ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā "Pāpau Invisibility".

ʻO ka mea hou loa i loko o ke ʻano o nā "ʻaʻahu o ka ʻike ʻole" ʻo ia ka mea i hānau ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Rochester (1), nāna e hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana optical kūpono. Eia naʻe, kapa ʻia e ka poʻe kānalua he ʻano hoʻopunipuni hoʻopunipuni a i ʻole ka hopena kūikawā, kahi ʻōnaehana lens akamai e hoʻohuli i ka mālamalama a hoʻopunipuni i ka ʻike o ka mea nānā.

Aia kekahi makemakika maikaʻi loa ma hope o ia mea—pono nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻohana ia mea no ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā lens ʻelua i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kukui i hiki iā lākou ke hūnā pono i ka mea ma hope o lākou. ʻAʻole hana kēia hopena i ka nānā pono ʻana i nā lens - ʻo kahi kihi o 15 degere a i ʻole ua lawa.

1. ʻO ka "Invisibility Cap" mai ke Kulanui o Rochester.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa e hoʻopau i nā wahi makapō i loko o nā aniani a i ʻole i loko o nā keʻena hana, e ʻae ana i nā kauka lapaʻau e ʻike i ko lākou mau lima. ʻO kēia kekahi ma kahi lōʻihi o nā hōʻike e pili ana ʻenehana ʻike ʻolei hiki mai iā mākou i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.

Ma 2012, ua lohe mua mākou e pili ana i ka "Cap of Invisibility" mai ke Kulanui ʻAmelika ʻAmelika. ʻO ka heluhelu ʻana wale nō ia e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kahi cylinder liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka spectrum microwave. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma mua, ua hōʻike nā luna o Duke i ka ʻenehana sonar stealth i manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻohiki i kekahi mau pōʻai.

ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ia ʻike ʻole wale nō mai kahi hiʻohiʻona a ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kahi i hoʻohana liʻiliʻi ai ka ʻenehana. I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻolālā nā ʻenekinia luhi ʻole ma Duke i kahi mea paʻi 3D e hoʻopili i kahi mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko me nā micro-hole i loko o ka hale (2). Eia naʻe, ua hana hou ʻia kēia ma kahi palena o nā nalu a mai kahi ʻano wale nō.

I loko o nā kiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka Pūnaewele, ʻike ʻia ke kapa o ka hui Kanada ʻo Hyperstealth, i hoʻolaha ʻia i ka makahiki 2012 ma lalo o ka inoa hoihoi ʻo Quantum Stealth (3). ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā prototypes hana, ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia pehea e hana ai. Hoʻopuka ka hui i nā pilikia palekana ke kumu a hōʻike cryptically e hoʻomākaukau ana i nā mana huna o ka huahana no ka pūʻali koa.

Nānā mua, pahupaʻikiʻi hope

ʻO ka mua o kēia manawapāpale ʻike ʻole» Ua hoʻolauna ʻia he ʻumi makahiki i hala e ka ʻenekini Iapana Prof. ʻO Susumu Tachi mai ke Kulanui o Tokyo. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kahi pahupaʻikiʻi i hoʻonoho ʻia ma hope o kahi kāne e ʻaʻahu ana i kahi ʻaʻahu ʻo ia hoʻi ke nānā. Kuhi ʻia ke kiʻi mai ka pahupaʻikiʻi hope ma luna ona. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ke kanaka ʻahuʻula. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻopunipuni like e ka mea hoʻohana camouflage kaʻa Adaptiv i hoʻokomo ʻia i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala e BAE Systems (4).

Hōʻike ia i kahi kiʻi infrared "mai hope" ma ka pale kaua o ka pahu. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia kēlā mīkini i nā mea ʻike maka. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo o ka masking i ka makahiki 2006. ʻO John Pendry o Imperial College London, ʻo David Schurig lāua ʻo David Smith o Duke University i hoʻopuka i ke kumumanaʻo o "transformation optics" i loko o ka puke moʻolelo Science a hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka hihia o nā microwaves (ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma mua o ka mālamalama ʻike).

2. He "pale invisibility" i pa'i 'ia ma 'ekolu ana.

Me ke kōkua o nā metamaterial kūpono, hiki ke hoʻopiʻi ʻia kahi nalu electromagnetic ma ke ʻano e kaalo ai i ka mea a puni a hoʻi i kona ala i kēia manawa. ʻO ka mea hoʻohālikelike e hōʻike ana i ka hopena optical maʻamau o ka mea waena, ʻo ia ka refractive index, ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o nā manawa lohi ma mua o ka vacuum, ka neʻe ʻana o ka māmā i kēia ʻano. Hoʻohelu mākou iā ia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka huahana o ka pili uila a me ka permeability magnetic.

pili uila permeability; e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi o ka ikaika pili uila i loko o kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia ma mua o ka ikaika pili i loko o ka momi. No laila, he ana ia no ka ikaika o ka pane ʻana o nā uwila i loko o kekahi mea i ke kahua uila waho. Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā mea waiwai ka permittivity maikaʻi, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻololi ʻia ke kahua i hoʻololi ʻia e ka mea i loaʻa i ke ʻano like me ke kula waho.

Hoʻoholo ka pili magnetic permeability m i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kahua mākēneki ma kahi ākea i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia, e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kahua magnetic e noho ana i loko o kahi mānoanoa me ke kumu hoʻokahi o waho. No nā mea kūlohelohe a pau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka permeability magnetic pili. No nā pāpaho akaka e like me ke aniani a i ʻole ka wai, maikaʻi nā mea ʻekolu.

A laila ʻo ka māmā, e hele ana mai ka ʻūhā a i ʻole ka ea (he ʻokoʻa iki nā ʻokoʻa o ka ea mai ka ʻawaʻawa) i loko o ke kikowaena, e like me ke kānāwai o ka refraction a ʻo ka lakio o ka sine o ke kihi o ka hopena i ka sine o ka huina o ka refraction. e like me ka kuhikuhipuu hoopa'i no keia ano. He emi ka waiwai ma mua o ka ʻole; a me ka m 'o ia ho'i ka ne'e 'ana o nā electrons i loko o ka mea waena ma ka 'ao'ao kū'ē i ka ikaika i hana 'ia e ke kahua uila a i 'ole ka mākia.

ʻO kēia ka mea i hana ʻia i nā metala, kahi e hoʻokō ai ke kinoea electron manuahi i kāna mau oscillations. Inā ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ke alapine o ka hawewe electromagnetic ma mua o ke alapine o kēia mau oscillations kūlohelohe o nā electrons, a laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia mau oscillations i ke kahua uila o ka nalu i ʻole e ʻae iā ia e komo hohonu i loko o ka metala a hana i kahi kahua i kuhikuhi ʻia. i ke kahua waho.

ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka permittivity o ia mea. ʻAʻole hiki ke komo hohonu i loko o ka metala, ʻike ʻia ka radiation electromagnetic mai ka ʻili o ka metala, a loaʻa i ka metala ponoʻī kahi ʻano luster. He aha inā he ʻino nā ʻano ʻae ʻelua? Ua nīnau ʻia kēia nīnau i ka makahiki 1967 e ka physicist Lūkini ʻo Viktor Veselago. Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻino ka huaʻōlelo refractive o ia ʻano a ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka māmā ma ke ʻano ʻokoʻa ma mua o ke kānāwai maʻamau o ka refraction.

5. Hoʻololi ʻino ma ka ʻili o kahi metamaterial - ʻike maka

A laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka ikehu o ka hawewe electromagnetic i mua, akā neʻe ka maxima o ka hawewe electromagnetic ma kahi ʻaoʻao i ke ʻano o ka impulse a me ka ikehu hoʻololi. ʻAʻole loaʻa ia mau mea i ke ʻano (ʻaʻohe mea me ka permeability magnetic maikaʻi ʻole). Ma ka paʻi 2006 wale nō i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna a ma nā puke ʻē aʻe he nui i hana ʻia i nā makahiki ma hope mai, hiki ke wehewehe a, no laila, kūkulu i nā hale hana me ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive maikaʻi ʻole (5).

Kapa ʻia lākou he metamaterial. ʻO ka Greek prefix "meta" ʻo ia hoʻi "ma hope", ʻo ia hoʻi, he mau hale kēia i hana ʻia mai nā mea kūlohelohe. Loaʻa i nā Metamaterials nā waiwai e pono ai lākou ma ke kūkulu ʻana i nā kaapuni uila liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālike i ka waiwai magnetic a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea uila o ka mea. Nui nā metala i ka ʻeleʻele maikaʻi ʻole, no laila ua lawa ka waiho ʻana i kahi lumi no nā mea e hāʻawi i ka pane magnetic maikaʻi ʻole.

Ma kahi o ka metala homogeneous, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka nui o nā uea metala lahilahi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka pahu cubic i kahi pā o nā mea insulating. Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke anawaena o nā uea a me ka mamao ma waena o lākou, hiki ke hoʻoponopono i nā koina alapine kahi e loaʻa ai i ka hale kahi permeability uila maikaʻi ʻole. No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka permeability magnetic maikaʻi ʻole i ka hihia maʻalahi, ʻo ka hoʻolālā he ʻelua mau apo i hana ʻia i kahi conductor maikaʻi (no ka laʻana, ke gula, ke kālā a i ʻole ke keleawe) a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi papa o nā mea ʻē aʻe.

Ua kapa ʻia kēlā ʻōnaehana he split ring resonator - i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo SRR, mai ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. Resonator apo hoʻokaʻawale (6). Ma muli o nā āpau i loko o nā apo a me ka mamao ma waena o lākou, aia kekahi capacitance, e like me ka capacitor, a no ka mea ua hana ʻia nā apo i nā mea conductive, aia kekahi inductance, i.e. hiki ke hana i na au.

ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kahua mākēneki waho mai ka hawewe electromagnetic ka mea e kahe ai ke au i loko o nā apo, a na kēia au e hana i kahi māla magnetic. ʻIke ʻia me kahi hoʻolālā kūpono, ʻo ke kahua magnetic i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ke kuhikuhi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o waho. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka permeability magnetic maikaʻi ʻole o kahi mea i loaʻa ia mau mea. Ma ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana metamaterial, hiki i kekahi ke loaʻa ka pane magnetic maikaʻi ʻole i kahi ākea ākea o nā alapine nalu.

Meta - hale

ʻO ka moeʻuhane o nā mea hoʻolālā, ʻo ia ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana e kahe pono ai nā nalu a puni ka mea (7). Ma 2008, ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Berkeley, no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala, hana i nā mea ʻekolu-dimensional i loaʻa kahi kuhikuhi refractive maikaʻi ʻole no ke kukui ʻike a kokoke i ka infrared, e kulou ana i ke kukui ma kahi ʻaoʻao e kū pono ana i kona ʻaoʻao kūlohelohe. Ua hana lākou i kahi metamaterial hou ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kālā me ka fluoride magnesium.

A laila ʻoki ʻia i loko o kahi matrix i loaʻa i nā nila liʻiliʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka refraction maikaʻi ʻole ma nā lōʻihi nalu o 1500 nm (kokoke infrared). I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2010, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Tolga Ergin o Karlsruhe Institute of Technology a me nā hoa hana ma Imperial College London. ʻike ʻole ʻia pale māmā. Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā mea i loaʻa ma ka mākeke.

Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā kristal photonic i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili e uhi i kahi protrusion microscopic ma kahi pā gula. No laila ua hana ʻia ka metamaterial mai nā lens kūikawā. Aia nā lens e kū pono ana i ka puʻu o ka pā ma ke ʻano, ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o nā nalu māmā, e hoʻopau lākou i ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana o ka mālamalama ma ka puʻu. Ma ka nānā ʻana i ka pā ma lalo o kahi microscope, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mālamalama me ka lōʻihi hawewe kokoke i ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia, ʻike nā ʻepekema i kahi pā pālahalaha.

Ma hope mai, ua hiki i nā mea noiʻi mai Duke University a me Imperial College London ke loaʻa i ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻole o ka radiation microwave. No ka loaʻa ʻana o kēia hopena, pono e emi iho nā mea hoʻokahi o ke ʻano metamaterial ma mua o ka nalu o ka mālamalama. No laila, he paʻakikī ʻenehana ia e koi ai i ka hana ʻana i nā hale metamaterial liʻiliʻi loa e kūlike me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ka mālamalama a lākou e manaʻo ai e refract.

ʻO ke kukui ʻike ʻia (violet a ʻulaʻula) he 380 a 780 nanometer ka lōʻihi (ʻo ka nanometer hoʻokahi piliona piliona o ka mika). Ua hele mai nā Nanotechnologists mai ke Kulanui ʻo Scottish o St. Andrews e hoʻopakele. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi papa hoʻokahi o ka metamaterial meshed loa. Hōʻike nā ʻaoʻao o ka New Journal of Physics i kahi metaflex hiki ke pelu i nā nalu nalu ma kahi o 620 nanometers (mālamalama ʻalani-ʻulaʻula).

I ka makahiki 2012, ua hele mai kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi ʻAmelika ma ke Kulanui o Texas ma Austin me kahi hoʻopunipuni ʻokoʻa loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā microwaves. Ua uhi ʻia kahi cylinder me ke anawaena o 18 cm me kahi mea plasma impedance maikaʻi ʻole, e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i nā waiwai. Inā loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano optical opposite o ka mea huna, hana ia i kahi ʻano "negative".

No laila, pili nā nalu ʻelua a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka mea. ʻO ka hopena, hiki i ka mea ke hoʻopōloli i nā pae alapine like ʻole o ka nalu i hiki ke kahe a puni ka mea, e huli ana ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ia mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka mea nānā waho. Ke hoʻonui nei nā manaʻo kumu.

Ma kahi o ʻumi mau mahina i hala aku nei, ua paʻi ʻo Advanced Optical Materials i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i kahi noiʻi hoʻoheheʻe honua e nā ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Central Florida. ʻO wai ka mea ʻike inā ʻaʻole lākou i lanakila i ka palena o ka "papale ike ole ia» Kūkulu ʻia mai nā metamaterial. Wahi a ka ʻike a lākou i paʻi ai, hiki ke nalowale o ka mea i ka laulā kukui ʻike.

7. ʻO ke ʻano o ke kuʻi ʻana i ke kukui ma luna o kahi mea ʻike ʻole ʻia

Hōʻike ʻo Debashis Chanda a me kāna hui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi metamaterial me kahi ʻano ʻekolu. Ua hiki ke kiʻi mahalo i ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka paʻi nanotransfer (NTP), ka mea e hana i nā lipine metala-dielectric. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive e nā ʻano nanoengineering. Pono e hoʻomalu ʻia ke ala hoʻolaha māmā ma ke ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional ʻili o ka mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano electromagnetic resonance.

Makaʻala loa ka poʻe ʻepekema i kā lākou hopena, akā mai ka wehewehe ʻana i kā lākou ʻenehana ua maopopo loa ka hiki i nā uhi o ia mea ke hoʻohuli i nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi nui. Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea hou e hiki ai i ka hana ʻana i nā wahi nui, kahi i alakaʻi ai i kekahi e moeʻuhane i nā mea hakakā i uhi ʻia i loko o ia camouflage e hāʻawi iā lākou. ʻike ʻole piha, mai ka radar a i ke ao.

ʻO nā mea huna e hoʻohana ana i nā metamaterial a i ʻole nā ​​ʻenehana optical ʻaʻole i kumu i ka nalo maoli ʻana o nā mea, akā wale nō ko lākou invisibility i nā mea hana ʻike, a hiki koke paha i ka maka. Eia naʻe, aia nā manaʻo radical ʻoi aku. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Jeng Yi Lee lāua ʻo Ray-Kuang Lee mai ka National Taiwan Tsing Hua University i ka manaʻo theoretical o ka quantum "cap of invisibility" hiki ke wehe i nā mea ʻaʻole wale mai ke kahua o ka ʻike, akā mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo holoʻokoʻa.

E hana like kēia me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma luna, akā e hoʻohana ʻia ka hoohalike Schrödinger ma kahi o nā hoohalike a Maxwell. ʻO ke kiko, ʻo ia ke kikoo i ke kahua kūpono o ka mea i like ia me ka ʻole. ʻO ke kumu, hiki kēia ma ka microscale. Eia nō naʻe, lōʻihi ka manawa e kali ai i nā ʻenehana hiki ke hana i kēlā uhi. E like me kekahi "pāpale ʻike ʻole"He mea hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ua hūnā maoli ʻo ia i kekahi mea mai kā mākou ʻike.