Ke kūkulu ʻia nei a me nā papahana mega i hoʻolālā ʻia. ʻO nā mea nui a pipiʻi e kāhāhā i ka honua

Ua hala nā lā i mahalo nui ʻia ai nā pāhana waiwai. ʻAʻole hoʻi e neʻe hou aku nā haneli miliona. I kēia lā, pono kēia i nā piliona, a ʻo ke kumukūʻai o nā papahana nui loa i hiki i nā haneli haneli. ʻO ka inflation ke kuleana no kēia, akā ʻaʻole ia ke kumu nui loa o kēia mau helu nui. ʻO nā papahana nui loa a me nā hoʻolālā o ke kenekulia XNUMXth he nui wale i ka laulā.

ʻO kahi maʻamau no nā megaprojects nā hihiʻo o nā alahaka nui a me nā tunnels. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka nui o nā hale kupanaha o kēia ʻano a ke kūkulu ʻia nei ma ka honua, e like me kā ka Young Technician i kākau ai i nā manawa he nui. ʻAʻole naʻe i māʻona nā manaʻo. ʻAʻole lākou e huki i nā papahana "mega", akā ʻo "giga". ʻO kekahi o ia manaʻo, no ka laʻana, alahaka ma ke kowa o Bering (1), ʻo ia hoʻi nā loulou alanui ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAsia, ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi akā naʻe alahaka makemake nui e kaalo ana i ka Isthmus o Darien ma waena o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a me ʻAmelika Hema, ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i kēia manawa e kekahi kaʻa a pono e neʻe ʻia e ke kai, alahaka a me ke alahao ma waena o Gibraltar a me ʻApelika, he tunnel e hookui ana ia Suedena a me Finland me ka pono ole e hoohana i ka ferry a i ole e kaalo ana i ke Kaikuono o Bothnia, na tunnels e hookui ana ia Iapana a me Korea, Kina a Taiwan, Aigupita a Saudi Arabia ma lalo o ke Kai Ula, a me ka Sakhalin-Hokkaido Tunnel e hookui ana ia Iapana me Rusia. .

He mau papahana kēia i hiki ke helu ʻia he giga. I kēia manawa he manaʻo ko lākou nui. ʻO nā unahi liʻiliʻi, i.e. pae ʻāina hana i kūkulu ʻia ma Azerbaijan, he papahana hoʻihoʻi hou Turkish ma Istanbul a me ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi hale pule hou ma Mecca Masjid al-Haram ma Saudi Arabia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli piliona kālā. ʻOiai he nui nā pilikia me ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo wiwo ʻole papa inoa o nā papahana mega akā, e lōʻihi a lōʻihi. Nui nā kumu like ʻole e ʻae ʻia ai lākou.

ʻO kekahi o lākou ulu nui metropolitan. I ka neʻe ʻana o nā kānaka mai ke kuaʻāina a i nā kūlanakauhale a me nā kikowaena heluna kanaka, e ulu ana ka pono no ka hoʻopukapuka kālā nui i nā ʻoihana. Pono lākou e pili i ka lawe ʻana a me ke kamaʻilio, ka hoʻokele wai, ka wai, ka lako ikehu. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pono o ka heluna kanaka ma nā kūlanakauhale ma mua o nā pono o ka poʻe i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma nā kuaʻāina. ʻAʻole wale ia e pili ana i nā pono kumu, akā pili pū kekahi i nā manaʻo, nā hōʻailona o ke kūlanakauhale nui. Ke ulu nei ka makemake e kū i waho a hoʻohiwahiwa i ke koena o ka honua. Nā papahana mega lilo lākou i kumu haʻaheo o ka lāhui a he hōʻailona kūlana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana. ʻO ke kumu, eia kahi ʻāina momona no nā ʻoihana nui.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi pūʻulu o nā kumu hoʻokele waiwai ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā papahana nui he nui nā hana hou. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia o ka nele i ka hana a me ka noho kaʻawale ʻana o nā poʻe he nuihooulu ana i na puuhonua. ʻO nā waiwai nui i nā tunnels, nā alahaka, nā dams, nā alaloa, nā mokulele, nā halemai, nā skyscrapers, nā mahiʻai makani, nā rigs aila waho, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe alumini, nā ʻōnaehana kamaʻilio, nā pāʻani 'Olumepika, nā mikiona lewa a me ka lewa, nā mea wikiwiki, nā kūlanakauhale hou, a me nā papahana ʻē aʻe he nui. . wahie i ka hoʻokele waiwai holoʻokoʻa.

No laila, ʻo 2021 ka makahiki o ka hoʻomau ʻana o kahi ʻano o nā hoʻopukapuka nui e like me ka London Crossrail project, kahi hoʻonui nui o ka ʻōnaehana metro i kēia manawa, ka papahana kūkulu nui loa i hana ʻia ma ʻEulopa, ka hoʻonui LNG ma Qatar, ka papahana LNG nui loa ma. ka honua me ka mana o 32 miliona tons i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi mau papahana nui, e like me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 2021 o ka mea kanu desalination wai kai nui loa o ka honua ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Agadir, Morocco.

E huki i ka noonoo

Wahi a kahi loea honua India-ʻAmelika, ʻO Paraga Khanna, ke lilo nei mākou i lāhui pili honuano ka mea, ʻo ia kā mākou e kūkulu nei. "Ke ola nei mākou i nā kumuwaiwai i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka heluna kanaka he ʻekolu biliona ʻoiai ke kokoke aku nei ko mākou heluna kanaka i ʻeiwa biliona," wahi a Hanna i kahi ninaninau. "ʻO ka mea nui, pono mākou e hoʻolilo ma kahi o hoʻokahi trillion kālā ma nā ʻōnaehana kumu no kēlā me kēia piliona kānaka ma ka honua."

Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻoiai ʻo nā megaprojects āpau i hoʻolālā ʻia a hoʻomaka i ka holomua, ʻoi aku paha ka nui o kā mākou hoʻolilo ʻana i nā ʻoihana i nā makahiki he 40 e hiki mai ana ma mua o nā makahiki 4 i hala.

He maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona wiwo ʻole. Nā papahana mega e like me Canal Nui Nicaragua, Tokyo-Osaka Magnetic Railway ma Iapana, Paeaina Mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻohuihui hoʻokolohua [ITER] ma Farani, ka hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua ma Azerbaijan, ka Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor ma India, a me King Abdullah City ma Saudi Arabia. ʻO kekahi nīnau - i ka manawa a me nā hihia - e hoʻokō ʻia kēia mau hihiʻo. Eia nō naʻe, maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻolaha wale ʻana o kahi megaproject he hopena hoʻolaha koʻikoʻi a he hopena hoʻokele waiwai e puka mai ana ma muli o ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka media a puni ke kūlanakauhale, ka ʻāina a me ka mokuʻāina.

Ke manaʻo nei e hoʻohuli i ka manaʻo, ua hoʻomaka paha ʻo India i nā makahiki he nui aku nei ke kukulu ana i ke kii kiekie loa ma ka honua nei, he kiʻi 182 mika o Sardar Patel, ʻo ia ke Kuhina Kalaiaina mua a me ka Hope Kuhina Nui o India kūʻokoʻa. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kiʻi o ke Aliʻi Crazy Horse ma South Dakota, i hana ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau hale ʻelua ma ka honua a ua ʻōlelo ʻia ma nā puke he nui. No laila, i kekahi manawa ua lawa ke kiʻi nui, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻopau.

ʻO Według I Benta Flivbjerg, Polopeka o ka hooponopono ana ma ke Kulanui o Oxford, o ka mahele o ka hookele waiwai i komo iloko o na megaprojects i keia manawa he 8% o ka waiwai nui o ka honua. ʻOiai he nui megaprojects ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kumukūʻai, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka hapa nui o lākou e kūkulu ʻia ma mua o ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia, he ʻāpana nui lākou o ka hoʻokele honua o kēia lā.

Ua ʻike pū ʻo Flivbjerg i ka manaʻo o nā luna o ka papahana e hoʻonui i nā pono i manaʻo ʻia, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā kumukūʻai, a e hoʻonui i nā pono pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai ke hele hewa nā mea, ʻaʻole mālama ka poʻe. ʻAʻole lākou manaʻo e pili ana i ke kuhi hewa ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai-pōmaikaʻi, ke kālā hoʻopau ʻia, a i ʻole ka hakakā politika i koi ʻia no ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Makemake wale lākou i kahi mea kūpono e hana ʻia ma ko lākou kaiāulu a i ʻole ka ʻāina, kahi mea e ʻike ai ka honua.

Eia naʻe, ke emi nei ka megalomania hakahaka ma kēia wahi. Nā papahana mega mōʻaukalae like me nā pyramids ma ʻAigupita a me ka Pa Nui o Kina e hoʻomau nei i nā hōʻike i ka hoʻokō kanaka, ʻoi loa ma muli o ka nui o ka hana kanaka i komo i loko o kā lākou hana. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka nui, ke kālā a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka papahana. Loaʻa i nā Megaprojects kahi ʻano waiwai maoli. Inā hoʻonui ka honua i ka nui o ka hoʻolilo ʻana i ka ʻoihana i $ 9 trillion i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e like me ka manaʻo o Parag Khanna i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, e piʻi ka nui o nā megaprojects i ka hoʻokele waiwai mai ka 8%. honua GDP a kokoke i 24%, e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao āpau. No laila, hiki i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā manaʻo nui ke helu i kahi hapaha o ka hoʻokele honua.

Hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea ʻē aʻe, ma waho aʻe o ka politika a me ka pilikanaka, nā pono waiwai ʻole mai ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā megaprojects. He kahua holoʻokoʻa kēia o nā hoʻoikaika ʻenehana e kū mai ana mai ka hana hou, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole pono e poina ka nui o kēia mau hana nui e alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea nani, ka hoʻoilina hoʻomau o ka moʻomeheu waiwai kanaka.

Noʻonoʻo mai ka hohonu o ka moana a hiki i ka lewa hohonu

Ma waho aʻe o nā alahaka nui, nā tunnels, nā hale kiʻekiʻe, nā hale kūkulu hale e ulu aʻe i ka nui o nā kūlanakauhale hou holoʻokoʻa, hoʻolaha ka media i kēia lā. hoʻolālā futuristicʻaʻole i maopopo ka laulā. Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma kahi manaʻo ʻenehana kikoʻī e like me nui nā papahana hana kaʻaahi ma Hyperloop vacuum tunnelsManaʻo pinepine ʻia kēia ma ka pōʻaiapili o ka lawe kaʻa. Hoʻoulu lākou i nā manaʻo hou e like me kahi pūnaewele puni honua no ka hoʻouna ʻana a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā leka uila, nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā ʻōnaehana leka pneumatic i ka kenekulia XNUMX. He aha inā, i ka wā o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka e-commerce, e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻoihana halihali no ka honua holoʻokoʻa?

2. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana o kahi ʻeleke ākea

Aia ma kahi manaʻo politika. Ua hoʻolaha ke alakaʻi Kina ʻo Xi Jinping i ka papahana kokoke i hoʻokahi makahiki i hala. Alanui Silika, ka mea e wehewehe hou i na ala kalepa o Kina me na aina o Eurasia, kahi e noho ai ma kahi o ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke ala kilika kahiko i ka wā Roma ma waena o Kina a me nā ʻāina komohana. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia papahana hou kekahi o nā papahana ʻoihana nui loa me ke kumukūʻai i manaʻo ʻia he $900 biliona. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe papahana kikoʻī i kapa ʻia ʻo ke Alanui Silika Hou. He paʻakikī holoʻokoʻa ia o nā hoʻopukapuka e alakaʻi ana i nā ʻano like ʻole. No laila, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o kahi hoʻolālā politika ma mua o kahi papahana hoʻolālā i wehewehe maikaʻi ʻia.

Aia kekahi mau manaʻo nui a me nā kuhikuhi, ʻaʻole nā ​​papahana kikoʻī ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lewa futuristic. Noho nā megaprojects ma kahi o ke kūkākūkā, ʻaʻole ka hoʻokō. ʻO kēia mau mea, no ka laʻana, nā wahi hoʻokipa, ka mining ma luna o nā asteroids, nā mea kanu mana orbital, orbital lifts (2), interplanetary expeditions, etc. He mea paʻakikī ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i kēia mau papahana ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ke ʻike. Akā, i loko o ke kahua o nā noiʻi ʻepekema like ʻole, aia nā hopena e hana i nā kūlana kūpono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i kēia mau ʻike hana. No ka laʻana, nā hōʻike hou e pili ana i ka hoʻololi kūleʻa ʻana o ka ikehu mai ka hoʻopololei ʻana i ka lā i ka Honua.

3. ʻO ka manaʻo o kahi hale noho lana ponoʻī e lana ana mai Zaha Hadid Architects.

Ma ke kahua o ka nani, akā i kēia manawa wale nō visualizations nā hiʻohiʻona wai like ʻole (Xnumx) a malalo o ka wai, mokupuni lana - nā hale hoʻokipa mākaʻikaʻi, nā mahiʻai lana no nā mea kanu honua a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka moana, ʻo ia hoʻi. ka mahi ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona moana ma lalo o ka wai, ka holo ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​hale noho i lalo o ka wai, nā kūlanakauhale a me nā ʻāina holoʻokoʻa.

Ma ke kahua o ka futurism, aia kekahi nā papahana megaclimate a me ka wāno ka laʻana, ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā hanana ʻino loa e like me nā puahiohio a me nā makani ʻino, ka huahekili a me nā ʻino one, a me ka hoʻokele ōlaʻi. Akā, ke hana nei mākou i nā papahana nui e "hoʻokele" i ka desertification, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka "Great Green Wall" ma sub-Saharan Africa (4). He papahana kēia no nā makahiki he nui. Me nā hopena hea?

4. Pāhana ʻOmaomao Nui ma ʻApelika

He ʻumikūmākahi mau ʻāina i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka Sahara - Ua ʻae ʻo Djibouti, Eritrea, ʻAitiopa, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Nigeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Mauritania a me Senegal e kanu i nā kumulāʻau e hoʻōki i ka nalowale o ka ʻāina mahiʻai.

I ka makahiki 2007, ua hoʻopuka ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi manaʻo e hana i kahi pale kokoke i ʻehiku kaukani kilomita ma waena o ka ʻāina. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia papahana e hana ma luna o 350 mau hana. nā hana a mālama i 18 miliona heka o ka ʻāina. Akā naʻe, ua lohi ka holomua. Ma ka makahiki 2020, ua hoʻopau wale nā ​​ʻāina o ka Sahel i ka 4 pakeneka. papahana. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma ʻAitiopa, kahi i kanu ʻia ai he 5,5 billion mau mea kanu. ʻO 16,6 miliona wale nō nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ma Burkina Faso, aʻo 1,1 miliona wale nō i kanu ʻia ma Chad. ʻO ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a hiki i ka 80 pakeneka o nā kumulāʻau i kanu ʻia i make paha.

Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana o nā ʻāina i komo i kēia megaproject he ʻilihune a heʻe pinepine i ka hakakā kaua, hōʻike kēia hiʻohiʻona i ke ʻano o nā manaʻo hoʻopunipuni e pili ana i ke aniau o ka honua a me nā papahana ʻenekinia kaiapuni. ʻAʻole lawa ka pālākiō a me ka manaʻo maʻalahi, no ka mea, paʻakikī loa ke kaiapuni a me ke ʻano a paʻakikī i ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana. ʻO ia ke kumu, i mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o nā mega-projects kaiapuni, pono e kāohi ʻia.

Heihei Kaaahi Skyscraper

Manaʻo pinepine ʻia kēlā nā megaprojects hou loa, i kūkulu ʻia a i hoʻolālā ʻia a ke kūkulu ʻia nei, aia ma Asia, ka Middle East a i ʻole ka Hikina mamao. Aia kekahi ʻoiaʻiʻo i kēia, akā ke hānau ʻia nei nā hihiʻo wiwo ʻole ma kahi ʻē. Laʻana - manaʻo e kūkulu moku aniani, he hale mega nui me ke ʻano o kahi hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe a sprawling me ka nui o 2 m² ma Moscow (500). Me ke kiʻekiʻe o 000 m, ʻo ia kekahi o nā hale kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua. ʻAʻole ia he skyscraper wale nō. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka papahana ma ke ʻano he kūlanakauhale kūʻokoʻa i loko o ke kūlanakauhale, me nā hale hōʻikeʻike, nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka puʻuwai ola a me ka aniani o Moscow.

5. Ka hihio o Crystal Island ma Moscow

Aia paha kahi papahana Lūkini. ʻAʻole paha. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona o Saudi Arabia, ka mea hope loa o ka honua i ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kilomika hale kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Kingdom Tower, e hōʻike ana he hiki ke ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai inā ua hoʻomaka mua ke kūkulu ʻana. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana o Arab i ka skyscraper kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua. Wahi a ka papahana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka skyscraper ma mua o 1 km a loaʻa kahi wahi kūpono o 243 m². ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hale he hōkele ʻo Four Seasons. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā keʻena keʻena a me nā condominium nani. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hale kiaʻi ka hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe loa (terrestrial).

Loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o kekahi o nā mea kupanaha loa, akā naʻe ma lalo o nā hana kūkulu. Falcon City of Wonders Ma Dubai. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi, ʻo ka ʻoihana 12 m² ʻoihana a me ka ʻoliʻoli e hōʻike i ʻehiku mau mea kupanaha o ka honua, me ka Ka Hale Eiffel, Taj Mahal, ʻōpia, halekiai hilinai o pisa, Na Kihapai o Babulona, ka Pa nui o Kina (6). Eia kekahi, e loaʻa nā hale kūʻai kūʻai, kahi papa kumuhana, nā kikowaena ʻohana, nā keʻena haʻuki, nā hale hoʻonaʻauao, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 5 mau hale noho ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻolālā, wahi, a me ka nui.

6. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o nā mea kupanaha o ka honua ma ka papahana Falcon City of Wonders ma Dubai

Ke kūkulu ʻia nei i kēia manawa Burj KhalifaʻOiai nā hoʻolaha leo nui, ua emi iki ka heihei kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hale i kauoha ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Kina, i kēia manawa he skyscraper ma ke kikowaena o ka honua, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa. no ka laʻana, ʻo ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Shanghai i kauoha hou ʻia, ʻo ia ka skyscraper kiʻekiʻe loa ʻaʻole ma Shanghai wale nō, akā ma Kina a pau, he 632 mika ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka huina o 380 m². Ma ke kapikala kahiko o nā hale kiʻekiʻe, New York, ʻehiku mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kūkulu ʻia ka 000st World Trade Center (ʻo Freedom Tower) ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1 mika ma ke kahua o ka World Trade Center i luku ʻia i ka makahiki 541. A ʻaʻohe mea kiʻekiʻe i kūkulu ʻia ma USA.

ʻO Gigantomania mai kekahi kihi o ka honua a i kekahi

Ua lanakila lākou i ka papa inoa o nā megaprojects e pili ana i ke kālā i hoʻolilo ʻia ma luna o lākou. nā papahana hoʻolālā. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka papahana hale nui loa ma ka honua i kēia manawa. Al Maktoum International Airport ma Dubai (7). Ma hope o kona hoʻopau ʻana, hiki i ke kahua mokulele ke loaʻa i nā mokulele ākea 200 i ka manawa like. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o ka lua o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mokulele wale nō i manaʻo ʻia ma mua o $32 biliona. Ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana e hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2018, akā naʻe ua lohi ka hana hope o ka hoʻonui ʻana a ʻaʻohe lā hoʻopau kikoʻī.

7. ʻIke ʻia o ke kahua mokulele nui ʻo Al Maktoum ma Dubai.

Kūkulu ʻia ma kahi kokoke i Saudi Arabia. Jabeil II hoʻomaka ʻia ka papahana ʻoihana i ka makahiki 2014. I ka pau ʻana, e komo ka papahana i ka 800 cubic mika o ka mea kanu desalination, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa he 100 mau mea kanu ʻoihana, a me kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe aila me ka mana hana o ka liʻiliʻi 350 cubic mika. nā barela i kēlā me kēia lā, a me nā mile o nā alahao, nā alanui a me nā alaloa. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana holoʻokoʻa ma 2024.

Aia ma ka ʻāpana like o ka honua ʻO ka pāʻani leʻaleʻa a me ka ʻoliʻoli Dubailand. Aia ka papahana $64 biliona ma kahi kahua he 278 km2 a he ʻeono mau ʻāpana: nā paka kumuhana, nā hale haʻuki, ecotourism, nā hale lapaʻau, nā wahi ʻepekema a me nā hōkele. E komo pū ka paʻakikī i ka hōkele nui loa o ka honua me nā lumi 6,5 a me kahi hale kūʻai kūʻai e uhi ana ma kahi o hoʻokahi miliona mau mika square. Hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana no 2025.

Ke hoʻohui nei ʻo Kina i kāna papa inoa lōʻihi o nā megaprojects kūkulu hale a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻo ka South-North Water Transfer Project (8), Kina. Noho ʻo 50% o ka heluna kanaka ma ka ʻākau o Kina. o ka heluna kanaka o ka aina, aka, he 20 pakeneka wale no keia heluna kanaka. Waiwai o Kina. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai ma kahi e pono ai, ke kūkulu nei ʻo Kina i ʻekolu mau kahawai nui, kokoke i 48 mau kilomita ka lōʻihi, e lawe mai i ka wai ma ka ʻākau o nā muliwai nui o ka ʻāina. Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana i loko o 44,8 mau makahiki a e hoʻolako i XNUMX biliona cubic mika wai i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

8. Pākē ʻĀkau Hema

Ke kukulu ia nei ma Kina. kahua mokulele nunui. Ke hoʻopau ʻia, manaʻo ʻia ʻo Beijing International Airport e ʻoi aku ma mua o Dubai Al Maktoum International Airport, ʻo ia hoʻi e kūkulu ʻia ana e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai kūkulu, ka papahele papahele, nā helu mokulele a me nā mokulele. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka pae mua o ka papahana ma 2008, me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka makahiki 2025.

Me he mea lā e lili nei nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe o ʻAsia i ka nui o ka nui o ka Arabian Peninsula a me Kina a ke hoʻomaka nei hoʻi i nā papahana mega. ʻO ka Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor i loko o kēia hui, me nā ʻāpana ʻoihana he iwakālua, ʻewalu mau kūlanakauhale akamai, ʻelua mau mokulele, ʻelima mau papahana ikehu, ʻelua ʻōnaehana transit wikiwiki a me ʻelua mau kikowaena logistic e kūkulu ʻia. ʻO ka hana mua o ka papahana, kahi alahele ukana e hoʻopili ana i nā kūlanakauhale nui ʻelua o India, ua lohi a ʻaʻole paha e mākaukau a hiki i 2030, me ka manawa hope i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no ka hoʻopau ʻana i 2040.

Ua komo pū ka mea liʻiliʻi i ka hoʻokūkū ma ka māhele o nā hana nui. Sri Lanka. E kūkulu ʻia ʻo Colombo ma kahi kokoke i ke kapikala mokuʻāina. awa moana, kahi kikowaena kālā hou e hoʻokūkū nei iā Hong Kong a me Dubai. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana, i kākoʻo ʻia e nā mea hoʻopukapuka Kina a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia ma mua o 2041, hiki ke kūʻai aku i $15 biliona.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ke kūkulu nei ʻo Iapana, ka mea i kaulana lōʻihi no kāna mau ala kaʻa holo kiʻekiʻe, i kahi hou ʻO ke Alanui Magnetic Chuo Shinkansene hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hele wikiwiki. Manaʻo ʻia ka holo kaʻaahi ma ka wikiwiki a hiki i 505 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola a lawe i nā huakaʻi mai Tokyo a i Nagoya, a i ʻole 286 mau kilomita, i 40 mau minuke. Hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopau i ka papahana ma 2027. Ma kahi o 86 pakeneka o ka New Tokyo-Nagoya Line e holo ma lalo o ka honua, e koi ana i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā tunnels lōʻihi hou.

ʻO ka US, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kāna ʻōnaehana alanui interstate, ke kū nei me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ma ka papa inoa o nā megaprojects nui loa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa no kēlā megaprojects hou. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia e ʻōlelo ʻaʻohe mea e hana nei ma laila. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kaʻaahi kiʻekiʻe ma Kaleponi, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 2015 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia i ka makahiki 2033, pono e hoʻohui i ʻewalu o nā kūlanakauhale nui he ʻumi o Kaleponi, ʻoiaʻiʻo i ka liona.

E hoʻokō ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu: ʻo ka pae mua e hoʻopili iā Los Angeles me Kapalakiko, a ʻo ka lua e hoʻonui i ke ala kaʻaahi i San Diego a me Sacramento. He uila nā kaʻaahi, ʻaʻole maʻamau i ka US, a e hoʻohana ʻia e nā kumu ikehu hou. Pono e like nā māmā me nā kaʻaahi kiʻekiʻe o ʻEulopa, ʻo ia hoʻi. a hiki i 300 km/h. ʻO ka manaʻo hou loa, ʻo ia ke kumukūʻai o ke kaʻa kaʻa holo wikiwiki hou o Kaleponi he $80,3 biliona. E hoʻemi ʻia ka manawa huakaʻi mai Los Angeles a i Kapalakiko i ʻelua hola me 40 mau minuke.

E kūkulu ʻia nō hoʻi ma UK. Megaproject Koleiova. Ua ʻae ʻia ka papahana HS2 e ke aupuni. E lilo ana i $125 biliona. ʻO ka papa mua, e hoʻopau ʻia ma 2028-2031, e hoʻopili iā Lākana i Birmingham a pono e kūkulu ʻia ma kahi o 200 km o nā laina hou, he nui nā kikowaena hou a me ka hoʻoponopono hou ʻana o nā kikowaena e kū nei.

Ma ʻApelika, ua hoʻokō ʻo Libya i ka papahana Great Man Made River (GMR) mai 1985. Ma ke kumu, ʻo ia ka papahana irrigation nui loa ma ka honua, e hoʻoinu ana ma mua o 140 heka o ka ʻāina arable a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai inu ma ka hapa nui o nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale ʻo Libya. Loaʻa i ka GMR kona wai mai ka ʻauwai o lalo o Nubian Sandstone. Ua hoʻolālāʻia ka papahana e hoʻopauʻia i ka makahiki 2030, akā, ma muli o ka hakakāʻana a me nā hakakā ma Libya mai ka 2011,ʻaʻole maopopo ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka papahana.

Ma ʻApelika, ua hoʻolālā ʻia a kūkulu ʻia paha kekahi nā papahana wai nuiʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopaʻapaʻa pinepine ai, ʻaʻole nā ​​mea kaiapuni wale nō. Ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Great Renaissance Dam ma ka Nile ma ʻAitiopa i ka makahiki 2011 a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā papahana mega maikaʻi loa ma ʻApelika. Manaʻo ʻia kēia mea kanu hydroelectric e hoʻohua ma kahi o 2022 gigawatts o ka uila ke hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana ma 6,45. Ma kahi o $5 biliona ke kumu kūʻai o ka pā. Aia nā pilikia o ka papahana ʻaʻole wale i ka lawa ʻole o ka uku no nā kamaʻāina i hoʻoneʻe ʻia, akā i ka haunaele ma ka Nile, ma ʻAigupita a me Sudan, nā ʻāina i hopohopo e hoʻoweliweli ʻia kahi pā wai ʻAitiopa e hoʻopau i ka hoʻokele wai.

Hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻē aʻe ka papahana hydro nui o ʻApelika, ʻo ka Inga 3 Dam ma ka Democratic Republic of Congo. Inā kūkulu ʻia, ʻo ia ka pā nui loa ma ʻApelika. Eia nō naʻe, kūʻē nui ʻia e nā hui kaiapuni a me nā ʻelele o ka heluna kūloko, pono lākou e hoʻoneʻe ʻia e hoʻokō i ka papahana.

Ka mālama ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale kahiko - ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale hou

Ke hana ʻia nei nā papahana hoihoi ma kahi ʻano kūloko ma nā wahi he nui a puni ka honua. Eia nō naʻe, he mau hiʻohiʻona kēia o ka ʻenehana kupaianaha a me ka hoʻolālā wiwo ʻole e hoʻoulu ai i ka hoihoi honua. Nā laʻana nā hale e pale ana iā Venice mai ka wai kahe. No ka pale ʻana i kēia hoʻoweliweli, hoʻomaka ka hana ma 2003 ma MOSE, kahi ʻōnaehana pale nui $6,1 biliona. ʻAʻole e hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana mega a hiki i 2011.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka honua, ʻo Jakarta, ke kapikala o Indonesia, loaʻa nā pilikia o ka hāʻule mālie ʻana i loko o ke kai, e like me Venice. E like me Venice, pane ke kūlanakauhale i kēia hoʻoweliweli e kū nei ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā nui. Ua kapa ʻia kēia paʻakikī, 35 mau kilomita ka lōʻihi Garuda nui (9) e hoʻopau ʻia e 2025 ma ke kumukūʻai o $40 biliona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae ka poʻe loea i ka ikaika o kēia mega-project e hoʻopakele i ke kapikala ʻo Indonesia mai nā wai o ke kai…

9. Papahana Garuda ma Jakarta

Garuda nui Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi mea e like me ke kapikala hou o Indonesia. Makemake ʻo ʻAigupita e kūkulu i kahi kapikala hou. He kanahā mau kilomita ma ka hikina o Kairo nui a piha loa, e kūkulu ʻia kahi kūlanakauhale maʻemaʻe hou e 2022 ma ke kumukūʻai o $45 biliona. Hoʻolālā maikaʻi ʻia a hoʻoikaika ʻia e ka ikehu lā, e hoʻohauʻoli ʻia me nā skyscrapers ultra-kiʻekiʻe, nā hale hale ʻano Parisian, nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo kupaianaha ʻelua o ka nui o New York's Central Park, a me kahi paka kumuhana ʻehā mau manawa i ka nui o Disneyland. Ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ke Kaiʻula, makemake ʻo Saudi Arabia e kūkulu i kahi kūlanakauhale akamai hou i hoʻohana ʻia e ka ikehu hou e 2025 ma kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo Neom (10).

10. Hoʻolālā ʻia ke kūlanakauhale nui NEOM ma ke Kaiʻula

Thermonuclear fusion and extreme telescope

Mai kahi o.Nā kīʻaha satellite hekili he awāwa, i nā kumu polar ma ka lihi o ka Honua a me nā mea hoʻonohonoho kiʻekiʻe loa e kōkua iā mākou e komo i ka lewa - ʻo ia ke ʻano o nā papahana mega-science. Eia kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā papahana ʻepekema e hoʻomau nei i kūpono ke kapa ʻia he megaprojects.

E hoʻomaka kākou me ka papahana Kaleponi Mea hoʻāla ʻāina, ka mea nona ka laser nui loa o ka honua, hoʻohana ʻia e wela a hoʻopaʻa i ka wahie hydrogen, e hoʻomaka ana i nā hopena fusion nuklea. 'Enekinia a me ka aelike kūkulu i ka hale ma luna o ekolu kahua pâʻani pôpeku, excavating 160 55 cubic mika o ka honua a backfilling ma luna o 2700 cubic mika. mika kubiko o ke kupapau. Ma luna o ʻumi mau makahiki o ka hana ma kēia hale, ʻoi aku ma mua o XNUMX mau hoʻokolohua i hana ʻia, mahalo ʻia mākou i pili kokoke ai. ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ikehu.

Ke kūkulu ʻia nei kahi hale $1,1 biliona ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ʻekolu mau kilomita ma mua o ka ʻilikai ma ka wao nahele ʻo Atacama o Chile. Telescope nui loa, ELT(11) lilo telescope optical nui loae like me ka mea i kukuluia.

E hoʻopuka kēia mea hana i nā kiʻi he ʻumikūmāono manawa ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o kēia. ʻO ka Telescope Nui Loa, i hoʻohana ʻia e ka European Southern Observatory, ka mea e hana nei i kekahi o nā mea hōkū nui loa o ka honua ma ke Telescope Nui Loa (VLT) kokoke, e aʻo i nā exoplanets. ʻOi aku ka nui o kēia hale ma mua o ka Roman Colosseum a e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā mea hana hōkū a pau ma ka Honua. ʻO kona aniani nui, i hana ʻia me 798 mau aniani liʻiliʻi, he 39 mika ke anawaena. Ua hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka makahiki 2017 a ua manaʻo ʻia e hala ʻewalu mau makahiki. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka kukui mua no 2025.

11 Telescope Nui Loa

Ke kūkulu ʻia nei hoʻi ma Farani. ITERai ole ia, International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. He papahana mega kēia e pili ana i 35 mau ʻāina. ʻO ke kumukūʻai o kēia papahana ma kahi o $20 biliona. He mea nui kēia i ka hana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu thermonuclear kūpono.

ʻO ka European Split Source (ESS), i kūkulu ʻia ma 2014 ma Lund, Suedena, ʻo ia ka hale noiʻi kiʻekiʻe loa ma ke kula. nā neutrons i ka honua i ka wā i mākaukau ai e 2025. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia kāna hana me kahi microscope e hana ana ma kahi pālākiō subatomic. Pono e loaʻa nā hopena o ka noiʻi ma ESS i nā poʻe makemake āpau - e lilo ka hale i ʻāpana o ka papahana European Open Science Cloud.

He mea paʻakikī ke haʻi ʻole i ka papahana hope ma aneʻi ʻO Hadron Collider Nui ma Geneva, i kapa ʻia ʻo Future Circular Collider, a ʻo ka hoʻolālā holo wikiwiki Kina ʻo Circular Electron Positron Collider he ʻekolu manawa ka nui o ka LHC. Pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka mua ma 2036, a ʻo ka lua ma 2030. Eia naʻe, ʻo kēia mau megaprojects ʻepekema, ʻaʻole like me nā mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei (a ke kūkulu ʻia nei), e hōʻike ana i kahi manaʻo kānalua.

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā megaprojects me ka pau ʻole, no ka mea, ʻo ka papa inoa o nā moeʻuhane, nā hoʻolālā, nā hana kūkulu a me nā mea i kūkulu ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, loaʻa pinepine nā hana kūpono, akā ma luna o nā mea a pau, e ulu mau ana. A e hoʻomau ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻole i emi ka manaʻo o nā ʻāina, nā kūlanakauhale, nā ʻoihana a me nā kālai'āina.

ʻO nā papahana mega nui loa i ka honua o nā manawa a pau, i kēia manawa a ʻaʻole i hana ʻia

(E hoʻomaopopo: Aia nā kumukūʻai i nā kumukūʻai US$ i kēia manawa)

• Channel Tunnel, UK a me Palani. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1994. Uku: $12,1 biliona.

• Kansai International Airport, Iapana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1994. Uku: $24 biliona.

• Big Dig, papahana ala ala ma lalo o ke kaona ʻo Boston, USA. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 2007. Uku: $24,3 biliona.

• ʻO Toei Oedo Line, ka laina nui o ke Alanui Tokyo me 38 mau kikowaena, Iapana. Apono ʻia i ka makahiki 2000. Kumukūʻai: $27,8 biliona.

• Hinckley Lae C, NPP, UK. I ka hooulu ana. Uku: a hiki i $29,4 biliona.

• Hong Kong International Airport, Kina. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka makahiki 1998. Uku: $32 biliona.

• Trans-Alaska pipeline system, USA. Apono ʻia i ka makahiki 1977. Uku: $34,4 biliona.

• Hoʻonui o Dubai World Central Airport, United Arab Emirates. I ka hooulu ana. Uku: $36 biliona

• ʻO ka papahana hoʻoheheʻe wai i hana ʻia e ke kanaka nui, Libya. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei nō. Uku: ma luna o $36 biliona.

• ʻĀpana Pāʻoihana International Smart City Songdo, South Korea. I ka hooulu ana. Uku: $39 biliona

• ʻO Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed ​​​​railway, Kina. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 2011 Ke kumu kūʻai: $40 biliona

• ʻEkolu Gorges Dam, Kina. Apono 'ia ma 2012 Koina: $42,2 biliona

• Itaipu Dam, Palakila/Paraguay. Apono ʻia i ka makahiki 1984. Kumukūʻai: $49,1 biliona.

• Nā papahana lawe kaʻa Kelemania e hui pū ana i ke kaʻaahi, alanui a me ka wai ma lalo o ka inoa maʻamau Unity, Kelemānia. Ke kūkulu ʻia nei nō. Uku: $50 biliona.

• Kashagan oil field, Kazakhstan. Hoʻohana ʻia i ka makahiki 2013. Uku: $50 biliona.

• AVE kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki rail pūnaewele, Sepania. Hoʻonui mau. Waiwai ma 2015: $51,6 biliona

• Pāhana Hoʻonui Kaʻa Kaʻa ʻo Seattle City, Sound Transit 3, USA. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Kumukūʻai: $53,8 biliona

• Dubailand theme park and entertainment complex, United Arab Emirates. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Kumukūʻai: $64,3 biliona.

• Honshu-Shikoku Bridge, Iapana. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1999. Uku: $75 biliona.

• ʻO Kaleponi High-Speed ​​​​Rail Network Project, USA. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Uku: $77 biliona.

• Pāhana Hoʻololi Waiwai Hema a ʻĀkau, Kina. Ke holo nei. Uku: $79 biliona.

• Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project, India. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Uku: $100 biliona.

• King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia. I ka hooulu ana. Uku: $100 biliona

• Kulanakauhale ma na mokupuni hanau Forest City, Malaysia. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Uku: $100 biliona

• Ka Mosque Nui o Meka, Masjid al-Haram, Saudi Arabia. Ke holo nei. Uku: $100 biliona.

• Lākana-Leeds High Speed ​​​​Rail, High Speed ​​​​2, UK. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Uku: $128 biliona.

• International Space Station, papahana honua. Uku: $165 biliona

• Papahana o ke kulanakauhale o Neom ma ke Kai Ula, Saudi Arabia. I ka hoomakaukau ana. Uku: 230-500 biliona kālā.

• ʻO ke Kaʻaahi Kūlohelohe Peresia, nā ʻāina ʻo Gulf. I ka hooulu ana. Uku: $250 biliona.

• Pūnaehana Alanui Kūwaena, USA. Ke hoʻonui nei. Uku: $549 biliona