lepo lepo

I Ianuali 2020, ua hōʻike ʻo NASA ua ʻike ka mokulele TESS i kāna exoplanet ka nui o ka honua e noho ana ma kahi hōkū ma kahi o 100 mau makahiki māmā.

He ʻāpana ka honua ʻōnaehana TOI 700 (Ua kū ʻo TOI no TESS Nā mea hoihoi) he hōkū liʻiliʻi, ʻano anu, ʻo ia hoʻi, he dwarf o ka papa spectral M, i loko o ka constellation Goldfish, nona wale nō ma kahi o 40% o ka nui a me ka nui o ko kākou Lā a me ka hapalua o ka mahana o kona ʻili.

Kapa inoa A hiki i 700 d a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hōkūhele ʻekolu e hoʻopuni ana i kona kikowaena, ʻo ia ka mamao loa mai ia wahi aku, e hele ana i ke ala a puni kahi hōkū i kēlā me kēia 37 lā. Aia ia ma kahi mamao mai TOI 700 e hiki ai ke mālama i ka wai wai, aia ma ka wahi noho. Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 86% o ka ikehu a ko mākou Lā e hāʻawi ai i ka Honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā simulation kaiapuni i hana ʻia e nā mea noiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili mai ka Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) i hōʻike i ka TOI 700 d hiki ke hana ʻokoʻa mai ka Honua. Ma muli o kona kaʻa like ʻana me kona hōkū (ʻo ia hoʻi, aia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka honua i ke ao a ʻo kekahi i ka pōʻeleʻele), ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā ao a me ka paʻi ʻana o ka makani hiki ke lilo i mea liʻiliʻi no mākou.

1. Hoʻohālikelike o ka Honua a me TOI 700 d, me ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana honua o nā ʻāina ma kahi exoplanet.

Ua hōʻoia nā Astronomers i kā lākou ʻike me ke kōkua o NASA. Spitzer Space Telescopeka mea i pau i kana hana. Ua kuhi hewa mua ʻia ʻo Toi 700 he ʻoi aku ka wela, e alakaʻi ana i ka poʻe astronomers e manaʻoʻiʻo ua pili loa nā hōkū ʻekolu a no laila wela loa ke kākoʻo i ke ola.

wahi a Emily Gilbert, he lālā o ka hui o ke Kulanui o Chicago, i ka wā o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻike. –

Manaʻo nā mea noiʻi i ka wā e hiki mai ana, nā mea hana e like me ʻO James Webb Space Telescopee hoʻolālā ana ʻo NASA e kau i ka lewa ma 2021, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoholo inā he lewa ka honua a hiki ke aʻo i kāna haku.

Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i nā polokalamu kamepiula i hypothetical hoʻohālike aniau honua TOI 700 d. No ka mea ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia he aha ke kinoea i loko o kona lewa, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā koho a me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole, me nā koho e manaʻo ai i ka lewa honua o kēia manawa (77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, methane a me carbon dioxide), ʻO ka lewa o ka Honua he 2,7 biliona makahiki aku nei (ka hapa nui o ka methane a me carbon dioxide) a me ka lewa Martian (he nui ka carbon dioxide), aia paha ma laila he 3,5 biliona makahiki aku nei.

Mai kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, ua ʻike ʻia inā loaʻa i ka lewa o TOI 700 d kahi hui o ka methane, carbon dioxide, a i ʻole ka mahu wai, hiki i ka honua ke noho. I kēia manawa, pono ka hui e hōʻoia i kēia mau hypotheses me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka telescope Webb i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna.

Ma ka manawa like, hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike ea e NASA ʻaʻole lawa ka lewa o ka Honua a me ke kaomi kinoea e hoʻopaʻa i ka wai wai ma luna o kona ʻili. Inā hoʻokomo mākou i ka nui o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma TOI 700 d e like me ka honua, e mau ana ka mahana o ka ʻili ma lalo o ka zero.

Hōʻike nā hoʻohālikelike e nā hui a pau e pili ana i ke aniau o nā hōkū a puni nā hōkū liʻiliʻi a ʻeleʻele e like me TOI 700, akā naʻe, he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai ma ko mākou Honua.

Nūhou hoihoi

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea a mākou e ʻike ai e pili ana i nā exoplanets, a i ʻole nā ​​​​planeta e hoʻopuni ana i ka ʻōnaehana solar, mai ka lewa mai. Ua nānā ʻo ia i ka lewa mai 2009 a i 2018 a loaʻa ma luna o 2600 mau hōkū ma waho o kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar.

A laila hāʻawi ʻo NASA i ka pahu o ka ʻike i ka TESS(2) probe, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka lewa ma ʻApelila 2018 i kāna makahiki mua o ka hana ʻana, a me ʻeiwa haneli mau mea i hōʻoia ʻole ʻia o kēia ʻano. I ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōkūhele i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka poʻe astronomers, e ʻimi ka mea nānā i ka lewa holoʻokoʻa, me ka ʻike ʻana o 200 XNUMX. na hoku malamalama loa.

2. E hoʻokuʻu i ka satellite no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka exoplanet

Hoʻohana ʻo TESS i nā ʻōnaehana kāmela ākea ākea. Hiki iā ia ke aʻo i ka nuipa, ka nui, ka nui a me ka orbit o kahi hui nui o nā hōkū liʻiliʻi. Hana ka satellite e like me ke ʻano huli mamao no ka emi ana o ka malamalama hiki ke kuhikuhi i kaʻahele honua - ka hele ʻana o nā mea i ka orbit i mua o nā maka o nā hōkū makua.

ʻO nā mahina i hala iho nei he pūʻulu o nā mea ʻike hoihoi loa, ʻo kekahi hapa mahalo i ka nānā ʻana i ka lewa hou, ʻo kekahi me ke kōkua ʻana o nā mea hana ʻē aʻe, me nā mea hana honua. He mau pule ma mua o ko mākou hui ʻana me ka māhoe o ka Honua, ua loaʻa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi honua e hoʻopuni ana i nā lā ʻelua, e like me Tatooine mai Star Wars!

TOI honua 1338 b loaʻa iā XNUMX mau makahiki māmā, ma ka hui o ka Artist. Aia kona nui ma waena o ka nui o Neptune a me Saturn. ʻIke ʻia ka mea i nā ʻōlinolino mau o kona mau hōkū. Huli lākou kekahi i kekahi ma ka pōʻai he ʻumikumamālima mau lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o kekahi ma mua o ko mākou Lā a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi.

I Iune 2019, ʻike ʻia ka ʻike ua ʻike maoli ʻia ʻelua mau ʻano honua honua i loko o kā mākou pā hale. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai Astronomy and Astrophysics. Aia nā wahi ʻelua i kahi wahi kūpono kahi e hana ai ka wai. He ʻili pōhaku ko lākou a orbit i ka Lā, i kapa ʻia ʻo Hoku Tigarden (3), aia he 12,5 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua.

- wahi a ka mea kākau nui o ka ʻike, Matia Zekemeister, mea noiʻi ma ka Institute of Astrophysics, University of Göttingen, Kelemānia. –

3. Teegarden star system, visualization

I ka huli ʻana, ʻo nā honua ʻike ʻole i ʻike ʻia e TESS i ka mahina o Iulai i hala UCAC hōkū4 191-004642, kanahikukūmākolu makahiki māmā mai ka Honua.

Pūnaehana hokele me kahi hōkū hoʻokipa, i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo 270, loaʻa i ʻekolu mau hōkūhele. ʻO kekahi o lākou, TOI 270 b, ʻoi aʻe iki ma mua o ka Honua, ʻo nā mea ʻelua ʻelua he mini-Neptunes, no ka papa o nā hōkū ʻaʻole i loko o kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar. He anu ka hōkū a ʻaʻole ʻālohilohi loa, ma kahi o 40% ka liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka Lā. ʻO ka wela o ka ʻili he ʻelua hapakolu ʻoi aku ka mahana ma mua o ko mākou hoa hōkū ponoʻī.

Aia ka ʻōnaehana solar TOI 270 i ka constellation o ka Artist. ʻO nā hīkū i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi kokoke loa i ka hōkū i hiki ke komo i ko lākou mau ʻōpuni i loko o ka ʻōnaehana ukali o Jupiter (4).

4. Hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana TOI 270 me ka ʻōnaehana Jupiter

ʻO ka ʻimi hou ʻana o kēia ʻōnaehana hiki ke hōʻike i nā hōkū hou. ʻO ka poʻe e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi mai ka Lā ma mua o TOI 270 d hiki ke anu i ka wai wai a hiki i ke ola.

Pono ke nānā pono iā TESS

ʻOiai ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā exoplanets liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hōkū makua ma waena o 600 a 3 mau mika ka mamao. nā makahiki māmā mai ka Honua, mamao loa a pōʻeleʻele loa no ka ʻike kikoʻī.

ʻAʻole e like me Kepler, ʻo ka manaʻo nui o TESS ʻo ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōkūhele a puni nā hoalauna kokoke loa o ka lā i lawa ka mālamalama e ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa a ma hope me nā mea kani ʻē aʻe. Mai ʻApelila 2018 a hiki i kēia manawa, ua ʻike mua ʻo TESS ma luna o 1500 moho hokele. ʻOi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o ʻelua ʻelua o ka nui o ka Honua a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻumi mau lā e kaapuni ai. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa iā lākou ka wela ma mua o ko mākou honua, a ua wela loa lākou no ka wai wai ma luna o ko lākou ili.

He wai wai ia e pono ai ka exoplanet e lilo i mea noho. He kahua hoʻohua no nā kemika hiki ke launa pū kekahi me kekahi.

ʻO ka manaʻo, manaʻoʻiʻo hiki ke noho nā ʻano ola exotic i nā kūlana o ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa - e like me ke ʻano me nā extremophiles i loaʻa ma kahi kokoke i nā puka makani hydrothermal, a i ʻole me nā microbes i hūnā ʻia kokoke i hoʻokahi kilomita ma lalo o ka pā hau o West Antarctic.

Eia naʻe, ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia o ia mau meaola ma muli o ka hiki i nā kānaka ke aʻo pololei i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi a lākou e noho nei. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou ma kahi hohonu, ʻoi aku ka mamao o nā makahiki māmā.

ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ke ola a me ka noho ʻana ma waho o kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar ke hilinaʻi mau nei i ka nānā mamao. Hiki i nā ʻili wai wai ʻike ʻia e hana i nā kūlana kūpono no ke ola ke launa pū me ka lewa ma luna, e hana ana i nā biosignatures hiki ke ʻike mamao ʻia me nā telescopes honua. Hiki i kēia nā hui kinoea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Honua (oxygen, ozone, methane, carbon dioxide and water vapor) a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana o ka lewa o ka Honua kahiko, no ka laʻana, 2,7 biliona makahiki aku nei (ka nui o ka methane a me carbon dioxide, akā ʻaʻole oxygen) . ).

I ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi "pololei" a me ka honua e noho ana ma laila

Mai ka loaʻa ʻana o 51 Pegasi b i ka makahiki 1995, ua ʻike ʻia ma luna o XNUMX exoplanets. I kēia lā, ʻike maopopo mākou ʻo ka hapa nui o nā hōkū o kā mākou galaxy a me ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hoʻopuni ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana honua. Akā he mau kakini wale nō nā exoplanets i ʻike ʻia he mau honua hiki ke noho.

He aha ka mea e noho ai ka exoplanet?

ʻO ke kūlana nui ka wai wai i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili. I mea e hiki ai kēia, pono mua mākou i kēia ʻili paʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻāina pōhakuakā hoʻi ka lewa, a ʻoʻoleʻa i hiki ke hana i ke kaomi a hoʻololi i ka mahana o ka wai.

Pono ʻoe hōkū ʻākauʻaʻole ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nui o ka radiation ma ka honua, e puhi i ka lewa a luku i nā mea ola. ʻO kēlā me kēia hōkū, me kā mākou Lā, e hoʻopuka mau i ka nui o ka radiation, no laila he mea pono ia no ke ola ʻana e pale iā ia iho mai ia mea. he kahua pākēe like me ka mea i hana ʻia e ke kumu metala wai o ka Honua.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai aia kekahi mau hana ʻē aʻe e pale aku ai i ke ola mai ka radiation, he mea makemake wale kēia, ʻaʻole kahi kūlana kūpono.

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, hoihoi nā astronomers nā wahi ola (ecospheres) i nā ʻōnaehana hōkū. ʻO kēia nā ʻāpana a puni nā hōkū kahi e pale ai ka mahana i ka wai mai ka paila mau a i ʻole ka hau. Ua kamaʻilio pinepine ʻia kēia wahi. "ʻAina Goldilocks"no ka mea, “pono wale no ke ola”, e pili ana i ke kumu o ka moolelo moolelo kaulana o na keiki (5).

5. Ka ʻāpana o ke ola a puni ka hōkū

A he aha kā mākou ʻike e pili ana i nā exoplanets?

ʻO nā mea i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā ke hōʻike nei he nui loa ka ʻokoʻa o nā ʻōnaehana honua. ʻO nā hōkūhele wale nō a mākou i ʻike ai ma kahi o ʻekolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei aia i loko o ka ʻōnaehana solar, no laila ua manaʻo mākou e hoʻopuni ana nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea paʻa a puni nā hōkū, a ma kahi mamao aʻe he wahi i mālama ʻia no nā hokele kinoea nui.

Ua ʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe "kānāwai" e pili ana i kahi o nā hōkūhele. Ke halawai nei makou me na kanaka pilikua kinoea e kokoke ana e ku e i ko lakou mau hoku (i kapaia he Jupiters wela), a me na papa hookui o na hoku liilii e like me TRAPPIST-1 (6). I kekahi manawa, neʻe ka honua i nā ʻōpuni eccentric a puni nā hōkū binary, a aia pū kekahi mau hōkūhele "auwana", ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā ʻōnaehana ʻōpio, e lana wale ana i loko o ka hakahaka interstellar.

6. Ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōkū o ka ʻōnaehana TRAPPIST-1

No laila, ma kahi o ka like like, ʻike mākou i ka ʻokoʻa nui. Inā loaʻa kēia ma ka pae ʻōnaehana, no ke aha e like ai nā kūlana exoplanet i nā mea āpau a mākou e ʻike ai mai ke kaiapuni koke?

A ke hele nei i lalo, no ke aha e like ai nā ʻano o ke ola hypothetical me nā mea i ʻike ʻia e mākou?

Māhele Super

Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e Kepler, i ka makahiki 2015 ua helu ʻia kahi ʻepekema NASA ua loaʻa i kā mākou galaxy ponoʻī. billion like me ka HonuaI. He nui nā astrophysicists i koʻikoʻi he manaʻo conservative kēia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou aʻe e hiki i ka Milky Way ke home 10 piliona honua honua.

ʻAʻole makemake ka poʻe ʻepekema e hilinaʻi wale i nā hōkūhele i loaʻa e Kepler. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ʻano kaʻahele i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia telescope no ka ʻike ʻana i nā hīnaʻi nui (e like me Jupiter) ma mua o nā hōkū honua. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke hoʻopunipuni nei ka ʻikepili a Kepler i ka helu o nā hōkūhele e like me kā mākou.

Ua ʻike ka telescope kaulana i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōlinolino o kahi hōkū i hana ʻia e ka honua e hele ana ma mua ona. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mea nui aʻe i ka mālamalama mai ko lākou mau hōkū, e maʻalahi ke ʻike. Ua kālele ʻia ke ʻano o Kepler i nā hōkū liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole nā ​​​​hōkū ʻālohilohi loa, ʻo ka nui o ia mau mea ma kahi o ka hapakolu o ka nui o ko kākou Lā.

ʻO ka telescope Kepler, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maikaʻi loa i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hōkūhele liʻiliʻi, ua loaʻa i kahi helu nui loa o nā mea i kapa ʻia he super-Earths. ʻO kēia ka inoa o nā exoplanets me ka nui nui ma mua o ka Honua, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o Uranus a me Neptune, ʻo ia ka 14,5 a me 17 manawa i ʻoi aku ka kaumaha ma mua o ko mākou honua.

No laila, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "super-Earth" e pili ana i ka nui o ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia e pili ana i nā kūlana o ka honua a i ʻole ka noho ʻana. Aia kekahi hua'ōlelo "gas dwarfs". Wahi a kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pololei o nā mea ma ka ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe o ka pālākiō nui, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kekahi huaʻōlelo - ʻo ka "mini-Neptune" i ʻōlelo ʻia.

Ua ʻike ʻia nā super-Earths mua ʻO Alexander Volshchan i Dalea Fraila a puni pulsar PSR B1257+12 i ka makahiki 1992. ʻO nā hōkūhele waho ʻelua o ka ʻōnaehana poltergeistti fobetor – he ʻehā paha ko lākou nuipaʻa o ka Honua, he mea liʻiliʻi loa ia no ka nui o ke kinoea.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka super-Earth a puni kahi hōkū nui e kahi hui i alakaʻi ʻia e Ka muliwai ʻo Eugenioy i ka makahiki 2005. Ke hoʻohuli nei ʻO Gliese 876 a loaa ka inoa Gliese 876 d (Ma mua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua pilikua kinoea ka nui o Jupiter ma kēia ʻōnaehana). ʻO ka nuipaʻa i manaʻo ʻia he 7,5 ka nui o ka nui o ka Honua, a he pōkole loa ka manawa o ka hoʻololi ʻana a puni, ʻelua lā paha.

Aia kekahi mau mea wela ma ka papa honua nui. No ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia ma 2004 He 55 Kankri, aia he kanahā mau makahiki māmā, e hoʻopuni ana i kona hōkū ma ka pōʻai pōkole loa o kekahi exoplanet i ʻike ʻia - he 17 hola a me 40 minuke wale nō. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hoʻokahi makahiki ma 55 Cancri e emi iho ma mua o 18 mau hola. He 26 mau manawa kokoke loa ka exoplanet i kona hoku ma mua o Mercury.

ʻO ka pili kokoke i ka hōkū, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka ʻili o 55 Cancri e, ua like ia me loko o ka umu ahi me ka mahana o 1760 ° C! Hōʻike nā ʻike hou mai ka Spitzer Telescope he 55 Cancri e he 7,8 manawa ka nui a ʻoi aku ka radius ma mua o ka pālua o ko ka Honua. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa Spitzer ma kahi o ka hapalima o ka nui o ka honua e hana ʻia me nā mea a me nā pūhui māmā, me ka wai. I kēia mahana, ʻo ia ke ʻano o kēia mau mea i loko o kahi kūlana "supercritical" ma waena o ka wai a me ke kinoea a hiki ke haʻalele i ka ʻili o ka honua.

Akā, ʻaʻole ʻāhiu loa nā super-Earths. I Iulai i hala aku nei, ua ʻike kekahi hui honua o ka poʻe kilo hōkū e hoʻohana ana iā TESS i kahi exoplanet hou o kona ʻano ma ka constellation Hydra, ma kahi o kanakolukūmākahi mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua. 'ikamu i kaha 'ia GDJ 357 d (7) ʻelua manawa o ke anawaena a ʻeono manawa i ka nui o ka Honua. Aia ia ma ka ʻaoʻao o waho o ka wahi noho o ka hōkū. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema he wai paha ma ka ʻili o kēia Honua nui.

- wahi āna Diana Kosakovska me Research Fellow ma ka Max Planck Institute for Astronomy ma Heidelberg, Kelemānia.

7. Hōkele GJ 357 d — ʻike maka

ʻO kahi ʻōnaehana orbit a puni kahi hōkū liʻiliʻi, ma kahi o hoʻokahi hapakolu ka nui a me ka nui o ko mākou Lā ponoʻī a he 40% ʻoi aku ka nui o ke anuanu, e hoʻohui ʻia e nā hōkū honua. GJ 357 b a me kekahi honua super GJ 357 p. Ua paʻi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ma Iulai 31, 2019 ma ka puke pai Astronomy and Astrophysics.

I ka mahina o Kepakemapa i hala, ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi he super-Earth hou i ʻike ʻia, he 111 mau makahiki māmā ka mamao, ʻo ia ka "moho noho maikaʻi loa i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa." Ua ʻike ʻia i ka makahiki 2015 e ka telescope Kepler. K2-18b (8) ʻokoʻa loa mai ko kākou honua honua. ʻOi aku ma mua o ʻewalu manawa o kona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi he hau pilikua ia e like me Neptune a i ʻole he honua pōhaku me ka lewa nui a me ka hydrogen.

ʻO ka ʻōpuni o K2-18b ʻehiku manawa kokoke i kona hōkū ma mua o ka mamao o ka Honua mai ka Lā. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ke kaʻapuni nei ka mea i kahi M-dwarf ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele, aia kēia orbit i kahi ʻāpana kūpono no ke ola. Hōʻike mua nā kumu hoʻohālike i nā wela ma K2-18b mai -73 a i 46°C, a inā like ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mea me ka Honua, pono e like kona ʻano wela me ko mākou.

- wahi a ka astronomer mai University College London i ka wā o kahi kūkā nūhou, Angelos Ciaras.

He paʻakikī e like me ka honua

ʻO ka analog Earth (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka māhoe Honua a i ʻole ka Honua-like honua) he honua a i ʻole mahina me nā kūlana kaiapuni e like me nā mea i loaʻa ma ka Honua.

ʻOkoʻa nā kaukani o nā ʻōnaehana hōkū exoplanetary i ʻike ʻia i kēia manawa mai kā mākou ʻōnaehana solar, e hōʻoia ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. kuhiakau honua rareI. Eia naʻe, ke kuhikuhi nei ka poʻe akeakamai i ka nui o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a ma kahi e pono ai kahi honua kokoke i like me ko mākou. Hiki paha i ka wā e hiki mai ana e hiki ke hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana e kiʻi artificially i nā analogues o ka Honua e ka mea i kapa ʻia. . Kaulana i kēia manawa manaʻo multitheory Ke manaʻo nei lākou e hiki ke noho ʻia kahi hoa honua ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a i ʻole he ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka Honua ponoʻī i loko o ke ao like.

I Nowemapa i ka makahiki 2013, ua hōʻike ka poʻe astronomers, ma muli o ka ʻikepili mai ka telescope Kepler a me nā mikiona ʻē aʻe, hiki ke piʻi i ka 40 billion ka nui o ka honua i loko o ka wahi noho o nā hōkū e like me ka lā a me nā dwarf ʻulaʻula ma ke aniani Milky Way.

Ua hōʻike ʻia ka puʻunaue helu helu ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumikūmālua mau makahiki māmā ka mamao loa mai iā mākou. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau moho e Kepler me nā anawaena i emi iho ma mua o 1,5 manawa i hōʻoia ʻia ka radius o ka Honua e hoʻopuni i nā hōkū ma ka wahi noho. Eia naʻe, i ka makahiki 2015 wale nō i hoʻolaha ʻia ka moho mua kokoke i ka Honua - egzoplanetę Kepler-452b.

ʻO ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi analog Earth ma muli o nā ʻano āu e makemake ai e like. Nā kūlana maʻamau akā ʻaʻole paʻa: ka nui o ka honua, ka ʻumekaumaha o ka ʻili, ka nui o ka hōkū makua a me ke ʻano (ʻo ia hoʻi. .

Inā he ola paʻakikī ma laila, hiki i nā ululāʻau ke uhi i ka hapa nui o ka honua. Inā loaʻa ke ola naʻauao, hiki i kekahi mau wahi ke noho kūlanakauhale. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi hewa ka ʻimi ʻana i nā mea hoʻohālikelike pololei me ka Honua ma muli o nā kūlana kikoʻī loa a puni ka Honua, no ka laʻana, pili ka noho ʻana o ka Moon i nā hanana he nui ma ko mākou honua.

Ua hōʻuluʻulu hou ka Planetary Habitability Laboratory ma ke Kulanui o Puerto Rico ma Arecibo i kahi papa inoa o nā moho no ka honua analogues (9). Hoʻomaka pinepine kēia ʻano hoʻohālikelike me ka nui a me ka nui, akā he mea hoʻopunipuni kēia, hāʻawi ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻo Venus, kahi kokoke iā mākou, ʻaneʻane like ka nui me ka Honua, a he aha nā kūlana e lanakila ai. , ua ikeia.

9. Hōʻike ʻia nā exoplanets - nā analogues kūpono o ka Honua, e like me ka Planetary Habitability Laboratory

ʻO kekahi kumu hoʻohālikelike i ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano like o ka honua analogue. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona kokoke loa i ʻike ʻia ʻo Mars a me Titan, a ʻoiai aia nā ʻano like ma ke ʻano o ka topography a me ka haku ʻana o nā papa honua, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa nui, e like me ka mahana.

Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hiki mai ka nui o nā mea ʻili a me nā ʻano ʻāina ma muli o ka pilina me ka wai (e like me ka pālolo a me nā pōhaku sedimentary) a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he hopena o ke ola (e like me ka limestone a i ʻole ka lanahu), ka pilina me ka lewa, ka hana lua pele. , a i ʻole ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka.

No laila, pono e hana ʻia kahi mea hoʻohālikelike maoli o ka Honua ma o nā kaʻina hana like, me ka lewa, nā lua pele e pili ana me ka ʻili, ka wai wai, a me kekahi ʻano o ke ola.

I ka hihia o ka lewa, ua manaʻo ʻia ka hopena greenhouse. ʻO ka hope, hoʻohana ʻia ka mahana o ka ʻili. Hoʻopili ʻia ia e ke aniau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hopena o ka orbit a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka honua, e hōʻike ana kēlā me kēia mea i nā ʻano hou.

ʻO ke kumu ʻē aʻe no kahi analogue kūpono o ka honua hāʻawi ola ʻo ia ka pono kaʻapuni a puni ka lā analog. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻāpono piha ʻia kēia mea, no ka mea hiki i kahi kaiapuni maikaʻi ke hāʻawi i ke ʻano kūloko o nā ʻano hōkū like ʻole.

No ka laʻana, ma ka Milky Way, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapa nui o nā hōkū ma mua o ka Lā. Ua haʻi mua ʻia kekahi o lākou TRAPPIST-1, Aia ma kahi mamao o 10 mau makahiki malamalama ma ka hui hoku o Aquarius a he 2 manawa ka li'ili'i a he 1. ka emi o ka malamalama ma mua o ko kakou La, aka, aia ma kahi o eono mau hokele honua ma kona wahi noho. He mea maikaʻi ʻole kēia mau kūlana no ke ola e like me kā mākou i ʻike ai, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke ola ma mua o TRAPPIST-XNUMX ma mua o ko mākou hōkū, no laila ua nui ka manawa o ke ola e hoʻomohala ma laila.

Uhi ka wai i ka 70% o ka ʻili honua a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā kūlana hao no ke ola ʻana o nā mea ola i ʻike ʻia e mākou. ʻO ka mea nui paha, he honua ka honua wai Kepler-22b, aia i loko o ka wahi noho o ka hōkū e like me ka lā akā ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Honua, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kona haku mele maoli.

Hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2008 e kekahi kilo hōkū Michaela Meyera mai ke Kulanui o Arizona, nā haʻawina o ka lepo honua ma kahi kokoke i nā hōkū hou i hana ʻia e like me ka Lā e hōʻike ana he 20 a 60% o nā analogs o ka Lā i loaʻa iā mākou nā hōʻike o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hōkū pōhaku i nā kaʻina like me nā mea i alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana. o ka Honua.

Ma ka 2009 ʻO Alan Boss mai ka Carnegie Institute of Science i manaʻo ʻia aia wale nō i loko o kā mākou galaxy ka Milky Way e noho ai 100 biliona mau hokele e like me ka honuah.

I ka makahiki 2011, ua hoʻoholo ʻo NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), ma muli o ka nānā ʻana mai ka misionari Kepler, ma kahi o 1,4 a i ka 2,7% o nā hōkū e like me ka lā e hoʻopō i nā hōkū honua i nā wahi noho. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki ke loaʻa he 2 biliona galaxies ma ka Milky Way wale nō, a me ka manaʻo he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia kuhi no nā galaxies a pau, hiki i ka 50 biliona galaxies ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa. 100 quintillion.

Ma 2013, ʻo ka Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili helu o nā ʻikepili Kepler hou, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi liʻiliʻi. 17 biliona honua ka nui o ka Honua - me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole i ko lākou wahi i nā wahi noho. Ua ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i ka makahiki 2019 e hiki i nā hōkū honua ke hoʻopololei i hoʻokahi o nā hōkū e like me ka Lā.

Kiʻi ma ke ʻano like

ʻO ka Earth Similarity Index (ESI) kahi ana i manaʻo ʻia no ka like ʻana o kahi mea honua a i ʻole satellite kūlohelohe i ka Honua. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia ma ka pālākiō mai ka ʻole a i ka hoʻokahi, me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka Honua i ka waiwai o hoʻokahi. Hoʻolālā ʻia ka ʻāpana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā planeta i nā ʻikepili nui.

ESI, i manaʻo ʻia i ka makahiki 2011 ma ka puke pai Astrobiology, hoʻohui i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka radius o ka honua, ka nui, ka wikiwiki, a me ka wela o ka honua.

Mālama ʻia ka pūnaewele e kekahi o nā mea kākau o ka ʻatikala 2011, Abla Mendes mai ke Kulanui o Puerto Rico, hāʻawi i kāna helu ʻana i nā helu no nā ʻōnaehana exoplanetary like ʻole. Ua helu ʻia ʻo ESI Mendesa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia ma kiʻi 10kahi o x_i lakou_i0 ʻo ia nā waiwai o ke kino keu e pili ana i ka Honua, v_i ka huina kaumaha o kēlā me kēia waiwai a me ka huina o nā waiwai. Ua kūkulu ʻia ma ke kumu ʻO ka helu helu like ʻana o Bray-Curtis.

O ke kaumaha i haawiia no kela a me keia waiwai, w_i, ʻo ia kekahi koho i hiki ke koho ʻia e hōʻike i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona ma luna o nā mea ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole e hoʻokō i nā pae kuhikuhi i makemake ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale ka pūnaewele i ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e like me ka hiki ke noho ma nā exoplanets a me nā exo-moons e like me ʻekolu mau pae hoʻohālike: wahi, ESI, a me ka manaʻo o ka hiki ke mālama i nā meaola i loko o ke kaulahao meaʻai.

ʻO ka hopena, ua hōʻike ʻia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka lua o ka ESI nui loa i ka ʻōnaehana solar no Mars a ʻo 0,70. ʻO kekahi o nā exoplanets i helu ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala ma mua o kēia helu, a ua ʻike ʻia kekahi Tigarden b loaʻa iā ia ka ESI kiʻekiʻe loa o kekahi exoplanet i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 0,95.

Ke kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i nā exoplanets e like me ka Honua a me nā mea e noho ai, ʻaʻole pono mākou e poina i ka hiki ke loaʻa nā exoplanets a i ʻole nā ​​​​exoplanets satellite.

ʻAʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ka noho ʻana o nā satellite extrasolar kūlohelohe, akā ma ʻOkakopa 2018 Prof. David Kipping hoʻolaha i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi exomoon hiki ke hoʻopuni i ka mea Kepler-1625b.

ʻO nā hōkūhele nui ma ka ʻōnaehana solar, e like me Jupiter a me Saturn, he mau mahina nui e hiki ke ola ma kekahi mau ʻano. No laila, ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema e loaʻa paha i nā hōkūhele nui keu (a me nā planeta binary) nā satelite hiki ke noho ʻia. Hiki i ka mahina nui ke kākoʻo i ka lewa e like me Titan a me ka wai wai ma ka ʻili.

ʻO ka hoihoi nui ma kēia ʻano, ʻo nā hōkūhele extrasolar nui i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka wahi noho (e like me Gliese 876 b, 55 Cancer f, Upsilon Andromedae d, 47 Ursa Major b, HD 28185 b, a me HD 37124 c), no ka mea hiki iā lākou loaʻa nā satelite kūlohelohe me ka wai wai ma ka ʻili.

Ke ola a puni ka hōkū ʻulaʻula a keʻokeʻo paha?

Me ka aneane ʻelua mau makahiki o ka ʻike ʻana i ka honua o nā exoplanets, ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe astronomers e hana i ke kiʻi o ke ʻano o ka honua e noho ai, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka mea a mākou i ʻike mua ai: kahi honua e like me ka honua e hoʻopuni ana i kahi dwarf melemele. kā mākou. ʻO ka Lā, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma ke ʻano he G-type main-sequence star. Pehea e pili ana i nā hōkū M ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi, a he nui nā mea hou aʻe i loko o kā mākou galaxy?

Pehea e like ai ko mākou home inā e kaapuni ana i kahi ʻulaʻula? ʻO ka pane he ʻano like me ka Honua, a ʻaʻole like me ka Honua.

Mai ka ʻili o ia honua noʻonoʻo, ʻike mua mākou i kahi lā nui loa. Me he mea lā he hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua a ʻekolu paha manawa ma mua o ko mākou mau maka i kēia manawa, no ka pili ʻana o ka orbit. E like me ka inoa e ʻōlelo nei, ʻulaʻula ka lā ma muli o kona mahana maʻalili.

ʻO nā dwarf ʻulaʻula ʻelua ʻoi aku ka mahana o ko mākou Lā. I ka wā mua, he mea ʻē paha ka honua i ka Honua, akā ʻaʻole hoʻi e haʻalulu. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻokoʻa maoli ke ʻike mākou i ka nui o kēia mau mea e huli like me ka hōkū, no laila e kū mau ana kekahi ʻaoʻao i kona hōkū, e like me kā mākou mahina i ka Honua.

ʻO ia ke ʻano o ka pōʻeleʻele maoli o kēlā ʻaoʻao no ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kumu kukui - ʻaʻole like me ka Moon, i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e ka Lā ma kēlā ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka manaʻo nui e pau ana ka ʻāpana o ka honua i koe i ke ao mau loa, a e maloʻo ka ʻāpana i hāʻule i ka pō mau loa. Eia naʻe... ʻaʻole pono e like me kēia.

No nā makahiki, ua hoʻokuʻu ka poʻe astronomers i ka ʻāina ʻulaʻula e like me ke kahua hahai holoholona o ka Honua, me ka manaʻo ʻo ka māhele ʻana i ka honua i ʻelua mau ʻāpana ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole e lilo i kekahi o lākou e noho ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike kekahi e loaʻa i nā honua lewa kahi kaapuni kikoʻī e hōʻiliʻili ai nā ao mānoanoa ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka lā e pale aku ai i ka ʻā ʻana o ka ʻili. E puʻunaue ana nā au i ka wela a puni ka honua.

Eia kekahi, hiki i kēia mānoanoa o ka lewa ke hāʻawi i ka pale koʻikoʻi i ka lā mai nā pōʻino radiation ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā ʻōpio ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele loa i nā makahiki mua o kā lākou hana, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā lapalapa a me ka radiation ultraviolet.

Hiki i nā ao mānoanoa ke pale i ke ola hiki ke ola, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka huna ʻana o nā meaola hypothetical i loko o nā wai honua. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēia lā ʻo ka radiation, no ka laʻana, i ka laulā ultraviolet, ʻaʻole ia e pale i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea ola. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ke ola mua ma ka Honua, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā mea ola a pau, me ka homo sapiens, ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka radiation UV ikaika.

Pili kēia i nā kūlana i ʻae ʻia ma ka honua-like exoplanet kokoke loa i ʻike ʻia e mākou. Wahi a nā Astronomers mai ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell, ua ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke ola ma ka Honua ma mua o ka ʻike ʻia Proxima-b.

ʻO Proxima-b, aia he 4,24 mau makahiki māmā mai ka ʻōnaehana lā a me ka honua pōhaku kokoke loa e like me ka Honua a mākou i ʻike ai (ʻoiai ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike e pili ana i ia mea), loaʻa iā ia he 250 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kukui X ma mua o ka Honua. Hiki iā ia ke ʻike i nā pae make o ka radiation ultraviolet ma kona ʻili.

Manaʻo ʻia nā kūlana like Proxima-b no TRAPPIST-1, Ross-128b (kokoke ʻumikūmākahi mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua ma ka constellation Virgo) a me LHS-1140 b (he kanahā mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua ma ka constellation Cetus). ʻōnaehana.

Pili nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe ka puka ʻana o nā mea ola kino. Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o ka mālamalama o ka ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele, ua manaʻo ʻia inā loaʻa nā meaola e like me kā mākou mea kanu i ka honua e hoʻopuni ana iā ia, pono lākou e komo i ka mālamalama ma kahi ākea o nā lōʻihi hawewe no ka photosynthesis, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i nā "exoplanets" ke hiki. ʻaneʻane ʻeleʻele i ko mākou mau maka (e nānā pū: ). Eia nō naʻe, pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ʻo nā mea kanu me kahi kala ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ʻike ʻia ma ka Honua, e ʻae iki i ka mālamalama.

I kēia mau lā, ua hoihoi ka poʻe noiʻi i kekahi ʻano o nā mea - nā dwarf keʻokeʻo, e like me ka nui o ka Honua, ʻaʻole ia he mau hōkū, akā hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano paʻa a puni lākou, e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka ikehu no nā piliona makahiki, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau pahuhopu hoihoi no ka. noiʻi exoplanetary. .

ʻO ko lākou liʻiliʻi a me ka hopena, ʻo ka hōʻailona transit nui o kahi exoplanet hiki ke hiki ke nānā i nā lewa honua pōhaku, inā he, me nā kelepona hou. Makemake nā Astronomers e hoʻohana i nā hale nānā a pau i kūkulu ʻia a hoʻolālā ʻia, me ka telescope James Webb, terrestrial Telescope nui loaa me ka wā e hiki mai ana kumu, ʻO HabEx i LOUVOIRina e ala mai.

Ma kēia ʻano hoʻonui kupanaha o ka ʻimi ʻana o ka exoplanet, ka noiʻi a me ka ʻimi ʻana, aia hoʻokahi pilikia, liʻiliʻi i kēia manawa, akā hoʻokahi e hōʻoia i ka paʻi. ʻAe, inā, mahalo i nā mea hana hou aʻe, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kahi exoplanet - he māhoe o ka Honua, e hālāwai ana i nā koi paʻakikī, piha i ka wai, ka ea a me ka mahana pono, a ʻo kēia honua ke nānā aku "free ”, a laila me ka ʻole o ka ʻenehana e hiki ai i ka lele ʻana ma laila i kekahi manawa kūpono hiki ke lilo i mea ʻeha ke ʻike.

Akā, pōmaikaʻi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā mākou kēlā pilikia.