Kemika kahiko i nā kala hou

I ka hopena o Kepakemapa 2020, ua hoʻouna ʻia ka ammonia polū mua (1) mai Saudi Arabia i Iapana, e like me nā hōʻike paʻi, e hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea mana e hana ai i ka uila me ka ʻole o ka carbon dioxide. No ka poʻe ʻike ʻole, he mea huna paha kēia. He wahie hana mana hou anei?

Ua hana ʻia ʻo Saudi Aramco, ma hope o ka halihali wahie ma ka hoʻololi hydrocarbon (ʻo ia hoʻi. No laila, mālama ka amonia i ka hydrogen, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "blue" hydrogen, e kū'ē ana i ka hydrogen "'ōmaʻomaʻo", e hele mai ana mai nā kumu hou ma mua o nā wahie mōʻalihaku. Hiki ke puhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he wahie i nā mea kanu wela, ʻo ka mea nui me ka ʻole o ke kalapona kalapona.

No ke aha ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana lawe i ka hydrogen i paa i ka amonia ma mua o ka hydrogen maʻemaʻe wale nō? "He maʻalahi ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Ammonia - hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka liʻiliʻi o 33 degere Celsius - a loaʻa iā 1,7 mau manawa o ka hydrogen i kēlā me kēia cubic mika ma mua o ka hydrogen liquefied," e like me kahi noiʻi a ka panakō hoʻopukapuka HSBC e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻenehana hou.

Saudi Arabia, ʻO ka mea kūʻai aila nui loa o ka honua, ke hoʻopukapuka nei i ka ʻenehana e unuhi i ka hydrogen mai nā wahie fossil a hoʻololi i ka huahana i ka amonia. ʻO ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo Air Products & Chemicals Inc. i ke kauwela kau inoa i ka ʻaelike me ka hui Saudi ACWA Power International a me nā hui kuleana no ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale futuristic e hiki mai ana o Neom (2), kahi i makemake ai ke aupuni e kūkulu ma ke kahakai ʻo Red Sea. Ma lalo o ka ʻaelike, e kūkulu ʻia kahi mea kanu ammonia $XNUMX biliona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hydrogen i hoʻohana ʻia e nā kumu ikehu hou.

2. ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kūlanakauhale Saudi futuristic o Neom.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Hydrogen he wahie maʻemaʻe, ke puhi ʻia, ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻohua mai i ka mahu wai wale nō. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo ia he kumu nui o ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. ʻO ke koena holoʻokoʻa o nā hoʻokuʻu hydrogen maʻemaʻe e like me ka wahie i hoʻohana ʻia e hana ai. Me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke koena o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻano kinoea e like me ka hydrogen ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka hydrogen uliuli a me ka hydrogen hina. hydrogen ʻōmaʻomaʻo ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumu ikehu hou a me ke kalapona ʻole. ʻO ka hydrogen hina, ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hydrogen i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai, ua hana ʻia mai nā wahie mōʻalihaku, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hydrogen haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻopau ʻia e ka hana hana. ʻO ka hydrogen uliuli ka inoa i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hydrogen i loaʻa mai ke kinoea maoli wale nō, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka carbon dioxide a ʻoi aku ka maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka nui o nā wahie mōʻalihaku.

ʻO Ammonia kahi pūhui kemika i loaʻa i ʻekolu mau mole hydrogen a me hoʻokahi mole naikokene. Ma kēia ʻano, "mālama" ia i ka hydrogen a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai no ka hana ʻana o ka "hydrogen mau". ʻO Ammonia ponoʻī, e like me ka hydrogen, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokuʻu i carbon dioxide ke puhi ʻia i kahi hale mana wela. ʻO ke kala polū ma ka inoa ʻo ia ka mea i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea maoli (a i kekahi mau hihia, ka lanahu). Manaʻo ʻia he ʻano ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka hana ikehu ma muli o ka hiki ke hopu a hoʻopaʻa i ke kalapona kalapona (CCS) i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi ʻo ia ka mea a ka hui ʻo Aramco, nāna e hoʻopuka i kēlā, hōʻoia.

Mai ka uliuli a ka uliuli

Manaʻo ka poʻe loea he hana hoʻololi wale ka ʻenehana i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, a ʻo ka pahuhopu e hoʻokō pono i ka hana ʻana o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa kēia i ka haku melemele, e like me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka uliuli i ka haku melemele mai nā ammonia ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manaʻo wale nō ka hana ʻana o ke kaʻina hana o ka mana ʻōmaʻomaʻo hoʻokuʻu ʻole loa a ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i nā wahie fossil. Hiki paha kēia, no ka laʻana, he mea kanu no ka hana ʻana i ka hydrogen hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, a laila hoʻololi ʻia i ammonia no ka mālama maʻalahi a me ka lawe ʻana.

I Dekemaba 2018, ua paʻi ʻia kahi hōʻike e ka British Energy Transition Commission, "he hui pū ʻana o nā alakaʻi ʻoihana, kālā a me nā hui kīwila mai nā ʻoihana e hana a hoʻohana i ka ikehu." Hiki i ka Misiona. Wahi a nā mea kākau, hiki i ka decarbonization piha o ka ammonia i ka makahiki 2050 ke hiki i ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokele waiwai, akā ʻaʻole pili ka amonia polū i nā makahiki he mau makahiki. E lanakila ana ma hope amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO kēia ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hopu ʻana i ka 10-20% CO hope loa, wahi a ka hōʻike.₂ i ka hana hana. Eia naʻe, ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā mea hoʻopuka ʻē aʻe e pili ana kēia mau wānana i ke kūlana o ke ʻano. I kēia manawa, hoʻomau ka noiʻi ʻana i nā ala hou no ka synthesis o ka amonia.

Eia kekahi laʻana Matteo Masanti, he 'enekinia ma Casale SA (he lālā o ka Ammonia Energy Association), i hōʻike i kahi kaʻina hana patent hou no ka "hoʻololi ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe i ka amonia e hōʻemi i ka hoʻoiho COXNUMX".₂ i ka lewa a hiki i ka 80% e pili ana i nā ʻenehana maikaʻi loa i loaʻa". ʻO ka maʻalahi, manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻololi i ka CDR (carbon dioxide removal) unit i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hopu ʻana i ka carbon dioxide mai nā kinoea hoʻopau ma hope o ka puhi ʻana me kahi "pre-burn decarburization strategy".

Nui nā manaʻo hou. Hoʻolālā ka hui ʻAmelika ʻo Monolith Materials "i kahi kaʻina uila hou no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe i ke kalapona ma ke ʻano o ka soot a me ka hydrogen me ka hana kiʻekiʻe." ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka lanahu ma ʻaneʻi, akā he mea hiki ke lawe i ke ʻano o kahi waiwai kūʻai waiwai. Makemake ka hui e mālama i ka hydrogen ʻaʻole wale ma ke ʻano o ka ammonia, akā, no ka laʻana, i ka methanol. Aia kekahi eSMR, kahi hana i hoʻomohala ʻia e Haldor Topsoe mai Denmark e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila i hana ʻia mai nā kumu hou ma ke ʻano he kumu hou o ka wela kaʻina hana ma ke kahua o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahu methane i ka hana ʻana o ka hydrogen ma kahi mea kanu ammonia. Manaʻo ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu CO hoʻemi ʻia₂ no ka hana amonia ma kahi o 30%.

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ke hana pū nei kā mākou Orlen i ka hana o ka hydrogen. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ka amonia ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ke ʻano he mālama ikehu ma ka Polish Chemical Congress i Kepakemapa 2020, ʻo ia hoʻi. he mau lā ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka huakaʻi i ʻōlelo ʻia ma Iapana, Jacek Mendelewski, lālā o ka papa o Anwil mai ka hui PKN Orlen. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia paha amonia polūe like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i luna. ʻAʻole maopopo i kēia ʻōlelo ua hana ʻia kēia huahana e Anwil, akā hiki ke manaʻo ʻia aia nā hoʻolālā ma Polani e hana i ka liʻiliʻi o ka amonia polū.