ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau o ke kenekulia - ʻāpana 1
ʻO ka waika salicylic wale nō ka lāʻau kūpono. I ka makahiki 1838 he kanaka kemika Italia Rafaele Piria Ua loaʻa iā ia kēia hui ma kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, a i ka makahiki 1874 he kanaka Kelemania Herman Kolbe ua hoʻomohala i kahi ala no kāna hana ʻoihana.
I ka manawa like, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka salicylic acid i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa i ka lāʻau i ka hopena hoʻonāukiuki i ka mucosa o ka ʻōpū, kahi i alakaʻi ai i nā maʻi ʻōpū a me nā ʻeha. ʻO ia nā hopena ʻaoʻao o ka lawe ʻana i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka waika salicylic i hoʻoikaika i ka chemist Kelemania Felix Hoffmann (1848-1946) e ʻimi i kahi pani palekana no ka lāʻau lapaʻau (ua mālama ʻia ka makua kāne o Hoffmann me ka salicylic acid no nā maʻi rumatika). ʻO "Bullseye" i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i kāna derivative - Acetylsalicylic acid.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pūhui e ka esterification o ka hui OH o ka waikawa salicylic me ka acetic anhydride. Ua loaʻa mua ka Acetylsalicylic acid, akā ʻo ka hoʻomākaukau maʻemaʻe i loaʻa e Hoffmann i 1897 i kūpono no ka hoʻohana lāʻau.
Nā kumu hoʻohālike o ka waikawa salicylic (hema) a me ka waikawa acetylsalicylic ('ākau)
ʻO ka mea hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou he hui liʻiliʻi ʻo Bayer, e hana ana i ka hana ʻana i nā dyes, i kēia lā he hopohopo honua. Ua kapa ʻia ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo aspirin. He inoa inoa inoa kēia ®, akā ua like ia me nā mea hoʻomākaukau i loaʻa i ka acetylsalicylic acid (no laila ka abbreviation maʻamau ASA). ʻO ka inoa mai nā huaʻōlelo "acetyl"(ka leka a-) a me (i kēia manawa), ʻo ia hoʻi, meadowsweet - kahi perennial me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka salicin, hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma ke ʻano he antipyretic. ʻO ka hopena -in ka mea maʻamau no nā inoa lāʻau.
Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Aspirin i ka makahiki 1899 a ua kāhea koke ʻia ʻo ia he panacea. [packaging] Ua hakakā ʻo ia i ke kuni, ka ʻeha a me ka mumū. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka wā o ka maʻi maʻi maʻi Spanish kaulana, i ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ola i ka makahiki 1918-1919 ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Honua I. ʻO Aspirin kekahi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mua i kūʻai ʻia ma ke ʻano he papa wai-soluble (hui pū ʻia me ka starch). Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua ʻike ʻia kona hopena maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi puʻuwai.
ʻOiai aia ma ka mākeke no hoʻokahi haneli, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka aspirin i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ia hoʻi ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hana ʻia i ka nui loa (ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kānaka ma mua o 35 tons o ka hui maʻemaʻe i kēlā me kēia lā!)
Salicylic acid i loko o kā mākou hale hana
Ka manawa no nā ʻike.
ʻO ka mea mua, e aʻo kākou e pili ana i ka pane ʻano o ka aspirin protoplasty - ka huika salicylic. Pono ʻoe i ka waiʻona salicylic (nā disinfectant i kūʻai ʻia ma nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau; salicylic acid 2% wai-ethanol solution) a me kahi solution o ka hao (III) chloride FeCl.3 me ka manaʻo o ma kahi o 5%. E ninini i 1 knm i loko o ka pahu ho'āʻo.3 ka waiʻona salicylic, e hoʻohui i kekahi mau kenimika3 ka wai a me ka 1 cm.3 Haʻina FeCl3. Huli koke ka hui ʻana i ka poni-uliuli. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka hopena ma waena o ka salicylic acid a me ka hao (III):
Aspirin mai 1899 (mai ka waihona o Bayer AG)
Ua like ka waihoʻoluʻu me ka ʻīnika, ʻaʻole ia e kahaha - ʻo ka inika (e like me ka inoa o ka inika i ka wā ma mua) i hana ʻia mai nā paʻakai hao a me nā pūhui e like me ke ʻano me ka salicylic acid. ʻO ka hopena i hana ʻia he hōʻike analytical no ka ʻike ʻana i nā ion Fe.3+a ma ka manawa like e hoʻopaʻa ai i ka hele ʻana o nā phenols, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā pūhui i hoʻopili pono ʻia ka pūʻulu OH i ke apo ʻala. No kēia pūʻulu pūhui ka waikawa salicylic. E hoʻomanaʻo maikaʻi i kēia hopena - ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻulaʻula-uliuli ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka hao (III) chloride e hōʻike i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka salicylic acid (phenols ma ka laulā) i ka hāpana hoʻāʻo.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka holo hoʻāʻo e hōʻike i ka hana. ʻīnika nani. Ma kahi pepa keʻokeʻo me kahi pulupulu (toothpick, pointed match, cotton swab with a cotton pad, etc.) hana mākou i kekahi palapala a i ʻole ke kaha kiʻi me ka waiʻona salicylic, a laila hoʻomaloʻo i ka pepa. E hoʻomaʻū i ka pulupulu a i ʻole ka pulupulu me ka hoʻonā FeCl.3 (Pono ka ʻili i ka ʻili, no laila pono nā mīkina lima palekana) a holoi me ka pepa. Hiki nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka mea kanu mea kanu a i ʻole ka ʻōmole ʻōpala no nā mea ʻala a me nā mea hoʻonaninani e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka lau. Hōʻike ʻia nā leka ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula o ka kikokikona i kākau mua ʻia ma ka pepa. [ink] E hoʻomanaʻo i mea e hoʻokō ai i kahi hopena kupaianaha ma ke ʻano o ka ʻike koke ʻana o ka kikokikona, ʻo ke kumu nui ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kahi palapala i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia. ʻO ia ke kumu a mākou e kākau ai ma kahi pepa keʻokeʻo me nā hopena kala ʻole, a ke kala ʻia lākou, koho mākou i ke kala o ka pepa i kū ʻole ai ka palapala i ke kua (e laʻa, ma ka pepa melemele, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka palapala FeCl solution3 a hoʻoulu iā ia me ka waiʻona salicylic). Pili ka memo i nā kala sympatric a pau, a he nui nā hui pū e hāʻawi i ka hopena o ka hopena kala.
ʻO ka hope, ka acetylsalicylic acid
Ua pau nā ho'āʻo hoʻokolohua mua, akā ʻaʻole mākou i hōʻea i ka meʻe o ka kikokikona o kēia lā - acetylsalicylic acid. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole mākou e loaʻa iā mākou iho, akā unuhi mai ka huahana i pau. ʻO ke kumu he synthesis maʻalahi (reagents - salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, ethanol, H2SO4 a i ʻole H.3PO4), akā ʻo nā mea pono (nā ipu aniani honua, reflux condenser, thermometer, pahu kānana māmā) a me nā noʻonoʻo palekana. ʻO ka Acetic anhydride kahi wai hoʻonāukiuki loa a mālama ʻia kona loaʻa - ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia he lāʻau precursor.
ʻO ka pilikia o kahi palapala huna i hana ʻia me ka salicylic acid me kahi hopena o ka hao (III) chloride
Pono ʻoe i kahi solution 95% ethanol (no ka laʻana, decolorized denatured alcohol), he ipu (ma ka home, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia me ka ipu), kahi pahu hoʻomaha wai (he ipu hao maʻalahi i kau ʻia ma ka lole cheese), kahi kānana kit (funnel, kānana) a ʻOiaʻiʻo hoʻokahi aspirin i nā papa. E hoʻokomo i 2-3 papa o ka lāʻau i loaʻa i ka acetylsalicylic acid i loko o ka pahu (e nānā i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, mai hoʻohana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai) a ninini i 10-15 cm.3 waiʻona denatured. E hoʻomehana i ka ipu i loko o ka ʻauʻau wai a hiki i ka pau ʻana o nā papa (e kau i kahi kāwele pepa ma lalo o ka pā i ʻole e haki ka ipu). I kēia manawa, hoʻomaʻalili mākou i kahi mau ʻumi kenimika i loko o ka friji.3 wai. ʻO nā mea kōkua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau (starch, fiber, talc, nā mea ʻono) i hoʻokomo pū ʻia i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā papa aspirin. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ethanol, ʻoiai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka acetylsalicylic acid i loko. Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, kānana koke ʻia ka wai i loko o kahi ipu hou. I kēia manawa, hoʻohui mākou i ka wai anuanu, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai nā kristal o ka acetylsalicylic acid (ma 25 ° C., ma kahi o 100 g o ka hui e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i 5 g o ka ethanol, ʻoiai he 0,25 g wale nō ka nui o ka wai). E hoʻokahe i nā kristal a maloʻo i ka lewa. E hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole kūpono ka hoʻohui ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau - ua hoʻohana mākou i ka ethanol i hoʻohaumia ʻia no ka unuhi ʻana iā ia, a hiki ke hoʻomaka e decompose ka mea i nele i nā mea pale. Hoʻohana mākou i nā pilina no ko mākou ʻike.
Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e unuhi i ka acetylsalicylic acid mai nā papa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopau wale i ka lāʻau i loko o ka hui ʻana o ka ethanol a me ka wai a hoʻohana i kahi hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia (hoʻopau mākou i ke kaʻina hana ma ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka wai ʻauʻau). No kā mākou kumu, lawa kēia ʻano reagent. I kēia manawa, manaʻo wau e mālama i ka hopena o ka acetylsalicylic acid me kahi hopena o FeCl.3 (e like me ka hoʻokolohua mua).
Ua kuhi mua paha ʻoe, e ka mea heluhelu, no ke aha i loaʻa ai ia hopena?
