Elemental aristocracy

Pau kēlā me kēia lālani o ka papa ʻaina i ka hopena. Ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ko lākou ola ʻana. A laila kāhāhā lākou i ka honua me kā lākou mau waiwai kemika, a i ʻole ko lākou haʻalele ʻana. ʻOiai ma hope mai ua lilo lākou i hopena kūpono o nā kānāwai o ke ʻano. nā kinoea hanohano.

I ka manawa lōʻihi, ua "hana" lākou, a i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia i hala ua hoʻomaka lākou e pili me nā mea hanohano. E hoʻomaka kākou i ka moʻolelo o ke kula kiʻekiʻe e like me kēia:

I ka wā kahiko loa…

… Aia kekahi haku.

ʻO Lord Henry Cavendish (1731-1810) ma kahi kiʻi kiʻi kahiko.

ʻO Henry Cavendish no ka poʻe aliʻi Pelekāne kiʻekiʻe loa ʻo ia, akā makemake ʻo ia e aʻo i nā mea huna o ke ʻano. I ka makahiki 1766, ua ʻike ʻo ia i ka hydrogen, a he ʻumikūmāiwa mau makahiki ma hope mai ua hana ʻo ia i kahi hoʻokolohua i hiki ai iā ia ke ʻimi i kahi mea ʻē aʻe. Makemake ʻo ia e ʻike inā loaʻa i ka ea nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka oxygen a me ka nitrogen. Hoʻopiha ʻo ia i kahi paipu aniani i piʻo me ka ea, hoʻokomo i kona mau wēlau i loko o nā moku mercury a hāʻawi i nā hoʻokuʻu uila ma waena o lākou. Hoʻohui ʻia ka naikokene me ka oxygen, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā pūhui ʻakika e ka hopena alkali. I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka oxygen, hānai ʻo Cavendish iā ia i loko o ka paipu a hoʻomau i ka hoʻokolohua a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka nitrogen. Ua lōʻihi ka hoʻokolohua i kekahi mau pule, kahi e emi mau ai ka nui o ke kinoea i loko o ka paipu. I ka pau ʻana o ka nitrogen, ua wehe ʻo Cavendish i ka oxygen a ʻike ʻo ia e mau ana ka ʻōhū, āna i manaʻo ai ¹/₁₂₀ ka nui o ka ea mua. ʻAʻole i nīnau ka Haku e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā koena, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hopena he kuhihewa o ka ʻike. I kēia lā, ʻike mākou ua kokoke loa ʻo ia e wehe argon, akā, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻokolohua.

pohihihi o ka la

Ua hoʻohuli mau ʻia ka poʻe eclipses o ka lā i ka manaʻo o nā kānaka maʻamau a me nā ʻepekema. Ma ʻAukake 18, 1868, ua hoʻohana mua ka poʻe astronomers i kēia hanana i kahi spectroscope (i hoʻolālā ʻia ma lalo o ʻumi makahiki i hala aku nei) e aʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lā, ʻike maopopo ʻia me kahi diski ʻeleʻele. Palani Pierre Janssen Ma kēia ala, ua hōʻoia ʻo ia he hydrogen ka nui o ka corona solar a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Akā i kekahi lā aʻe, nānā hou ʻo ia i ka Lā, ʻike ʻo ia i kahi laina spectral i wehewehe ʻole ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka laina melemele ʻano o ka sodium. ʻAʻole hiki iā Janssen ke kuhikuhi iā ia i kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia i kēlā manawa. ʻO ka ʻike like ʻana i hana ʻia e kekahi kilo hōkū ʻEnelani ʻO Norman Locker. Ua hoʻopuka nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā kuhiakau like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻāpana pohihihi o kā mākou hōkū. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Lockyer iā ia laser ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ma ka inoa o ke akua Helene o ka lā - Helios. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻepekema ʻo ka laina melemele a lākou i ʻike ai he ʻāpana ia o ka spectrum hydrogen i nā wela kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hōkū. I ka makahiki 1881, he physicist Italia a me ka meteorologist Luigi Palmieri ua aʻo i nā kinoea lua pele o Vesuvius me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectroscope. I loko o kā lākou spectrum, loaʻa iā ia kahi hui melemele i pili i ka helium. Eia naʻe, ua wehewehe maopopo ʻo Palmieri i nā hopena o kāna mau hoʻokolohua, a ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike mākou i kēia manawa aia ka helium i loko o nā kinoea lua pele, a ʻo Italia paha ka mea mua i ʻike i ka spectrum helium terrestrial.

Hōʻike kiʻi mai 1901 e hōʻike ana i nā mea hana no ka hoʻokolohua Cavendish

Wehe ʻia ma ka helu ʻekolu

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki he ʻumi hope o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo ka physicist English Haku Rayleigh (John William Strutt) ua hoʻoholo e hoʻoholo pololei i ka density o nā kinoea like ʻole, a ua hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka nui o nā atomika o kā lākou mau mea. He kanaka hoʻokolohua ikaika ʻo Rayleigh, no laila ua loaʻa iā ia nā kinoea mai nā ʻano kumu like ʻole e ʻike ai i nā haumia e hoʻopunipuni ai i nā hopena. Ua hoʻemi ʻo ia i ka hewa o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hapa haneri o ka pākēneka, ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i kēlā manawa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kinoea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻokō ʻana me ka nui i hoʻoholo ʻia i loko o ka hewa ana. ʻAʻole kēia i kāhāhā i kekahi, no ka mea, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi ke ʻano o nā pūhui kemika i ko lākou kumu. ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa ʻo ka nitrogen - he ʻokoʻa wale nō kona ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana. Nitrogen lewa (loaʻa mai ka ea ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka oxygen, ka mahu wai a me ke kalapona kalapona) ua ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o kemika (loaʻa ʻia e ka decomposition o kāna mau pūhui). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, he mea ʻē aʻe, ua mau a ʻoi aku ma kahi o 0,1%. ʻAʻole hiki iā Rayleigh ke wehewehe i kēia hanana, ua huli ʻo ia i nā ʻepekema ʻē aʻe.

Kōkua i hāʻawi ʻia e kahi chemist William Ramsay. Ua hoʻoholo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻelua ʻo ka wehewehe wale nō ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hui ʻana o kahi kinoea kaumaha i loko o ka nitrogen i loaʻa mai ka lewa. I ko lākou ʻike ʻana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka hoʻokolohua Cavendish, manaʻo lākou aia lākou ma ke ala pololei. Ua hana hou lākou i ka hoʻokolohua, i kēia manawa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana hou, a ʻaʻole liʻuliʻu ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi laʻana o kahi kinoea ʻike ʻole ʻia i kā lākou waiwai. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana spectroscopic he ʻokoʻa ia mai nā mea i ʻike ʻia, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe he mau ʻātoma kaʻawale. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēlā mau kinoea (loaʻa iā mākou O₂, N₂, H₂), ʻo ia hoʻi ka wehe ʻana i kahi mea hou. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Rayleigh lāua ʻo Ramsay e hana iā ia argon (Greek = palaualelo) e hana me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa. No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mahana o kona condensation, ua huli lākou i ke kanaka hoʻokahi o ka honua i kēlā manawa i loaʻa ka lako kūpono. Ua ___ ia Karol Olszewski, polopeka o ke kemika ma ke Kulanui o Jagiellonian. ʻO Olshevsky liquefied a paʻa i ka argon, a hoʻoholo pū i kāna mau ʻāpana kino ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka hōʻike a Rayleigh lāua ʻo Ramsay i ʻAukake i ka makahiki 1894 ua hoʻohau nui ʻia. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻepekema ke manaʻoʻiʻo ua haʻalele nā ​​hanauna o nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻāpana 1% o ka ea, aia ma ka Honua ma kahi nui i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kālā. Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā hoʻāʻo a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ke ola o argon. Ua manaʻo ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana he lanakila nui a he lanakila o ka hoʻokolohua akahele (ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua hūnā ʻia ka mea hou ma ke kolu o ka wahi decimal). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i manaʻo e loaʻa ...

… He ʻohana kinoea holoʻokoʻa.

Pūʻulu Helium (helu ʻātoma ma luna, nuipa atomika ma lalo).

ʻOiai ma mua o ka nānā pono ʻia ʻana o ka lewa, i hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoihoi ʻo Ramsay i kahi moʻolelo puke moʻolelo geology e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea mai ka uranium ores i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai i ka waikawa. Ua hoʻāʻo hou ʻo Ramsay, nānā i ke kinoea hopena me kahi spectroscope a ʻike i nā laina kikoʻī ʻike ʻole. Kūkākūkā me William Crookes, he loea i ka spectroscopy, alakaʻi i ka hopena ua lōʻihi ka ʻimi ʻia ma ka Honua laser ikehu kiʻekiʻe. I kēia manawa ua ʻike mākou ʻo ia kekahi o nā huahana palaho o ka uranium a me ka thorium, i loko o nā ores o nā mea radioactive kūlohelohe. Ua noi hou ʻo Ramsay iā Olszewski e hoʻokahe i ke kinoea hou. Eia naʻe, i kēia manawa ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea hana ke hoʻokō i nā mahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka helium wai a hiki i 1908.

Ua lilo ka Helium i kinoea monatomic a ʻaʻole hana, e like me argon. ʻAʻole i kūpono nā waiwai o nā mea ʻelua i kekahi ʻohana o ka papaʻaina manawa a ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hana i kahi hui kaʻawale no lākou. [helowce_uklad] Ua hiki mai ʻo Ramsay i ka hopena he mau hakahaka i loko, a me kāna hoa hana. Morrisem Traversem hoʻomaka hou i ka noiʻi. Ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ea wai, ua ʻike ka poʻe kemika i ʻekolu mau kinoea hou i ka makahiki 1898: neon (gr. = hou), krypton (gr. = skryty) i xenon (Helene = haole). ʻO lākou a pau, me ka helium, aia i ka lewa i nā mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka argon. ʻO ka passivity kemika o nā mea hou i koi i nā mea noiʻi e hāʻawi iā lākou i inoa maʻamau. nā kinoea hanohano. 

Ma hope o ka ho'āʻo ʻole ʻana e hoʻokaʻawale mai ka lewa, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi helium ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka hoʻololi radioactive. I ka makahiki 1900 Frederic Dorn ʻO Odraz Andre-Louis Debirn ʻike lākou i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea (emanation, e like me kā lākou i ʻōlelo ai i kēlā manawa) mai ka radium, a lākou i kapa ai radon. Ua ʻike koke ʻia ua hoʻopuka pū nā emanations i ka thorium a me ka actinium (thoron a me actinon). Ramsay a me Frederick Soddy ua hōʻike ʻia he mea hoʻokahi lākou a ʻo ia ke kinoea hanohano aʻe a lākou i kapa ai niton (Latin = ʻālohilohi no ka ʻālohilohi ʻana o ke kinoea i loko o ka pōʻeleʻele). I ka makahiki 1923, ua lilo ʻo nithon i radon, i kapa ʻia ma muli o ka isotope lōʻihi loa.

ʻO ka hope loa o nā hoʻonohonoho helium e pani i ka papa manawa maoli i loaʻa i ka makahiki 2006 ma ka hale hana nuklea Lūkini ma Dubna. ʻO ka inoa, apono ʻia he ʻumi makahiki ma hope mai, Oganesson, no ka hanohano o ka physicist nukelea Lūkini Yuri Hovhannisyan. ʻO ka mea wale nō i ʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka mea hou, ʻo ia ka mea kaumaha loa i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa a he mau nuclei wale nō i loaʻa i ola no ka liʻiliʻi o ka millisecond.

ʻO nā hewa kemika

Ua hāʻule ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka passivity kemika o ka helium i ka makahiki 1962 Neil Bartlett ua loaʻa iā ia kahi hui o ke kumu Xe [PtF₆]. ʻO ka kemika o nā pūhui xenon i kēia mau lā he nui loa: ʻike ʻia nā fluoride, oxides a me nā paʻakai waikawa o kēia mea. Eia kekahi, he mau pūhui mau lākou ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau. ʻOi aku ka māmā o Krypton ma mua o ka xenon, hana i kekahi mau fluoride, e like me ka radon kaumaha (ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka radioactivity i ka noiʻi). Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā mea māmā ʻekolu - helium, neon a me argon - ʻaʻohe pūhui mau.

Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pūhui kemika o nā kinoea maikaʻi me nā hoa liʻiliʻi maikaʻi me nā mislliances kahiko. I kēia lā, ʻaʻole kūpono kēia manaʻo, a ʻaʻole pono e kāhāhā kekahi ...

Nā Helikopa, mai ka hema a i ka ʻākau: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt, 1842–1919), Sir William Ramsay (1852–1916) a me Morris Travers (1872–1961); kiʻi mai ka hōʻiliʻili o University College London.

… hana nā aliʻi.

Loaʻa ka Helium ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ea wai i loko o nā mea kanu nitrogen a me ka oxygen. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke kumu o ka helium ka nui o ke kinoea maoli, kahi i hiki ai i kahi hapa hapa o ka nui (ma ʻEulopa, ʻo ka mea kanu helium nui loa e hana ana ma Ua lanakila, ma Greater Polani Voivodeship). ʻO kā lākou hana mua, ʻo ia ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana i nā paipu kukui. I kēia mau lā, ʻoluʻolu mau ka hoʻolaha neon i ka maka, akā ʻo nā mea helium nō hoʻi ke kumu o kekahi mau ʻano lasers, e like me ka laser argon a mākou e hālāwai ai ma ka dentist a i ʻole ka mea nani.

ʻO ka unuhi ʻana o ka mea pena i ka Xenon Ion Probe Dawn kokoke i ka asteroid Ceres.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka passivity kemika o nā hoʻonohonoho helium e hana i kahi lewa e pale ai i ka oxidation, no ka laʻana, i ka wā e wili ai i nā metala a i ʻole ka pahu meaʻai hermetic. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui piha helium ma kahi wela kiʻekiʻe (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka mālamalama) a hoʻohana pono i ka uila. Hoʻohana maʻamau ka argon i hui pū ʻia me ka nitrogen, akā hāʻawi ʻo krypton a me xenon i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe. ʻO ka hoʻohana hou ʻana o ka xenon ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻolalelale i ka ion rocket propulsion, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka propulsion propulsion kemika. Hoʻopiha ʻia ka helium māmā i nā baluna a me nā baluna no nā keiki. I loko o ka hui ʻana me ka oxygen, hoʻohana ʻia ka helium e nā mea ʻokoʻa e hana i kahi hohonu hohonu, e kōkua ana e pale i ka maʻi decompression. ʻO ka noi nui loa o ka helium e hoʻokō i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pono ai nā superconductor e hana.

ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka oxygen-helium e mālama pono i ka luʻu ʻana.