Kamehameha

ʻO nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā hoʻokūkū a me nā pāʻani chess nā ʻāpana Staunton. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia lākou e Nathaniel Cook a ua kapa ʻia ʻo Howard Staunton, ka mea pāʻani chess mua o ke kenekulia 1849, nāna i pūlima a helu i nā ʻelima haneli mua i hana ʻia i XNUMX e ka hui ʻohana ʻo Jaques o Lākana. Ua lilo koke kēia mau ʻāpana i mea maʻamau no nā ʻāpana hoʻokūkū a me nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia a puni ka honua.

No ka moopuna o ka chess, ka inoa mua Chaturangai manaoia he Inia. I ka makahiki XNUMX AD, ua lawe ʻia ʻo Chaturanga i Peresia a hoʻololi ʻia i loko chatrang. Ma hope o ka naʻi ʻana o Peresia e ka poʻe ʻArabia i ke kenekulia XNUMX, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia ʻo chatrang a ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia. chatranj. I nā kenekulia XNUMXth-XNUMXth, hiki i ka chess i ʻEulopa. He liʻiliʻi wale nō nā pūʻulu i ola a hiki i kēia lā. ʻāpana chess medieval. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa ʻo Sandomierz chess a me Lewis chess..

Sandomierz chess

ʻO ka Sandomierz chess set he 29 mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi (ʻekolu wale nō i nalowale) mai ke kenekulia XNUMX, i kanu ʻia ma lalo o ka papahele o kahi hale haʻahaʻa ma ke alanui St. James. ʻĀpana ʻaʻole lākou iʻoi aku ma mua o 2 knm ke kiʻekiʻe, e manaʻo ana ua hoʻohana ʻia lākou no ka huakaʻi. Hana ʻia lākou me ka ʻūhā dia ma ke ʻano Arabic (1). Ua loaʻa iā lākou ma 1962 ma Sandomierz i ka wā noiʻi archaeological i alakaʻi ʻia e Jerzy lāua ʻo Eliga Gonsowski. ʻO ia ka monument waiwai nui i ka ʻohi archaeological o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻĀina ma Sandomierz.

Ua hele mai ʻo Chess i Polani i ka makahiki 1154, i ke au o Bolesław Wrymouth. Wahi a kekahi kuhiakau, ua lawe ʻia mai lākou i Polani mai ka Hikina Waena e ke Aliʻi Henryk o Sandomierz. I ka XNUMX, ua komo ʻo ia i kahi crusade i ka ʻāina Hemolele e pale aku iā Ierusalema mai nā Saracens.

Pākuʻi me Lewis

2. Nā ʻāpana Chess mai ka mokupuni ʻo Lewis

I ka makahiki 1831, ma ka mokupuni ʻo Scottish ʻo Lewis ma Uig Bay, ua ʻike ʻia he 93 mau ʻāpana i kālai ʻia mai nā niho walrus a me nā niho koholā (2). ʻO nā kiʻi a pau he kiʻi kiʻi i ke ʻano o ke kanaka, a ʻo nā ala ala e like me nā pōhaku kupapaʻu. Ua hana ʻia paha ia ma Norewai i ke kenekulia XNUMX (i ia manawa no Norewai nā mokupuni ʻo Scottish). Ua hūnā ʻia a nalowale paha lākou i ka lawe ʻia ʻana mai Norewai a i nā noho waiwai ma ke kahakai hikina o ʻIlelani.

I kēia manawa, aia nā mea hōʻikeʻike 82 ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane ma Lākana, a ʻo ke koena 11 aia ma ka National Museum of Scotland ma Edinburgh. Ma ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone i ka makahiki 2001, pāʻani ʻo Harry lāua ʻo Ron i ka chess wizard me nā ʻāpana i hana ʻia e like me nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻāpana mai ka mokupuni ʻo Lewis.

Nā ʻāpana chess o ke kenekulia XNUMX.

ʻO ka hoʻonui nui ʻana i ka chess i ka manawa o ka XNUMXth a me XNUMXth mau kenekulia pono i ka hana ʻana i kahi hiʻohiʻona honua o nā ʻāpana. I ka wā ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO nā kikokikona Pelekane i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia palaoa bale (3) - ma ka inoa o nā pepeiao o ka bale e hoʻonani i nā kiʻi o ke aliʻi a me ka hetman, a i ʻole St. George (4) - mai ka hui chess kaulana ma Lākana.

I Kelemānia, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā huahana o kēia ʻano. ʻO Selenium (5) - kapa ʻia ma hope o Gustav Selen. ʻO ia ka pseudonym o Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick, ka mea kākau o Chess, a i ʻole ka King's Game ("), i paʻi ʻia ma 1616. ʻO kēia ʻano hiʻohiʻona nani i kapa ʻia i kekahi manawa he māla a i ʻole kiʻi tulip. Ma Palani, ua kaulana loa nā ʻāpana a me nā pawns, i hoʻokani ʻia i ka mea kaulana Kapena Regency ma Palika (6 a me 7).

6. Nā ʻāpana chess French Régence.

7. He mau hana a ka Luna Nui o Farani.

Kapena Regency

He hale ʻaina chess kaulana ia ma kahi kokoke i ka Louvre ma Palisa, i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka makahiki 1718, i hele pinepine ʻia e ke kuhina nui, ʻo Prince Philippe d'Orléans. Ua pāʻani ʻo ia ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe Legal de Kermeer (ka mea kākau o kekahi o nā mea chess miniature kaulana loa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Legal checkmate"), ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea pāʻani ikaika loa ma Farani a hiki i ka wā i pio ai ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1755 e kāna haumāna chess. ʻO François Philidora. I ka makahiki 1798 ua pāʻani ʻo ia i ka chess ma ʻaneʻi. Napoleon Bonaparte.

I ka makahiki 1858, ua pāʻani ʻo Paul Morphy i kahi pāʻani kaulana ma ka Café de la Régence, me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka papa, kūʻē i ʻewalu mau mea pāʻani ikaika, lanakila ʻeono pāʻani a huki ʻelua. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea pāʻani chess, ʻo nā mea kākau, nā mea nūpepa a me nā poʻe kālaiʻāina kekahi i kipa mau i ka cafe. - ʻo kēia kapikala chess o ka honua i ka hapa lua o ka 12th a me ka hapa mua o ka 2015th century - ke kumuhana o kahi ʻatikala ma No. XNUMX / XNUMX o ka magazine Young Technician.

I nā makahiki 30, hoʻomaka ka poʻe Pelekania e hoʻokūkū me nā mea pāʻani chess maikaʻi loa ma ka honua a puni ka Café de la Régence. I ka makahiki 1834, ua hoʻomaka ka pāʻani haʻalele ma waena o ka hōʻikeʻike cafe a me ka Westminster Chess Club, i hoʻokumu ʻia ʻekolu makahiki ma mua. I ka makahiki 1843, ua hoʻokani ʻia kahi pāʻani ma ka cafe, kahi i hoʻopau ai i ka noho aliʻi lōʻihi o nā mea pāʻani chess Farani. Pierre Saint-Aman ua eo ia i ka Enelani Howard Staunton (+ 6-11 = 4).

Na ka mea pena Palani ʻo Jean-Henri Marlet, he hoa pili loa o Saint-Amand, i pena i ka The Game of Chess i ka makahiki 1843, kahi i pāʻani ai ʻo Staunton i ka chess me Saint-Amand ma ka Café Régence (8).

8. Hoʻokani ʻia ka pāʻani chess i ka makahiki 1843 ma ka Café de la Régence - Howard Staunton (hema) a me Pierre Charles Fourrier Saint-Aman.

ʻāpana chess Staunton

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano chess set a me ke ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i nā pūʻulu ʻokoʻa hiki ke paʻakikī i ka hoa paio ʻike ʻole i ko lākou mau ʻano e pāʻani a pili i ka hopena o ka pāʻani. No laila, ua lilo i mea pono e hana i kahi hoʻonohonoho chess me nā ʻāpana i ʻike maʻalahi e nā mea pāʻani chess o nā pae like ʻole o ka pāʻani.

Howard Staunton

(1810-1874) - ka mea pāʻani chess English, i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa ma ka honua mai 1843 a 1851. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i nā "Staunton pieces", i lilo i mea maʻamau no nā hoʻokūkū a me nā pāʻani chess. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo ia i ka hoʻokūkū chess honua mua ma Lākana i ka makahiki 1851 a ʻo ia ka mea mua i hoʻāʻo e hoʻokumu i kahi hui chess honua. A hiki i ka waena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa, lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o nā pāʻani chess i kekahi manawa, ʻoiai he mau lā, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe manawa palena ʻole o nā hoa paio e noʻonoʻo ai. I ka makahiki 1852, ua noi ʻo Staunton e hoʻohana i ka hola hola (hourglass) e ana i ka manawa i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea hoʻokūkū. Ua hoʻohana mua ʻia lākou ma 1861 i kahi pāʻani ma waena o Adolf Andersen a me Ignak von Kolisch. ʻO Staunton ka mea nāna i hoʻonohonoho i ke ola chess, he loea i ʻike ʻia i ka pāʻani chess, ka mea hoʻoponopono o nā makasina chess, ka mea kākau puke, ka mea nāna i hana i nā lula o ka pāʻani ponoʻī a me ke kaʻina hana no ka mālama ʻana i nā hoʻokūkū a me nā pāʻani. Ua hana ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo o ka wehe ʻana a hoʻolauna, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka gambit 1.d4 f5 2.e4, i kapa ʻia ma hope ona ʻo Staunton Gambit.

I ka makahiki 1849, ua hana ka hui ʻohana ʻo Jaques o Lākana, ka mea e hana mau ana i nā mea pāʻani a me nā mea haʻuki, i nā pūʻulu mua o nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e Nathaniela Kuke (10) - Luna hoʻoponopono o ka puke pule ʻo London The Illustrated London News, kahi i hoʻopuka ai ʻo Howard Staunton i nā ʻatikala ma ka chess. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe kākau moʻolelo chess he kuleana nui ka hūnōna kāne a Cook, ʻo John Jacques, ʻo ia ka mea nona ka hui, i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Ua paipai ʻo Howard Staunton i nā ʻāpana ma kāna pepa chess.

10. ʻO nā ʻāpana chess mua o Staunton i ka makahiki 1949: pawn, rook, naita, pīhopa, mōʻīwahine a me ke aliʻi.

ʻO nā pūʻulu o kēia mau kiʻi i hana ʻia me ka eboni a me ka pahu pahu, i kaulike me ke kēpau no ka paʻa ʻana, a ua uhi ʻia me ka manaʻo ma lalo. Ua hana ʻia kekahi o lākou mai ka niho ʻelepani ʻApelika. Ma Malaki 1, 1849, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻo Cook i kekahi kumu hoʻohālike hou me ka London Patent Office. ʻO nā pūʻulu āpau i hana ʻia e Jacques ua pūlima ʻia e Staunton.

ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa o nā ʻāpana Staunton i kōkua i kā lākou kūʻai nui a kōkua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka pāʻani chess. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua lilo ko lākou ʻaʻahu i mea kaulana loa i hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i kēia lā i ka hapa nui o nā hoʻokūkū a puni ka honua.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana i kēia manawa i nā hoʻokūkū.

Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Zestav iā Staunton ua ʻae ʻia e ka International Chess Federation FIDE i ka makahiki 1924 a ua koho ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻokūkū kūhelu aupuni āpau. Ma waena o nā hoʻolālā hou o nā huahana Staunton (11), aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa, e pili ana i ke kala, mea a me ke ʻano o nā mea lele. Wahi a nā lula FIDE, pono nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele he ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ʻē aʻe paha o kēia mau kala. Hiki i nā ʻāpana keʻokeʻo ke keʻokeʻo, ka cream a i ʻole nā ​​kala māmā ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā kala o ka lāʻau maoli (walnut, maple, etc.).

11. He pūʻulu o nā kiʻi lāʻau Staunton i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa.

Pono nā ʻāpana e ʻoluʻolu i ka maka, ʻaʻole ʻālohilohi, a i hana ʻia me ka lāʻau, ka plastik a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea like ʻole. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe i manaʻo ʻia o nā ʻāpana: mōʻī - 9,5 knm, mōʻīwahine - 8,5 knm, bishop - 7 knm, naita - 6 knm, rook - 5,5 knm a me ka pawn - 5 knm. ʻO ke anawaena o ke kumu o nā ʻāpana he 40-50. % o ko lakou kiekie. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ka nui a hiki i ka 10% mai kēia mau alakaʻi, akā pono e mālama ʻia ke kauoha (e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ke aliʻi ma mua o ke aliʻi wahine, etc.).

kumu kula,

kumu aʻo laikini

a me ka luna chess

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