Pilikia: ʻōpala, ʻoi aku ka plastic. ʻAʻole lawa ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe

Ua hana mau ke kanaka i ka ʻōpala. Mālama ka Nature i ka ʻōpala organik me ka maʻalahi. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana hou ʻana o nā metala a i ʻole ka pepa a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kumu kūʻai. Eia nō naʻe, i ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hana mākou i nā plastics ʻaʻohe mana o ke ʻano, paʻakikī ko lākou hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a paʻakikī ke koho ʻana i nā kumukūʻai hope a me nā pilikia e pili ana i ka nui o ka ʻōpala plastik.

I ka makahiki 2050, ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpala palaka i loko o ke kai ma mua o ke kaumaha o ka iʻa i loko o lākou, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻōlelo aʻo i loko o kahi hōʻike a Ellen MacArthur lāua ʻo McKinsey i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e nā ʻepekema i kekahi mau makahiki i hala. E like me kā mākou heluhelu ʻana i ka palapala, i ka makahiki 2014, ʻo ka lakio o nā toni o ka plastic i ka ton o ka iʻa i loko o ka wai o ka Honua o ka Honua he hoʻokahi a ʻelima, ma 2025 - hoʻokahi a ʻekolu, a ma 2050 e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ua. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau o ka hōʻike he 14% wale nō o ka ʻeke plastik i kau ʻia ma ka mākeke hiki ke loaʻa hou. No nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka recycling rate - 58% no ka pepa a hiki i 90% no ka hao a me ke kila.

ʻO nā plastik o nā ʻano like ʻole kekahi o nā mea paʻakikī loa e hana hou. ʻūhā polystyreneʻo ia hoʻi, nā kīʻaha, ka ʻeke meaʻai, nā pā ʻiʻo, nā mea insulating, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana e hana ai i nā mea pāʻani. ʻO kēia ʻano ʻōpala he 6% o ka hana honua. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ʻōpala PVC, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻano paipu like ʻole, nā pā pukaaniani, ka hoʻokaʻawale uea a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā lole nylon, nā papa paʻa, nā ipu a me nā ʻōmole. ʻO ka huina, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i ka ʻōpala ma mua o ka hapakolu o ka ʻōpala.

Mea kanu ʻōpala ma Lagos, Nigeria

ʻAʻole i hana ʻia nā plastik a hiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 1950, a ua hoʻomaka maoli kā lākou hana i ka makahiki XNUMX. I loko o nā makahiki he kanalima e hiki mai ana, ua piʻi aʻe ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana i iwakālua mau pānaʻi, a ua manaʻo ʻia e pāpālua lākou i nā makahiki ʻelua e hiki mai ana. Mahalo i kona maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana, versatility a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa o ka hana ʻana, ua lilo ka plastic i kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa. Loaʻa ia ma nā wahi a pau o ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Loaʻa iā mākou i loko o nā ʻōmole, foil, nā puka aniani, nā lole, nā mīkini kope, nā kaʻa, nā kamepiula, a me nā hale. Hiki ke hūnā pinepine i ka ʻūhā pōpeku i nā fiber synthetic ma waena o nā lau mauʻu maoli. ʻO nā ʻeke plastik a me nā ʻeke plastik e waiho ana ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke alanui a ma nā kula no nā makahiki, i kekahi manawa ua ʻai ʻia lākou e nā holoholona, ​​ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kumu o ko lākou ʻeha. Hoʻopau pinepine ʻia ka ʻōpala palaka, a hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā uahi ʻona i ka lewa. Hoʻopaʻa nā ʻōpala palaki i nā ʻili wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. He mea paʻakikī hoʻi i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a pale i ka wai ua.

Ua manaʻo ʻia he 1950 biliona tons o nā mea plastik i hana ʻia mai ka makahiki 9,2, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,9 biliona tons i lilo i ʻōpala. ʻO ka nui o 6,3 biliona tons o ka loko wai hope ʻaʻole i pau i ka ʻōpala - ua paʻi ʻia kēlā ʻikepili ma 2017.

ʻāina ʻōpala

Ua helu ka puke pai ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻoi aku ma mua o 4,8 miliona mau tone o ka ʻōpala plastik e komo i loko o ka moana o ka honua i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia naʻe, hiki ke hiki i ka 12,7 miliona tons. ʻŌlelo nā kānaka ʻepekema nāna i hoʻokō i ka helu ʻana, inā e kau ʻia kēia mau koho, ʻo ia hoʻi. ma kahi o 8 miliona mau tona, e uhi ana keia nui o ka opala i ka huina o 34 mau mokupuni Manhattan ma ka papa hookahi.

ʻIke ʻia ʻo Oceanic ʻO nā "Continents" mai ka ʻōpala plastik. Ma muli o ka hana a ka makani ma ka ʻili o ka wai a me ka ʻōwili ʻana o ka Honua (ma o ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Coriolis force), ma nā wahi wai nui ʻelima o ko mākou honua - ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau a me ka hema. o ka Moana Pākīpika, nā ʻāpana ʻākau a me ke kūkulu hema o ka ʻAkelanika a me ka Moana Inia - ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā eddies wai, e hōʻiliʻili mālie ana i nā mea ʻili a me nā ʻōpala. Aia ka "patch" nui loa o ka ʻōpala ma ka Moana Pākīpika. Ua manaʻo ʻia kona wahi ma 1,6 miliona km².²ʻOi aku ia ma mua o ka pālua o ka nui o Farani. Aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 80 tausani tons o ka plastic.

Pāhana ʻOhi ʻōpala ma waho

Ua hakakā ʻo ia me nā ʻōpala e lana ana. mea i manao ai , invented by the foundation of the same name. ʻO ka hapalua o ka ʻōpala o ka Pākīpika e manaʻo ʻia e hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ʻelima mau makahiki, a i ka makahiki 2040, pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke koena o ia ʻōpala mai nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ka hui i kahi ʻōnaehana o nā pale lana nui me nā pale i lalo o ka wai e pahele a hoʻopaʻa i ka plastic ma kahi hoʻokahi. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka prototype kokoke i Kapalakiko i kēia kauwela.

Loaʻa nā ʻāpana i nā wahi āpau

Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hopu i ka ʻōpala ma lalo o 10 mm. I kēia manawa, hōʻike ka poʻe loea he nui ka ʻōpala plastik pōʻino loa ʻo ia nā ʻōmole PET e lana ʻole i ka moana, a i ʻole nā ​​piliona o nā ʻeke palaka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka mea hiki ke ʻohi a waiho ʻia nā ʻōpala nui. ʻO nā mea a mākou e ʻike ʻole ai ʻo ia ka pilikia. ʻO kēia, no ka laʻana, nā pulupulu ʻilikala lahilahi i ulana ʻia i loko o ka lole o kā mākou lole, a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻilika ʻoi aʻe a nui aʻe. ʻO ka nui o nā ala, nā haneli o nā alanui, ma o nā ʻauwai, nā muliwai a me ka lewa, komo lākou i loko o ke kaiapuni, i loko o nā kaulahao meaʻai o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. ʻO ka pōʻino o kēia ʻano hoʻohaumia i hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā hale kelepona a me DNA, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻimi piha ʻia nā hopena piha.

Ma hope o ka noiʻi ʻana e kekahi huakaʻi moana i ka makahiki 2010-2011, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻuʻuku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻōpala plastik e lana ana i ka moana ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia. No nā mahina he nui, kaʻahele ka moku noiʻi a puni ka moana a ʻohi i nā ʻōpala. Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema i kahi hōʻiliʻili e hoʻolilo i ka nui o ka plastik moana i nā miliona miliona. Eia naʻe, ʻo kahi hōʻike e pili ana i kēia noiʻi, i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke moʻolelo Proceedings of the National Academy of Science ma 2014, ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 poʻe. kani. No laila ua kākau ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo 99% o ka plastic e lana ana i ka wai kai ua nalowale!

Manaʻo ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻo ia ke ala a pau i ke kaulahao meaʻai moana. No laila, ʻai nui ʻia ka ʻōpala e nā iʻa a me nā mea ola kai ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia kēia ma hope o ka ʻōpala ʻana o ka ʻōpala e ka hana a ka lā a me nā nalu. Hiki ke kuhi hewa ʻia nā ʻāpana iʻa liʻiliʻi he ʻai.

Ua ʻike kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema ma ke Kulanui o Plymouth ma UK, alakaʻi ʻia e Richard Thompson, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā crustaceans like me ka ʻoʻo - nā wili wai maʻamau i nā kai kahakai ʻo ʻEulopa - ʻai i nā ʻāpana o nā ʻeke plastik. hui pū me ka mucus microbial. . Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema hiki i kēia mau mea ola ke wāwahi i hoʻokahi ʻeke i 1,75 miliona mau ʻāpana microscopic! Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole komo nā mea liʻiliʻi i ka plastic. kuha lākou a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano ʻāpana ʻoi aku.

Nā ʻāpana plastik i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka manu make

No laila ke ulu nui a paʻakikī ka ʻike. Ma kekahi mau manaʻo, ʻo 15% ka nui o ke one ma nā kahakai. ʻO ka mea e hopohopo nui ai ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo ia nā ʻāpana o kēia ʻōpala - nā kemika i hoʻohui ʻia i nā plastics i ka wā e hana ai e hāʻawi iā lākou i nā waiwai i makemake ʻia. ʻO kēia mau mea pōʻino, no ka laʻana, vinyl chloride a me dioxins (i loko o PVC), benzene (i loko o ka polystyrene), phthalates a me nā plasticizers ʻē aʻe (i loko o PVC a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), formaldehyde a me ka bisphenol-A a i ʻole BPA (i ka polycarbonates). ʻO ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea he mau mea hoʻohaumia organik (POP) a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea ʻino loa ma ka honua ma muli o kā lākou hui pū ʻana o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me nā pae kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻona.

ʻO nā ʻāpana plastik i hoʻopiha ʻia me kēia mau mea pōʻino e pau i loko o nā ʻiʻo o nā iʻa a me nā mea ola kai ʻē aʻe, a laila nā manu a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe, a ma hope o ke kanaka.

ʻO ka ʻōpala kahi pilikia politika

Pili pū ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala i ka politika. ʻO ka pilikia nui loa ko lākou helu nui, me nā pilikia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻāina ulu. Aia pū kekahi haunaele nui a me nā paio i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka pilikia ʻōpala. ʻO ia hoʻi, hiki i ka ʻōpala ke huikau a hoʻololi nui i ka honua.

Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka pale ʻana i kahi pōʻino kaiapuni ma Kina, mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2018, ua pāpā ʻo Kina i ka lawe ʻana mai o 24 mau ʻōpala mai nā ʻāina ʻē i kona ʻāina. Hoʻopili kēia i nā textiles, ka lawe ʻana i ka pepa hui ʻia, a me ka polyethylene terephthalate haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā ʻōmole plastik, i kapa ʻia ʻo PET. Ua hoʻokomo pū ʻo ia i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e pale aku i ka lawe ʻana mai i nā ʻōpala i hoʻopōʻino ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka hoʻopilikia nui ʻana i ka ʻoihana recycling honua. Nui nā ʻāina, me Australia, no ka laʻana, i hoʻolei i kā lākou ʻōpala i Kina, ke kū nei i kahi pilikia koʻikoʻi.

Kūʻē kūʻē i ka ʻōpala ma Volokolamsk

ʻIke ʻia ʻo ka pilikia ʻōpala hiki ke pilikia no Vladimir Putin. I Kepakemapa, ua kūʻē ikaika nā kamaʻāina o Volokolamsk kokoke i Moscow i nā hoʻolei ʻōpala kokoke e hōʻea mai ana mai ke kūlanakauhale nui. He kanalima mau keiki i hala ma mua i nā halemai ma muli o ka make ʻana me nā kinoea ʻona. I loko o nā mahina ʻeono i hala iho nei, ua hū ʻia nā kūʻē kūʻē i nā ʻāina hoʻopaʻa ʻāina ma kahi o ʻewalu mau kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale ma ka moku ʻo Moscow. Ua ʻike ka poʻe loiloi ʻo Rūsia e ʻoi aku ka pōʻino o nā mana kūʻē i ka hoʻokele ʻōpala pono ʻole a me ka hewa.

He aha ka mea e hiki mai ana?

Pono mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka mea mua, pono ʻoe e hoʻoponopono i nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka honua. ʻO ka lua, e hoʻōki i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mauna ʻōpala. ʻAʻole maopopo loa kekahi o nā hopena o kā mākou pupule plastik. A he mea weliweli paha kēlā.

Ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke TOPIC o ka ISSUE c.