ʻO nā ʻenekini 4-nui loa i ka honua

E wehe i ka pale o ke kaʻa a aia he 90% manawa o ka hui pū ʻana me ka ʻenekini ʻehā-ʻelima. He maʻalahi a hoʻolālā ʻole kāna hoʻolālā e hana, paʻa, a hāʻawi i nā hiʻohiʻona i lawa no ka hapa nui o nā kaʻa.

Eia naʻe, e ʻoluʻolu: ʻo ka hapa nui o kēia mau ʻenekini he 1,5-2 lita ka hana, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā me kēia cylinder ma mua o 0,5 lita. ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini ʻehā pahu. A ʻoiai, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā helu: 2,3-2,5 lita. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau ka ʻohana Ford-Mazda Duratec, nona kahi ʻenekini 2,5-lita kahiko (loaʻa ma Ford Mondeo a me Mazda CX-7). A i ʻole, e ʻōlelo, he 2,4-lita, i hoʻolako ʻia me nā crossovers Kia Sportage a i ʻole Hyundai Santa Fe.

No ke aha i hoʻonui ʻole ai nā mea hoʻolālā i ka hana? Nui nā pilikia. ʻO ka mea mua, ma muli o ka haʻalulu: i loko o kahi ʻenekini 4-cylinder, ʻaʻole kaulike nā mana inertial o ka lālani lua, a ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka leo e hoʻonui nui i ka pae vibration (a ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka emi ʻana ʻaʻole wale i ka hōʻoluʻolu akā i ka hilinaʻi pū kekahi) . Hiki ke hoʻonā, akā ʻaʻole maʻalahi - maʻamau me kahi ʻōnaehana pale kaulike paʻakikī.

Aia kekahi mau pilikia hoʻolālā koʻikoʻi - ka piʻi nui o ka piston stroke e pale ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o nā haʻahaʻa inertial, a inā i hoʻonui nui ʻia ke anawaena cylinder, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka puhi ʻana o ka wahie a piʻi ka pilikia o ka detonation. Eia kekahi, aia nā pilikia me ka hoʻonohonoho ponoʻī - no ka laʻana, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka uhi mua.

Eia nō naʻe he papa inoa lōʻihi o nā ʻokoʻa i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻAʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenekini Diesel i ka koho Motor - ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā kaʻa koʻikoʻi, ma waena o ia ka nui o ka 8,5 lita. He lohi kēia mau kaʻa, no laila ʻaʻole weliweli ka piʻi ʻana o nā ukana inertial iā lākou - i ka hopena pili lākou me ka wikiwiki o ka hilinaʻi quadratic. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa loa ke kaʻina hana puhi i nā mīkini diesel.

Pēlā nō, ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, e like me ka Daimler-Benz 21,5-lita ʻehā pahu pahu. A laila, aia ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenekini i kona wā kamaliʻi, a ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe ʻenekinia i nā hopena he nui i loko. No kēia kumu, ʻo ka hale kiʻi kiʻi ma lalo wale nō e hōʻike ana i nā pilikua ʻehā-cylinder i hānau ʻia i nā makahiki he 60 i hala.

Toyota 3RZ-FE - 2693 cc

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka ʻenekini i ka hopena o 80 mau kikoʻī no ka HiAce van, Prado SUVs a me Hilux pickups. Maopopo nā koi no ia mau ʻenekini: no ka hoʻokele kaʻaahi ma waho o ke alanui a i ʻole me kahi ukana kaumaha, pono ʻoe i ka ikehu maikaʻi ma ka rpm haʻahaʻa a me ka uila kiʻekiʻe (ʻoiai ma ka lilo o ka mana nui). Hoʻohui iki i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a he mea nui ia no nā kaʻa ʻoihana.

'O ka engine 2,7-lita ka mea kahiko loa ma ka laina o ka 'aila "fours" o ka mo'o RZ. Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻolālā ʻia lākou me ka manaʻo o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka leo, no laila ua ʻākoakoa nui ʻia ka poloka hao hao lōʻihi: ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā cylinders he 102,5 millimeters. No ka hoʻonui i ka leo i 2,7 lita, ʻo ka cylinder diameter a me ka piston stroke he 95 millimeters. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻenekini RZ ʻōpio, ua hoʻolako ʻia kēia me nā kumu kaulike e hōʻemi i ka haʻalulu.

No kona manawa, he hoʻolālā hou loa ka ʻenekini, akā me ka ʻole exoticism: uhi ʻia ka palaka hao me ka poʻo 16-kiwikā, he kaulahao manawa, ʻaʻohe hāpai hāpai waipiho. ʻO 152 ka horsepower wale nō ka mana, akā loaʻa ka ikehu keu o 240 Nm ma 4000 rpm.

I ka makahiki 2004, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi hōʻano hou o ka mīkini me ka index 2TR-FE, i loaʻa iā ia kahi poʻo cylinder hou me nā mea hoʻopiʻi hydraulic a me kahi hoʻololi i ka puka komo (a mai ka makahiki 2015 - ma ka puka). Ua hoʻonui ʻia kona mana i 163 horsepower, akā ʻo ka torque kiʻekiʻe o 245 Nm i kēia manawa i 3800 rpm.

GM L3B – 2727 cc

Eia ke ʻano o ka downsizing ma ʻAmelika: Ma ke ʻano he koho ʻē aʻe i nā ʻenekini 8-paukū i makemake maoli ʻia, ke hoʻomohala nei ʻo General Motors i ʻenekini ʻehā-ʻoloka nui turbocharged me ka nui aʻe o 2,7 liters.

Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka mīkini no nā pickups piha. No ka ʻoi aku o ka torque ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua hana ʻia me kahi hahau lōʻihi loa: ʻo ka pahu he 92,25 millimeters a ʻo ka piston stroke he 102 millimeters.

I ka manawa like, hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻenekini e like me nā mamana hou o kēia manawa: ʻo ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka wahie pololei (me nā ʻekemu ʻaoʻao), nā ʻāpana o ka pae, kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻopio paukū i ka hoʻouka hapa e hoʻohana ʻia ai, hoʻohana ʻia ka pauma uila o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoluʻu. Hana ʻia ka paukū paukū a me ke poʻo i ke kinikini aluminika, a ua hoʻopili ʻia ka manifold manifold i loko o ke poʻo, ʻo ka BorgWarner turbocharger he ʻelua laina a me kahi geometry wili ʻole ʻole.

Ka mana o keia turbo engine hiki i 314 horsepower, a me ka torque mea 473 Nm ma wale 1500 rpm. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia ma nā ʻano kumu o ke kaʻa pickup Chevrolet Silverado nui (ke kaikunāne o ka Chevrolet Tahoe SUV), akā mai ka makahiki aʻe e hoʻokomo ʻia ma lalo o ka puʻupuʻu ... ma ka Cadillac CT4 compact rear-wheel drive sedan - a i ʻole. akā, ma kāna mana "honed" o ka CT4-V. No ia, e hoʻonui ʻia ka mana i 325 horsepower, a ʻo ka torque kiʻekiʻe loa - a hiki i 515 Nm.

GM LLV

Ma kahi o ke kenekulia, ua hoʻokumu ʻo General Motors i kahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o Atlas i hoʻohui ʻia i mau ʻenekini no nā crossovers midsize, SUV a me nā pickup. Loaʻa iā lākou āpau nā poʻo ʻehā-kiwikā o ke poʻo, ka piston stroke like (102 millimeter), ʻelua mau anawa o ka paukū (93 a i ʻole 95,5 millimeter) a me nā helu o nā paukū ʻehā (ʻehā, ʻelima a ʻeono paha).

Loaʻa nā ʻehā-cylinders i nā helu LK5 a me LLV, ʻo ka nui o kā lākou hana he 2,8 a me 2,9 lita, a ʻo ko lākou mana he 175 a me 185 horsepower. E like me nā engine pickup, loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻano "mana" - hiki ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (251 a me 258 Nm) ma 2800 rpm. Hiki iā lākou ke milo a hiki i 6300 rpm. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻenekini 4-cylinder i nīnau ʻia i ka hanauna mua o Chevrolet Colorado a me GMC Canyon i waena o nā pickups nui a ua hoʻopau ʻia me ʻelua mau hiʻohiʻona (ka hanauna mua i nīnau ʻia) i ka makahiki 2012.

Porsche M44/41, M44/43 a me M44/60 - 2990cc knm

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻenekini i kēia koho he mau pūʻulu maʻalahi i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā pickup, nā kaʻa, a i ʻole nā ​​SUV. Akā he hihia ʻokoʻa kēia: ua hana ʻia kēia ʻenekini no ka kaʻa haʻuki ʻo Porsche 944.

ʻO ka coupe pipiʻi liʻiliʻi me ka ʻenekini Porsche 924 i mua o ka hopena mai ka hopena o ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻohewa pinepine ʻia no kāna ʻenekini Audi ʻelua-ʻehā ʻehā-ʻāpana. ʻO ia ke kumu, ma hope o ka hoʻohou hou ʻana i ke kaʻa haʻuki, nā mea hoʻolālā o Porsche e hana nei me kahi ʻenekini ʻokoʻa loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he palena nui ka nui o ka ʻenekini mīkini, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana i hoʻolālā ʻia no ke kau ʻana o "ʻehā".

ʻO ka Porsche 944, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 1983, loaʻa maoli ka hapa ʻākau o ka alumini V8 mai ka coupe nui Porsche 928. ʻO ka hopena 2,5 lita engine he pōkole pōkole a me kahi pahu nui o 100 millimeters: me 4 cylinders hāʻawi kēia i ka hana like ʻole. , no laila pono e hoʻohana i ka ʻōnaehana patented o Mitsubishi me nā ʻāpana kaulike. Akā hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka mīkini - hoʻomaka ke kaʻa i ka lua me ka pilikia ʻole.

A laila ua hoʻonui mua ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini i ka 2,7 lita, ka hopena i ke anawaena cylinder i hoʻonui ʻia i 104 millimeters. A laila ua hoʻonui ʻia ka piston stroke i 87,8 millimeters, e hopena i ka nui o 3 lita - kekahi o nā "ʻehā" nui loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻoihana kaʻa! Eia kekahi, aia nā ʻano lewa a me nā ʻano turbocharged.

Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi mau mana o ka mīkini ʻekolu-lita: hoʻomohala ka Porsche 944 S2 i 208 horsepower, ʻoiai ʻo ka Porsche 968 i loaʻa iā 240 horsepower. Hoʻolako ʻia nā ʻenekini ʻekolu-lita a pau me ke poʻo cylinder 16-valve.

ʻO ka mana ikaika loa o ka moʻo he 8-valve turbo engine e hoʻomohala ana i 309 horsepower. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole paha ʻoe e ʻike i ke ola, no ka mea ua lako wale ia me ka Porsche 968 Carrera S, a he 14 wale nō i hana ʻia. Ma ka mana heihei o ka Turbo RS, i hana ʻia i ʻekolu kope wale nō, hoʻonui ʻia kēia mīkini i 350 horsepower. Ma ke ala, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻenekini turbo 16-valve, akā he prototype wale nō.

Pontiac

E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻaʻole ka palena o ka nui o ʻekolu lita no ka mīkini ʻehā-cylinder! Ua hala kēia hōʻailona e ka 4 Pontiac Trophy 1961 engine me ka neʻe ʻana o 3,2 lita.

ʻO kēia mīkini kekahi o nā hua o ka hana a John DeLorean, ka mea i alakaʻi i kēlā manawa i ka mahele Pontiac o General Motors. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālikelike hou ʻo Pontiac Tempest (compact by American standards - long 4,8 m) koi i kahi mīkini kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, akā ʻaʻohe kālā o ka hui e hoʻomohala ai.

Ma ke noi a DeLorean, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻenekini mai ka honua aʻe e ka mekanika heihei kaʻao kaʻao Henry "Smokey" Unique. E ʻoki maoli ia i ka hapalua o ka 6,4-liter Nui ʻEwalu mai ka ʻohana Trophy V8.

He kaumaha loa ka mīkini hopena (240 kg), akā maʻalahi loa ka hana ʻana - ma hope o nā mea āpau, aia nā mea āpau e like me ka V8. Loaʻa i nā ʻenekini ʻelua ka pahu like a me ka hahau ʻana, a he 120 ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka hoʻolālā. Hoʻopuka pū ʻia lākou ma kahi hoʻokahi, e hopena i ka mālama kālā nui.

Hoʻomohala ka ʻenekini ʻehā ma waena o 110 a 166 horsepower, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka mana carburetor. Ua pani ʻia ka ʻenekini ma 1964, i ka like me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka lua o ka hanauna ʻo Tempest.

IHC Comanche - 3212 cu. knm

Pēlā nō, ua lilo ʻo V8 i nā makahiki 1960 i lilo i ʻenekini ʻehā paukū ʻohana a ka ʻohana Comanche no ka International Harvester Scout SUV. I kēia manawa hoʻopoina paʻa ʻia kēia māka, akā ua hoʻopuka ia i nā mīkini mahiʻai, nā kalaka, nā pickup, a i ka makahiki 1961 ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi Scout kaʻa liʻiliʻi ma waho.

Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka Comanche eha-cylinder series no ka ʻenekini kumu. He hui liʻiliʻi ʻo International Harvester me nā kumuwaiwai liʻiliʻi, no laila ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻenekini hou e like me ka hiki ke hiki: ʻoki nā mea hoʻolālā i ʻelima mau lita i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻonohonoho paʻa (e like me ka hoʻokele i ka generator), ʻoki nā mea hoʻolālā i ka hapalua. .

A i ka 1968, ke kūkulu nei ka ʻoihana i kahi pilikua ma ke ala like: ua hana ʻia ka 3,2-litera ʻehā-ʻolokaʻa ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka hapalua o ka 6,2-liter V8 i hoʻolālā ʻia no nā mīkini kaumaha. Hoʻomohala ka ʻenekini hou he 111 horsepower wale nō, a i ka pau ʻana o nā makahiki 70, ma muli o ke koi ʻana i nā koi no ka mea hoʻowahāwahā, ua iho ka mana i 93 horsepower.

Eia naʻe, lōʻihi ma mua o kēlā, ua hāʻule kāna māhele i ka papahana hana i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ʻenekini V8 ikaika a maʻalahi hoʻi ma ka Scout SUV. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ia he mea nui - ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua iho kēia ʻenekini i ka mōʻaukala ʻo ia ka 4-cylinder nui loa i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa!