Me kahi atom i nā makahiki - ʻāpana 1
ʻO ke kenekulia hope i kapa pinepine ʻia ʻo "ka makahiki o ka atom". I kēlā manawa ʻaʻole i lōʻihi loa, ua hōʻoia hope ʻia ke ola ʻana o nā "bricks" e hana nei i ka honua a puni mākou, a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pūʻali moe i loko o lākou. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka atom ponoʻī, he moʻolelo lōʻihi loa ia, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaka ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻike o ke ʻano o ka mea ma mua o nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka wā kahiko.
1. He ʻāpana o ka fresco o Raphael "The School of Athens", e hōʻike ana iā Plato (ma ka ʻākau, aia nā hiʻohiʻona o Leonardo da Vinci) a me Aristotle.
"Kahiko loa..."
… Ua hoʻoholo ka poʻe akeakamai he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ʻike ʻole ke ʻano āpau. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēlā manawa (a no ka manawa lōʻihi ma hope o kēlā) ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā ʻepekema ka manawa e hoʻāʻo ai i kā lākou mau manaʻo. He ho'āʻo wale lākou e wehewehe i nā ʻike o ke ʻano a pane i ka nīnau: "Hiki i nā mea ke pohō mau loa, a i ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka fission?«
Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā pane ma nā pōʻai moʻomeheu like ʻole (ma mua o India kahiko), akā ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema e nā haʻawina o nā ʻepekema Helene. Ma nā makahiki hoʻomaha o "Young Technician", ua aʻo ka poʻe heluhelu e pili ana i ka moʻolelo kahiko o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea ("Dangers with the Elements", MT 7-9/2014), ka mea i hoʻomaka ma Ancient Greece. Ma hope o ke kenekulia XNUMX BC, ua ʻimi ʻia ka mea nui i kūkulu ʻia ai ka mea (element, element) i nā mea like ʻole: wai (Thales), ea (Anaximenes), ahi (Heraclitus) a i ʻole honua (Xenophanes).
Ua hoʻokuʻikahi ʻo Empedocles iā lākou a pau, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi mea, akā ʻehā mau mea. Ua hoʻohui ʻo Aristotle (1st century BC) i kekahi mea maikaʻi loa - ether, ka mea e hoʻopiha i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a haʻi i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka Honua, aia ma ke kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻike ʻia e ka lani, ʻaʻole i loli mau. Mahalo i ka mana o Aristotle, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo o ke ʻano o ka mea a me ka mea holoʻokoʻa no nā makahiki ʻoi aku ʻelua tausani. Ua lilo, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka alchemy, a no laila o ke kemika ponoʻī (XNUMX).
2. Puʻu o Democritus o Abdera (460-370 BC)
Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kekahi kuhiakau like. Ua manaʻo ʻo Leucippus (XNUMXth century BC) ua haku ʻia nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa ka neʻe ʻana i loko o kahi hakahaka. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā manaʻo o ke akeakamai e kāna haumāna, ʻo Democritus o Abdera (c. 460-370 BC) (2). Ua kapa ʻo ia i nā "poloka" i hana i nā ʻātoma mea (Greek atomos = indivisible). Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a loli ʻole, a ʻo kā lākou helu ma ka Universe he mau. Ke neʻe nei nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi hakahaka.
Inā nā ʻātoma pili lākou (e ka ʻōnaehana o nā makau a me nā maka) - ua hana ʻia nā ʻano kino a pau, a i ka wā e kaʻawale ai kekahi i kekahi, ua luku ʻia nā kino. Ua manaʻo ʻo Democritus he nui nā ʻano atoms, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano a me ka nui. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻātoma e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai o kahi mea, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka meli momona nā ʻātoma maʻemaʻe, a ʻo ka vīnega ʻawaʻawa he mau angular; Hoʻokumu nā kino keʻokeʻo i nā ʻātoma maʻemaʻe, a ʻo nā kino ʻeleʻele e hana i nā ʻātoma me ka ʻili ʻeleʻele.
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea e pili pū ana i nā waiwai o ka mea: i loko o nā mea paʻa, pili paʻa nā ʻātoma kekahi i kekahi, a ma nā kino palupalu ua loaʻa lākou. ʻO ka quintessence o nā manaʻo o Democritus ka'ōlelo: "ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia wale nō ka nele a me nā'ātoma,ʻo nā mea'ē aʻe he mea hoʻopunipuni."
I nā kenekulia hope, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā manaʻo o Democritus e ka poʻe akeakamai hope, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau kuhikuhi ma nā palapala a Plato. Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo Epicurus - kekahi o nā mea pani nā ʻātoma he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi paha lākou ("elementary particles"). Eia naʻe, ua nalowale ke kumumanaʻo atomistic o ke ʻano o ka mea i nā mea o Aristotle. ʻO ke kī - i kēlā manawa - ua loaʻa i ka ʻike. A hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea hana e hōʻoia ai i ke ola ʻana o nā ʻātoma, ua maʻalahi ka nānā ʻana i nā loli o nā mea.
No ka laʻana: i ka wā i wela ai ka wai (mea anu a me ka pulu), loaʻa ka ea (mahana wela a pulu), a noho ka lepo ma lalo o ka moku (ka ua anu a maloʻo o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai). ʻO nā waiwai i nalowale - ka wela a me ka maloʻo - ua hāʻawi ʻia e ke ahi, nāna i hoʻomehana i ka moku.
ʻAʻole like ʻole a mau helu o nā ʻātoma Ua kū'ē hoʻi lākou i ka nānā ʻana, no ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia e puka mai "mai ka mea ʻole" a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX. ʻAʻole hāʻawi nā manaʻo o Democritus i kumu no nā hoʻokolohua alchemical e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā metala. He mea paʻakikī hoʻi ka noʻonoʻo ʻana a me ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kumumanaʻo kumu a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ka honua a puni.
3. Kii o Robert Boyle (1627–1691) na J. Kerseboom.
Hāʻule a hānau hou
No nā kenekulia, ua kū kaʻawale ka manaʻo atomic mai ka ʻepekema nui. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i make hope loa, ua ola kona mau manaʻo, a hiki i nā ʻepekema ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano o ka unuhi ʻana o nā ʻatikala Arabic o nā palapala kahiko. Me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻike kanaka, ua hoʻomaka ke kumu o ka manaʻo o Aristotle e hāʻule. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana heliocentric o Nicolaus Copernicus, nā ʻike mua o nā supernovae (Tycho de Brache) e kū mai ana mai kahi ʻole, ka ʻike ʻana i nā kānāwai o ka neʻe ʻana o nā hōkū (Johannes Kepler) a me nā mahina o Jupiter (Galileo) ʻo ia ka mea i ka ʻumikumamāono a me ka ʻumikumamāhiku. i nā kenekulia, ua pau ka noho ʻana o nā kānaka ma lalo o ka lani me ka loli ʻole mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka honua. Ma ka honua hoʻi, ka hopena o nā manaʻo o Aristotle.
ʻAʻole i lawe ʻia nā hopena i manaʻo ʻia - ʻaʻole i hoʻohuli i nā metala maʻamau i ke gula. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kānaka ʻepekema i nīnau i ke ola o nā mea ponoʻī, a hoʻomanaʻo i ka manaʻo o Democritus.
4. ʻO ka hoʻokolohua o ka makahiki 1654 me nā ʻāpana ʻo Magdeburg i hōʻoia i ka noho ʻana o ka ʻumeke a me ke kaomi o ka lewa (ʻaʻole hiki i nā lio he 16 ke uhaʻi i nā hemispheres kokoke mai kahi i puhi ʻia ai ka ea!)
Ua hāʻawi ʻo Robert Boyle i ka makahiki 1661 i ka wehewehe pono ʻana o kahi mea kemika ma ke ʻano he mea hiki ʻole ke wāwahi ʻia i loko o kona mau ʻāpana e ka nānā ʻana kemika (3). Ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia aia nā mea liʻiliʻi, paʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano a me ka nui. I ka hui pū ʻana, hoʻokumu lākou i nā molekala o nā pūhui kemika e hana i ka mea.
Kapa ʻo Boyle i kēia mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi he corpuscles, a i ʻole "corpuscles" (he mea liʻiliʻi o ka huaʻōlelo Latin corpus = kino). ʻAʻole kānalua ka manaʻo o Boyle e ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia o ka ʻumeke (Otto von Guericke, 1650) a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā pamu piston no ka hoʻoemi ʻana i ka ea. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka noho ʻana o kahi ʻūhā a me ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mamao (ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻana) ma waena o nā mea ea ea i ka manaʻo o Democritus (4).
ʻO Sir Isaac Newton ka mea ʻepekema nui loa o ia manawa, he kanaka ʻepekema atomika nō hoʻi. (5). Ma muli o nā manaʻo o Boyle, ua hoʻopuka ʻo ia i kahi kuhiakau e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o nā kino i loko o nā ʻano nui. Ma kahi o ka ʻōnaehana kahiko o nā maka a me nā makau, ʻo kā lākou nakinaki ʻana - pehea ʻē aʻe - ma ka gravity.
5. Kii o Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), na G. Kneller.
No laila, ua hoʻohui ʻo Newton i nā pilina ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa - hoʻokahi ikaika i hoʻomalu i ka neʻe ʻana o nā hōkū a me ke ʻano o nā mea liʻiliʻi loa o ka mea. Ua manaʻo ka ʻepekema ʻo ka mālamalama kekahi o nā corpuscles.
I kēia lā, ʻike mākou he "hapa ʻākau" ʻo ia - ua wehewehe ʻia ka nui o nā pilina ma waena o ka radiation a me nā mea e ke kahe o nā photons.
Hele mai ke kemika
A hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo nā atoms ke kuleana o nā physicists. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi kemika i hoʻomaka ʻia e Antoine Lavoisier ka mea i ʻae ʻia ka manaʻo o ke ʻano granular o ka mea.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ke ʻano paʻakikī o nā mea kahiko - ka wai a me ka ea - ua hōʻole hope i ka manaʻo o Aristotle. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia XNUMX, ʻo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka lehulehu a me ka manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hiki ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea ʻaʻole i kumu kūʻē. Ua lilo nā unahi i mea hana maʻamau i loko o ke keʻena kemika.
6. John Dalton (1766-1844)
Mahalo i kona hoʻohana ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea i kekahi i kekahi e hana i kekahi mau pūhui kemika i ka nui o ka nui mau (me ka ʻole o ko lākou kumu - kūlohelohe a i ʻole i loaʻa ʻia - a me ke ʻano o ka synthesis).
Ua maʻalahi ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia ʻike inā manaʻo mākou he mau ʻāpana hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i hoʻokahi mea. nā ʻātoma. ʻO John Dalton (1766-1844) (6) ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo hou o kēia manawa. Ua ʻōlelo kekahi kanaka ʻepekema i ka makahiki 1808:
- ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā Atoms a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia (ʻo kēia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua kāpae ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā alchemical).
- Hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea āpau me nā ʻātoma hiki ʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale.
- Ua like nā ʻātoma a pau o kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua like ke ʻano, ka nuipa a me nā waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻia nā mea ʻokoʻa i nā ʻātoma like ʻole.
- I loko o nā hopena kemika, hoʻololi wale ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o nā ʻātoma, kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā molekala o nā pūhui kemika - ma kekahi mau ʻāpana (7).
ʻO kekahi mea i ʻike ʻia, e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā loli kemika, ʻo ia ka hypothesis o ka physicist Italian Amadeo Avogadro. Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻepekema ʻo ka nui like o nā kinoea ma lalo o nā kūlana like (ke kaomi a me ka mahana) i loaʻa ka helu like o nā mole. ʻO kēia ʻike i hiki ke hoʻokumu i nā ʻano o nā pūhui kemika he nui a hoʻoholo i ka nui nā ʻātoma.
7. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hōʻailona Atomic e Dalton (New System of Chemical Philosophy, 1808)
8. Platonic solids - nā hōʻailona o nā ʻātoma o nā "element" kahiko (Wikipedia, mea kākau: Maxim Pe)
ʻEhia manawa e ʻoki ai?
ʻO ka puka ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka atom i pili me ka nīnau: "Aia paha ka hopena o ka mahele o ka mea?". No ka laʻana, e lawe kākou i ka ʻāpala me ke anawaena o 10 knm a me ka pahi a hoʻomaka e ʻoki i ka hua. Mua, i ka hapalua, a laila ka hapalua o ka apple i elua mau'āpana (e like me ka mua oki), etc. Ma hope o kekahi mau manawa, o ka papa, mākou e hoʻopau, akā,ʻaʻohe mea e keakea mai ia makou mai ka hoʻomau 'ana i ka hoʻokolohua i loko o ka noʻonoʻo o hoʻokahi atom? He tausani, miliona, ʻoi aku paha?
Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana i kahi ʻāpala i kālai ʻia (ʻono!), E hoʻomaka kākou i ka helu ʻana (ʻo ka poʻe i ʻike i ka manaʻo o ka holomua geometric e liʻiliʻi ka pilikia). ʻO ka māhele mua e hāʻawi iā mākou i ka hapalua o ka hua me ka mānoanoa o 5 cm,ʻo kaʻoki aʻe e hāʻawi iā mākou i kahi'āpana me ka mānoanoa o 2,5 cm, a me nā mea'ē aʻe ... 10 mau mea i hahauʻia! No laila, ʻaʻole lōʻihi ka "ala" i ka honua o nā atom.
*) E hoʻohana i ka pahi me ka ʻili lahilahi loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i loaʻa kēlā mea, akā ʻoiai ʻo Albert Einstein i kāna noiʻi i manaʻo i nā kaʻaahi e neʻe ana i ka wikiwiki o ka māmā, ua ʻae ʻia mākou - no ke kumu o kahi hoʻokolohua noʻonoʻo - e hana i ka manaʻo i luna.
Nā ʻātoma Platonic
Ua wehewehe ʻo Plato, kekahi o nā manaʻo nui o ka wā kahiko, i nā ʻātoma e haku ʻia ai nā mea i loko o ke kamaʻilio ʻo Timachos. He ʻano polyhedra maʻamau (Platonic solids) kēia mau ʻano. No laila, ʻo ka tetrahedron he ʻātoma o ke ahi (ʻo ia ka mea liʻiliʻi loa a ʻoi loa ka maʻalahi), ʻo ka octahedron he ʻātoma o ka ea, a ʻo ka icosahedron he ʻātoma wai (ʻo nā paʻa a pau he mau paia o nā huinakolu like). He ʻātoma o ka honua ka pahu huinaha, a ʻo ka dodecahedron o nā pentagons he ʻātoma o kahi mea kūpono - ka lani etera (8).
