mea huna proton. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka makahiki a me ka nui

Ua ʻike ʻia he ʻekolu quark i loko o ka proton. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kona kūkulu ʻana (1), a ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā gluons e hoʻopaʻa pū i nā quark, ʻaʻole ia ka hopena o ka mea. Manaʻo ʻia ka proton he kai ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā quarks a me nā antiquarks e hele mai ana a e hele ana, he mea ʻē ia no kahi ʻāpana paʻa o ka mea.

A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka nui pololei o ka proton. No ka manawa lōʻihi, loaʻa i ka physicists ka waiwai o 0,877. femtometer (fm, kahi e like ai ka femtometer me 100 quintillion mika). I ka makahiki 2010, ua alakaʻi kekahi hui honua i kahi hoʻokolohua hou ma ka Paul Scherrer Institute ma Switzerland a loaʻa ka waiwai haʻahaʻa o 0,84 fm. Ma 2017, German physicists, e pili ana i ko lakou mau ana, ua helu i ka proton radius o 0,83 fm a, e like me ka mea i manaoia me ka pololei o ke ana ana, e like me ka waiwai o 0,84 fm i heluia ma 2010 ma muli o ka exotic "muonic hydrogen radiation. ."

ʻElua mau makahiki ma hope mai, ʻo kekahi hui ʻepekema e hana ana ma US, Ukraine, Russia, a me Armenia, nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hui PRad ma ka Jefferson Lab ma Virginia, nānā i nā ana me hoʻokolohua hou i ka lūlū ʻana o nā protons ma nā electrons. Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema ka hopena - 0,831 femtometers. ʻAʻole manaʻo nā mea kākau o ka pepa Nature e pili ana i kēia pilikia. ʻO kēia ko mākou ʻike no ka ʻāpana, ʻo ia ke "kumu" o ka mea.

Ke ʻōlelo maopopo nei mākou proton - kahi ʻāpana subatomic paʻa mai ka hui o nā baryons me ka uku o +1 a me ka nui hoʻomaha ma kahi o 1 ʻāpana. ʻO nā protons a me nā neutrons nā nucleons, nā mea o ka nuclei atomic. ʻO ka helu o nā protons i loko o ka nucleus o kahi ʻātoma i hāʻawi ʻia e like me kāna helu ʻātoma, ʻo ia ke kumu no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka papaʻaina. ʻO lākou ka mea nui o nā kukuna cosmic mua. Wahi a ka Model Model, ʻo ka proton kahi ʻāpana paʻakikī i helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he hadrons, a i ʻole ka pololei, baryons. he ʻekolu quark – ʻelua mau quark "u" a hoʻokahi i lalo "d" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ikaika ikaika i hoʻouna ʻia e nā gluons.

Wahi a nā hopena hoʻokolohua hou loa, inā palaho ka proton, a laila ʻoi aku ka awelika o ke ola o kēia ʻāpana ma mua o 2,1 · 1029 mau makahiki. Wahi a ka Model Model, ʻo ka proton, ʻo ia ka barona māmā loa, ʻaʻole hiki ke pohō wale. ʻAʻole i hoʻāʻo ʻia nā manaʻo hui like ʻole e wānana i ka pala o ka proton me ke ola o 1 x 1036 mau makahiki. Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka proton, no ka laʻana, i ke kaʻina o ka hopu electron. ʻAʻole hiki wale kēia kaʻina hana, akā ma muli o ka hopena hāʻawi i ka ikehu keu. Hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia kēia kaʻina hana. No ka laʻana, i ka wā e kaʻawale ai beta neutron lilo i proton. Poho wale nā ​​neutrons manuahi (ke ola ma kahi o 15 mau minuke), hana ʻia he proton.

I kēia mau lā, ua hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua aia nā protons a me ko lākou mau hoalauna i loko o ka nucleus o kahi atom. nā neutrons ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka pono. Ua hōʻea mai nā physicists i ʻelua manaʻo hoʻokūkū e hoʻāʻo nei e wehewehe i kēia ʻano, a manaʻo nā mea kākoʻo o kēlā me kēia he hewa kekahi. No kekahi kumu, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā protons a me nā neutrons i loko o ka nucleus kaumaha ma mua o ka wā i waho o ka nucleus. Ua kapa ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻo ka hopena EMC mai ka European Muon Collaboration, ka hui i ʻike ʻole ʻia. He uhaki keia i na mea e ku nei.

Manaʻo nā mea noiʻi e pili ana nā quark i hana i nā nucleons me nā quark o nā protons a me nā neutrons ʻē aʻe, e luku ana i nā paia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana. Nā Quark i hoʻokahi proton i quarks hana hou proton, hoʻomaka lākou e noho i kahi hoʻokahi. Hoʻomaka kēia i nā protons (a i ʻole neutrons) e kikoo a blur. Ke ulu ikaika nei lākou, ʻoiai i loko o ka manawa pōkole loa. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻae ka poʻe physicists a pau i kēia wehewehe ʻana o ka hanana. No laila me he mea lā ʻaʻole i emi iki ke ola kaiapili o kahi proton i loko o ka nucleus atomic ma mua o kona mau makahiki a me kona nui.