ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe Diesel. ʻO ka hoʻolālā, nā mea maikaʻi a me nā pōʻino

ʻAʻole like me nā ʻenekini petrol, ua loaʻa i nā ʻenekini diesel ka wahie mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana injection wale nō, nā mea pono a me ke kaomi o ka wahie i hoʻolako ʻia i nā cylinders i hoʻololi ʻia.

He ʻokoʻa loa ke kumu hana o ka ʻenekini diesel, i ʻike nui ʻia he ʻenekini diesel. I loko o nā kaʻa kaʻa, komo ka huila wahie-ea i loko o ke keʻena puhi ahi ma luna o ka piston. Ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana, hoʻā ʻia ka hui ʻana ma muli o ka haki ʻana o kahi uila uila ma nā electrodes o ka plug spark. ʻO ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai nā ʻenekini ʻaila he ʻenekini spark ignition (SI).

I nā ʻenekini diesel, ʻo ka piston i loko o ke keʻena kuni e hoʻopili wale i ka ea, a ma lalo o ka mana o ke kaomi nui (ma ka liʻiliʻi he 40 bar - no laila ka inoa "kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe") ua wela i kahi mahana o 600-800 ° C. Injection o ka wahie i loko o ia wela ea hualoaʻa i koke iho-ignition o ka wahie i loko o ka combustion keʻena. No kēia kumu, ua kapa ʻia nā mana diesel e like me nā ʻenekini compression ignition (CI). Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻolako ʻia lākou ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wahie i loko o ke keʻena puhi ahi, ʻaʻole i loko o ka intake manifold, ka mea e hāʻawi wale i ka ea i ka mīkini. Ma muli o ka mahele ʻana o ke keʻena puhi ahi a ʻaʻole paha, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻenekini diesel i nā ʻāpana mana me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻole a pololei ʻole.

ʻ .kuhi kūlohelohe

ʻO Diesel, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka me kahi ʻōnaehana injection pololei, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka lōʻihi. ʻO kēia hoʻonā i hoʻokumu i nā pilikia he nui a ma ka ʻoihana kaʻa ua hoʻololi ʻia e ka indirect injection i patent ma 1909. Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻokomo pololei ʻana i nā ʻenekini nui a me ka moana, a me kekahi mau kaʻa. Ua makemake nā mea hoʻolālā kaʻa holo kaʻa i nā diesel injection indirect-indirect, me ka hana maʻalahi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka walaʻau.

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "indirect" i loko o nā ʻenekini diesel he mea ʻokoʻa loa ma mua o nā ʻenekini ʻaila, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka indirect injection ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka hui ʻana i ka ea i loko o ka intake manifold. Ma nā ʻenekini hoʻoheheʻe indirect injection, e like me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka hoʻolālā pololei, komo pū ka wahie i hoʻomoʻi ʻia e ka injector i loko o ke keʻena puhi. ʻO ia wale nō ka mea i māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻāpana - kahi ʻāpana kōkua, kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka wahie, a ʻo ka hapa nui, i.e. ka hakahaka ma luna pono o ka piston kahi e hana ai ka hana nui o ka puhi wahie. Hoʻopili ʻia nā keʻena e kahi awāwa a i ʻole nā ​​alani. E like me ke ʻano a me ka hana, ua māhele ʻia nā keʻena i ka preliminary, vortex a me nā reservoir ea.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hope, no ka mea ua pau kā lākou hana. I ka hihia o nā keʻena mua a me nā keʻena swirl, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka nozzle ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke keʻena kōkua a hoʻokomo i ka wahie i loko. Ma laila, e ho'ā ana, a laila komo ka wahie i puhi ʻia i ke keʻena nui a puhi ʻia i laila. Holo mālie nā Diesel me kahi keʻena mua a i ʻole ke keʻena wili a loaʻa paha nā ʻōnaehana crank māmā. ʻAʻole paʻakikī lākou i ka maikaʻi o ka wahie a loaʻa paha nā nozzles o kahi hoʻolālā maʻalahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā diesel injection pololei, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wahie, a pilikia hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka ʻana i kahi mīkini anu. I kēia lā, ʻo nā ʻenekini diesel injection indirect i nā kaʻa kaʻa he mea ia o ka wā i hala a ʻaʻole i hana hou ʻia. ʻAʻole loaʻa lākou i nā kaʻa hou ma ka mākeke i kēia lā. Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou ma nā hoʻolālā e like me India Hindustan a me Tata, ka Russian UAZ, ka hanauna kahiko ʻo Mitsubishi Pajero i kūʻai ʻia ma Brazil, a i ʻole ka Volkswagen Polo i hāʻawi ʻia ma Argentina. Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kaʻa aftermarket.

Inokaulima pololei

Ua hoʻomaka me ia. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana mua ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi o ka injection direct. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o ka wili pono ʻana i ka wahie a ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa ka puhi ʻana. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā puʻupuʻu wahie, kahi i kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka soot. Ua holo wikiwiki nā kaʻina hana ma ka piston, hana ikaika nā ʻenekini, hoʻopau koke i ka pahu crankshaft. No kēia kumu, ua haʻalele ʻia ka hoʻokō pololei ʻana, makemake ʻia ka hoʻokele ʻole.

ʻO ka hoʻi ʻana i nā aʻa, akā i kahi mana hou, i loaʻa i ka makahiki 1987, i ka manawa i komo ai ka Fiat Croma 1.9 TD i ka hana nui. Pono ka hoʻoheheʻe wahie pololei i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ke kaomi ʻana, ka wahie maikaʻi maikaʻi, a me kahi crankset ikaika loa (a no laila kaumaha). Eia naʻe, hāʻawi ia i ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻomaka maʻalahi o kahi mīkini anu. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana hou no nā ʻenekini diesel injection ma luna o nā poʻo palahalaha piha a me nā pistons me nā keʻena kūpono (cavities). ʻO nā keʻena ke kuleana no ka ʻoliʻoli kūpono o ka wahie. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka injection direct i kēia mau lā i nā ʻenekini diesel kaʻa kaʻa.

Hoʻopili pololei - Pump Injectors

I nā ʻenekini diesel maʻamau, ʻo nā ʻano pauma like ʻole ke kuleana no ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka wahie. I ka wā paionia, ua hana ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe wahie me ka ea paʻa; i ka makahiki 20, ua hana ʻia kēia me nā pamu aila i hoʻolālā hou ʻia. I nā makahiki 300, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pamu kūikawā no nā mīkini diesel. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia ma nā pāpaʻi serial i hana i ke kaomi haʻahaʻa (a hiki i 60 bar). ʻAʻole a hiki i ka 1000s i ʻike ʻia nā pamu ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me ka axial distributor (ma luna o 80 bar). Ma ka waena o nā makahiki he kanahiku ua loaʻa iā lākou ka mana injection mechanical, a ma ka waena o ke kanawalu ua loaʻa iā lākou ka mana uila (BMW 524td, 1986).

ʻO nā pump-injectors i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa i ka 30s he ʻano ʻokoʻa iki o ka wahie injection, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i nā kaʻa kaʻa e ka manaʻo Volkswagen, no ka manawa mua ma 1998 (Passat B5 1.9 TDI). ʻO ka pōkole, ʻo ka injector pump he mea injector me kāna pump ponoʻī, i alakaʻi ʻia e kahi camshaft. No laila, ʻo ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka kaomi ʻana a me ka injecting i loko o ka cylinder i kaupalena ʻia i ke poʻo cylinder. Paʻa loa ka ʻōnaehana, ʻaʻohe laina wahie e hoʻopili ai i ka pamu i nā injectors. No laila, ʻaʻohe nozzle pulsation, he mea paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono i ka nui o ka wahie a me nā leaks. Ma muli o ka mahu'u hapa o ka wahie i loko o ke ke'ena injector unit, li'ili'i paha ka manawa ho'okomo (ho'omaka ma'alahi). ʻO ka mea nui, akā, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi injection o 2000-2200 bar. ʻO ka nui o ka wahie i loko o ka cylinder e hui koke me ka ea a puhi maikaʻi loa.

Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia ka ʻenekini diesel pump-injector e ka hana kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie, kiʻekiʻe wikiwiki a me ka hiki ke loaʻa ka mana kiʻekiʻe. Akā ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka mīkini injector unit no ka hana ʻana, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ke poʻo cylinder. He paʻakikī a leo nui kāna hana. I ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e nā unit injectors, hiki mai nā pilikia hoʻokuʻu ʻana, kahi i kōkua nui i ka haʻalele ʻana o VW i kēia hoʻonā.

Hoʻopiʻi pololei - Kaʻaahi Maʻamau

ʻO ka mea koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokele Common Rail ʻo ia ka "Common Rail", kahi ʻano pahu i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo "pressurized fuel accumulator", kahi e pamu ai ka paila i ka wahie diesel. Hoʻokomo ʻo ia i nā nozzles ʻaʻole pololei mai ka pamu, akā mai ka pahu, ʻoiai e mālama ana i ke kaomi like no kēlā me kēia cylinder.

Figuratively, hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo ʻaʻole e kali kēlā me kēia o nā injectors i kahi ʻāpana o ka wahie mai ka pamu, akā aia nō ka wahie ma kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā mea uila e hoʻoulu ai i nā injectors ua lawa ia e hoʻolako i ka wahie i nā keʻena puhi. ʻO ia ʻōnaehana e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hana i nā injections multi-phase (ʻo ia hoʻi he 8 mau ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia injection), kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka puhi ʻana i ka wahie me ka piʻi mālie o ke kaomi. ʻO ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa (1800 bar) hiki ke hoʻohana i nā injectors me nā puka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi i ka wahie kokoke i ke ʻano o ka noe.

Hoʻopiha ʻia kēia mau mea āpau e ka ʻenekini kiʻekiʻe, ka holo mālie a me ka pae haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻoiai ke kuhikuhi pololei ʻana), ka maneuverability maikaʻi a me nā hoʻokuʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, pono nā mīkini kaʻa maʻamau i ka wahie kiʻekiʻe loa a me nā kānana maikaʻi loa. Hiki i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wahie ke hoʻopau i nā injectors a hoʻopilikia i ke kumu kūʻai nui loa e hoʻoponopono.