kūlana o ka mokulele mokulele o ka Royal Navy me ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā "Martlets", e like me ka mea i kapa mua ʻia e ka poʻe Pelekania ʻo Grumman F4F Wildcat fighter i hana ʻia e ʻAmelika, a ma ka waena o ka makahiki 1941 ka "naval" version o ka Hurricane. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka FAA i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e kiʻi i kā lākou "Spitfire".

ʻO ka Seafire mua - Mk IB (BL676) - i kiʻi ʻia ma ʻApelila 1942.

ʻO Sifire IB

ʻO kēia pono o ka Royal Navy e loaʻa i kahi mea hoʻokūkū wikiwiki ma luna o ka moku, ʻoiai ua lohi loa, akā ma nā ʻano āpau. I ka wā o ka hana ʻana ma ke Kaiwaenahonua, aia nā ʻauwaʻa Pelekania i loko o ka palena o nā mea pana a me nā torpedo bombers o ka Luftwaffe a me Regia Aeronautica, ka mea i hiki ʻole i nā mea kaua FAA o ia manawa ke hopu aku!

ʻO ka hope loa, i ka hāʻule o 1941, ua kūʻai aku ka Admiralty no 250 Spitfires no ka Ministry of Aviation, me 48 i ka mana VB a me 202 VC. I Ianuali 1942, ʻo ka Spitfire Mk VB (BL676) i hoʻololi mua ʻia, i hoʻolako ʻia me ka makau ventral no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā laina kaʻa a me nā lou crane no ka hāpai ʻana i ka mokulele ma luna o ka moku, ua hana i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a me ka pae ʻana ma luna o Illustrias. ʻO ka mokulele mokulele i hele i ka Firth o Clyde mai ke kapakai o Scotland. Ua kapa ʻia ka mokulele hou ʻo Seafire, a i ʻole Sea Spitfire no ka pōkole, e pale aku i ka alliterative dissonance.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike mua ma luna o ka moku i kahi drawback maopopo o ka Seafire - maikaʻi ʻole ka ʻike mua ʻana mai ka cockpit. Ma muli o ka ihu lōʻihi o ka mokulele, nāna i uhi i ka papa o ka moku, a me ka DLCO4 i ka wā o ka pae ʻana "ʻekolu-helu" (ʻo nā huila pae ʻekolu a pau e pili ana i ka manawa like). I ka pae ʻana pololei, ʻaʻole ʻike ka mea hoʻokele i ka papa no 50 mau mika hope loa - inā ʻo ia, ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka huelo o ka mokulele a ʻaʻole e hopu ka makau i ke kaula. No kēia kumu, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā pailaka e lele i kahi ala curved mau. Ma ke ala, ua "hoʻoluhi" nā mea hoʻokele FAA ma ke ala like ʻoi aku ka nui a me ke kaumaha o Vought F4U Corsair, ʻaʻole hiki i nā ʻAmelika ke hoʻokō.

Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā makau hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hāpai ʻana (a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ea ma kēia mau wahi), ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Spitfire Mk VB i ka Seafire Mk IB ua komo pū ka pani ʻana o ka lekiō, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻike aupuni. transponder a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hōʻailona alakaʻi mai Type 72 beacons i hoʻokomo ʻia ma luna o nā mokulele mokulele Royal Navy. Ma muli o kēia hoʻololi ʻana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke kaumaha o ka mokulele i ka 5% wale nō, i hui pū ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ea, alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka wikiwiki loa e 8-9 km / h. I ka hopena, ua kūkulu hou ʻia ʻo 166 Mk VB Spitfires no ka FAA.

ʻO ka Seafire Mk IB mua wale nō i ʻae ʻia i ke kūlana FAA ma 15 Iune 1942. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, pono e noho nā mokulele o kēia mana, ma muli o ka makahiki a me ka pae o ka lawelawe, e noho i nā ʻāpana aʻo - ua kūkulu hou ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou i ka Mk VB maʻamau. mai ka Mk I Spitfires! Eia naʻe, i kēlā manawa ua nui ka makemake o ka Royal Navy i nā mea kaua mokulele - ma kahi o nā convoys, ke kokoke mai nei ka lā o ka pae ʻana ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau (Operation Torch) - ua lako ka pūʻali holoʻokoʻa o 801 NAS (Naval Aircraft Squadron). me Seafire Mk IB, e kau ana ma ka mokulele mokulele Furious. ʻAʻole pilikia ka nele o nā ʻēheu pelu a me nā lako catapult, no ka mea, ua hoʻolako ʻia ka Furious me nā mea hoʻokiʻekiʻe T-like nui, akā ʻaʻole nā ​​catapults.

I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, i ka manawa i hoʻouna ʻia ai ka hapa nui o nā ʻano hou o nā Seafires e uhi i nā pae ʻana o Salerno, ua lawe ʻia ka hapalua o nā Mk IB kahiko mai nā pūʻulu kula. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia lākou i nā pono o ka 842nd US Division, i hoʻonoho ʻia ma luna o ka mokulele mokulele Fencer, i uhi ʻia i nā convoy ma ka ʻĀkelanika ʻĀkau a me ka USSR.

Ua like ka lako kaua o ka Mk IB me ko ka Spitfire Mk VB: elua mau pu kuniahi 20 mm Hispano Mk II me ka makakini pahu 60 puni pakahi a me na pu mikini 7,7 mm Browning me 350 mau poka. Hiki ke kau ʻia ma lalo o ka fuselage kahi pahu wahie hou me ka nui o 136 lita. Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻōkuhi kai ahi e hōʻike i ka wikiwiki i nā knots ma mua o nā mile i kēlā me kēia hola.

Sapphire IIC

I ka manawa like me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Mk VB Spitfire no nā pono o ka Royal Navy, ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻana o kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe Seafire e pili ana i ka Spitfire Mk VC. Hoʻomaka ka lawe ʻana i nā Mk IIC mua i ke kauwela o 1942, i ka manawa like me nā Mk IB mua.

ʻAʻole i hana ʻia nā Seafires hou mai ka hana hou ʻana o nā mokulele i hoʻopau ʻia, e like me ka Mk IB, akā ua puka mai i waho o ka hale hana i kā lākou hoʻonohonoho hope. Akā ʻaʻohe o lākou mau ʻēheu pelu - ʻokoʻa lākou mai ka Mk IB ma ka nui o nā puʻu catapult. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua loaʻa iā lākou nā hiʻohiʻona a pau o ka Spitfire Mk VC - ua kāhiko ʻia lākou a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻēheu e hoʻokipa i nā pū lua ʻelua (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo C-wing), me kahi ʻano hoʻoikaika ʻia no ke kau ʻana i nā pōpoki. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka chassis Spitfire Mk VC no ke kumu like, i hōʻike ʻia he hiʻohiʻona makemake nui o ka Seafire, e ʻae ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pahu wahie ventral 205 liter.

i ka hora 1,5.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka Mk IB ma mua o ka Mk IIC - ʻo ko lākou kaumaha curb ʻo 2681 a me 2768 kg kēlā me kēia. Eia kekahi, ua lako ka Mk IIC me kahi catapult anti-drag. No ka mea ua like ka mana like o nā mokulele ʻelua (Rolls-Royce Merlin 45/46), ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana. Ma ka ʻilikai, he 475 km/h ka wikiwiki o ka Seafire Mk IB, a ʻo ka Mk IIC he 451 km/h wale nō. Ua ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana like i ka piʻi ʻana - 823 m a me 686 m i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻOiai hiki i ka Mk IB ke piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe o 6096 mau mika i loko o ʻewalu mau minuke, pono ka Mk IIC ma mua o ʻumi.

ʻO kēia hāʻule i ʻike ʻia i ka hana i alakaʻi i ka Admiralty e haʻalele me ka makemake ʻole i ke koho e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka Mk IIC me ka lua o nā pū. ʻO kekahi ʻano pānaʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻolauna ʻana ma hope o ka hānai ʻana i nā pū mai ke kāʻei, ma mua o ka pahu, ka mea i pālua i ka nui o nā pū no lākou. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hoʻonui nā ʻenekini Seafire Mk IB a me IIC i ka piʻi kiʻekiʻe loa i ka 1,13 atm, e hoʻonui iki i ka wikiwiki i ka lele pae a me ka piʻi.

Ma ke ala, ʻo nā mea hoʻopili ejection, ka mea i hōʻemi i ka wikiwiki o ka Mk IIC e like me ka 11 km / h, he mea liʻiliʻi i ka wā mua. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā moku mokulele Pelekāne i kēlā manawa, koe nā mea hou loa (e like me Illustrious), a ʻo nā catapults ma luna o nā mea lawe mokulele ukali i hana ʻia e ʻAmelika (i hoʻoili ʻia i nā Pelekane ma lalo o ka ʻaelike Lend-Lease). ʻaʻole kūpono me nā nozzles Seafire.

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka holo-up ma o kahi hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua o ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO RATOG (mea hoʻokuʻu hoʻokuke). Hoʻokomo ʻia nā missiles paʻa paʻa i loko o nā pahu i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kumu o nā ʻēheu ʻelua.

Ua lilo ka ʻōnaehana i mea paʻakikī loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka pilikia - ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i nā hopena o ke kī ʻana i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai i kahi rocket mai kahi ʻaoʻao wale nō. I ka hopena, ua koho ʻia kahi hopena maʻalahi loa. ʻO ka Seafire, e like me ka Spitfire, ʻelua wale nō kūlana o lalo o ka ʻūhā: pale ʻia (kokoke ma nā kihi ʻākau) no ka pae ʻana a hoʻihoʻi ʻia. I mea e hoʻonoho ai iā lākou i ke kihi maikaʻi loa no ka haʻalele ʻana o 18 degere, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻāpana lāʻau ma waena o nā flaps a me ka ʻēheu, a ka mea hoʻokele i hoʻolei i loko o ke kai ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa iho i nā flaps.

Seafire L.IIC a me LR.IIC

ʻO ka hoʻomaka kaua o ka Seafires, i hana ʻia ma ke Kaiwaenahonua i ka hopena o 1942, ua hōʻoia i ka pono wikiwiki e hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hana. ʻO ka Junkers Ju 88, ka ʻenemi weliweli loa o ka Royal Navy, ʻaneʻane like ka māmā kiʻekiʻe (470 km/h) me ka Seafire Mk IB a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka Mk IIC. ʻO ka mea e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka Spitfire (a no laila ʻo ka Seafire) ua maʻalahi loa ka pae ʻana "paʻakikī" ma luna o kahi mokulele mokulele i hoʻololi ʻia nā panela cowling engine a me nā uhi o nā pahu pahu pahu, nā ʻenehana loea, a pēlā aku. i ka ea kū'ē, e alakaʻi i ka emi hou i ka huahana.

ʻO nā kukui moana me ka Merlin 45 engine i kūkulu i ka wikiwiki o 5902 m, a me nā moku me ka Merlin 46 engine - ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 6096 m. I ka manawa like, ua alakaʻi ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kaua kaua moana ma lalo o 3000 m. No kēia kumu, Ua lilo ʻo Admiralty i mea hoihoi i ka mīkini Merlin 32, nāna i hoʻomohala i ka mana kiʻekiʻe ma ke kiʻekiʻe 1942 m. Nā hoʻokolohua haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i alakaʻi ʻia e Supermarine ma ka hopena o 1,27 g. Ma hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kaomi hoʻoikaika i 430 atm, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana engine e 1640 hp. a hiki i ka XNUMX hp No ka hoʻohana piha ʻana iā ia, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi propeller ʻehā.

He mea kupanaha ka hopena. ʻO ka Seafire hou, i koho ʻia ʻo L.IIC, hiki ke piʻi i ka wikiwiki o 508 km/h ma ka ʻilikai. Ke piʻi nei ʻo ia i ka wikiwiki o 1006 m i kēlā me kēia minuke, i loko o nā minuke 1524 wale nō a hiki ʻo ia i 1,7 m. Ma kēia kiʻekiʻe maikaʻi loa nona, hiki iā ia ke wikiwiki i 539 km / h. I ka piha throttle, piʻi ka piʻi i 1402 mika i hoʻokahi minuke. Eia hou, ua ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka L.IIC me ka ʻole o nā flaps i hoʻonui ʻia ma mua o nā Seafires mua me nā flaps i hoʻonui ʻia i 18 degere. No laila, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e pani i nā ʻenekini Merlin 46 a pau i ka Seafire Mk IIC me Merlin 32. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka standard L.IIC i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Malaki 1943. Ua loaʻa i ka squadron mua (807th NAS) kahi mokulele o ka mana hou i ka waena o Mei.

Ma muli o ka laʻana o ka RAF, nāna i wehe i nā ʻēheu o kekahi o kā lākou Mk VC Spitfires, ua hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mau L.IIC Seafires ma ke ʻano like. ʻO ka maikaʻi o kēia hopena ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka ʻōwili a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe (e 8 km / h) ka wikiwiki i ka lele ʻana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo kahi mokulele me nā ʻēheu i wehe ʻia, ʻoi aku ka nui me nā pū kī piha a me kahi pahu wahie mamao, ua ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa i ka hoʻokele a me ka paʻa ʻole i ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka luhi o ka lele. Ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻokō maʻalahi ʻia kēia hoʻololi e ka poʻe holo moku, ua waiho ʻia ka hoʻoholo no ka lele ʻana me ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻole a i ʻole ka manaʻo o nā luna koa.

Ua kūkulu ʻia he 372 Seafire IIC a me L.IIC mokulele - ʻo Vickers-Armstrong (Supermarine) i hana i nā ʻāpana 262 a ua hana ʻo Westland Aircraft i 110 mau ʻāpana. Ua noho nā IIC maʻamau i ka lawelawe a hiki i Malaki 1944, a me nā IIC maʻamau a hiki i ka hopena o kēlā makahiki. Ma kahi o 30 Seafire L.IIC mokulele i hoʻopili hou ʻia me ʻelua mau pahu kiʻi F.24 (i kau ʻia i loko o ka fuselage, hoʻokahi kū pololei, ʻo kekahi diagonal), e hana ana i kahi mana kiʻi kiʻi i koho ʻia ʻo LR.IIC.