ʻO nā plastik i ka honua
Nā mea
I ka makahiki 2050, ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpala palaka i ke kai i ke kaumaha o nā iʻa i hui pū ʻia! Ua hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā ʻōlelo aʻo i loko o kahi hōʻike e ka Ellen MacArthur Foundation a me McKinsey i paʻi ʻia ma ka manawa o ka World Economic Forum ma Davos ma 2016.
E like me kā mākou heluhelu ʻana i ka palapala, ʻo ka ratio o nā tona o ka plastic i nā tona o nā iʻa i loko o nā wai kai i ka makahiki 2014 he hoʻokahi a ʻelima. I ka makahiki 2025, aia kekahi i loko o ʻekolu, a i ka makahiki 2050 e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻōpala plastik ... Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka hōʻike ma nā nīnauele me nā poʻe loea ma mua o 180 a me kahi loiloi o ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻelua haneli mau haʻawina ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau o ka hōʻike he 14% wale nō o ka ʻeke plastik i hana hou ʻia. No nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka recycling rate, e hoʻihoʻi ana i 58% o ka pepa a hiki i 90% o ka hao a me ke kila.
1. ʻO ka hana honua o nā plastics i ka makahiki 1950-2010
Mahalo i kona maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana, versatility a maopopo loa, ua lilo ia i mea kaulana loa i ka honua. Ua hoʻonui ʻia kona hoʻohana ʻana ma kahi o ʻelua haneli mai 1950 a i 2000 (1) a manaʻo ʻia e pālua i nā makahiki he iwakālua e hiki mai ana.
2. Kiʻi mai ka paradaiso Pākīpika o ka pae ʻāina ʻo Tuvalu
. Loaʻa iā mākou i loko o nā ʻōmole, foil, nā puka aniani, nā lole, nā mīkini kope, nā kaʻa, nā kamepiula, a me nā hale. Hiki i ka ʻōpala pôpeku ke hūnā i nā fiber synthetic ma waena o nā lau mauʻu maoli. ʻO nā ʻeke plastik a me nā ʻeke i ʻai ʻole ʻia e nā holoholona i kekahi manawa, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma nā alanui a ma nā kula (2). ʻO ka manawa pinepine, ma muli o ka nele o nā mea ʻē aʻe, puhi ʻia ka ʻōpala plastik, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā uahi ʻona i ka lewa. Hoʻopaʻa nā ʻōpala palaki i nā ʻili wai, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Kāohi lākou i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu a me ka komo ʻana o ka wai ua.
3. 'Ai ka honu i ka pepa iila
ʻO nā mea liʻiliʻi ka mea ʻino loa
Hoʻomaopopo ka nui o nā mea noiʻi ʻaʻole ʻo ka ʻōpala plastik pōʻino loa ʻaʻole nā ʻōmole PET e lana ana i ka moana a i ʻole nā piliona o nā ʻeke plastik hāʻule. ʻO ka pilikia nui loa nā mea a mākou i ʻike ʻole ai. He mau pulupulu lahilahi kēia i ulana ʻia i loko o ka lole o ko mākou mau lole. ʻO nā ʻano he nui, nā haneli o nā alanui, ma waena o nā sewers, nā muliwai, a hiki i ka lewa, komo lākou i loko o ke kaiapuni, i loko o nā kaulahao meaʻai o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Piʻi ka pōʻino o kēia ʻano haumia pae o nā hale kelepona a me DNA!
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka ʻoihana lole, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e hana ma kahi o 70 billion tons o kēia ʻano fiber i 150 billion mau ʻāpana lole, ʻaʻole maoli i hoʻoponopono ʻia ma kekahi ʻano. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā mea hana lole e like me ka hoʻopili palaki a i ʻole nā hue PET i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. He liʻiliʻi ka ʻōlelo a kākau ʻia paha e pili ana i kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana i ka pollution plastic o ka honua. ʻAʻole nō hoʻi nā kaʻina hana koʻikoʻi a paʻa pono no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā lole i hui pū ʻia me nā fibers ʻino.
ʻO kahi pilikia pili a ʻaʻole emi iki ka mea i kapa ʻia microporous plastic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻāpana synthetic liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 5 mm ka nui. Loaʻa nā granule mai nā kumu he nui - nā plastics e haki ana i ke kaiapuni, i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics, a i ʻole i ke kaʻina hana o ka abrasion o nā kaʻa kaʻa i ka wā o kā lākou hana. Mahalo i ke kākoʻo o ka hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana microplastic i loko o nā niho niho, nā ʻauʻau wai a me nā huahana peeling. Me ka lepo, komo lākou i nā muliwai a me nā kai. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau ke hopu iā lākou.
ʻO kahi nalo weliweli o ka ʻōpala
Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka makahiki 2010-2011 e kahi huakaʻi moana i kapa ʻia ʻo Malaspina, ua ʻike ʻole ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka ʻōpala palaka ma ka moana ma mua o ka manaʻo. No nā mahina. Ke helu nei ka poʻe ʻepekema i kahi iʻa e manaʻo ai i ka nui o ka plastik moana i loko o nā miliona miliona. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kahi hōʻike noiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka puke moʻolelo Proceedings of the National Academy of Science ma 2014 e kamaʻilio e pili ana i… 40. kani. Ua ʻike nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēlā Ua nalowale ka 99% o ka plastic e lana ana i loko o ka moana!
4. Palaki a me nā holoholona
Ua maikaʻi nā mea a pau? ʻAʻole loa. Manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ua komo ka plastic i nalowale i ke kaulahao meaʻai moana. No laila: ʻai nui ʻia ka ʻōpala e nā iʻa a me nā mea ola kai ʻē aʻe. Hana ʻia kēia ma hope o ka ʻāpana ma muli o ka hana a ka lā a me nā nalu. A laila hiki ke huikau nā ʻāpana iʻa e lana ana me kā lākou meaʻai - nā mea kai liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole maopopo ka hopena o ka ʻai ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka plastic a me nā mea pili ʻē aʻe me ka plastic, akā ʻaʻole paha he hopena maikaʻi (4).
Wahi a nā manaʻo conservative i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke pai ʻepekema, ʻoi aku ma mua o 4,8 miliona mau tone o ka ʻōpala plastik e komo i ka moana i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Eia naʻe, hiki ke piʻi i 12,7 miliona tons. Wahi a nā kānaka ʻepekema ma hope o ka helu ʻana, inā ʻo ka awelika o kā lākou manaʻo ma kahi o 8 miliona mau tona, e uhi ana kēlā nui o nā ʻōpala i nā mokupuni he 34 e like me Manhattan i ka papa hoʻokahi.
ʻO nā mea kākau nui o kēia mau helu ʻana he poʻe ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Santa Barbara. I ka wā o kā lākou hana, ua hui pū lākou me nā keʻena federal federal a me nā kula ʻē aʻe. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi e like me kēia mau manaʻo, mai 6350 a 245 tausani wale nō. mau tona o ka palaka e hoolele ana i ke kai e lana ana ma ka ili o ka moana. ʻO ke koena ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Wahi a ka poʻe ʻepekema, ma ke kai a ma nā kahakai a, ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, i nā meaola holoholona.
Loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻikepili hou aʻe a ʻoi aku ka weliweli. I ka hopena o ka makahiki i hala, ua paʻi ʻo Plos One, kahi waihona pūnaewele o nā mea ʻepekema, i kahi pepa hui e nā mea noiʻi mai nā haneli he nui o nā kikowaena ʻepekema nāna i manaʻo i ka nui o nā ʻōpala palaka e lana ana ma ka ʻili o ka moana o ka honua ma 268 tons! Hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou loiloi ma ka ʻikepili mai 940 mau huakaʻi i hana ʻia ma 24-2007. i loko o nā wai hoʻolālā a me ke Kaiwaenahonua.
ʻAʻole paʻa nā "Continents" (5) o ka ʻōpala plastik. Ma muli o ka simulation ka neʻe ʻana o ke au o ka wai i ka moana, ua hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻoholo ʻaʻole lākou e ʻākoakoa ma kahi hoʻokahi - akā, lawe ʻia lākou ma kahi lōʻihi. Ma muli o ka hana a ka makani ma ka ʻili o ka moana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka Honua (ma o ka mana Coriolis i kapa ʻia), ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā wai vortices i loko o nā kino nui ʻelima o kā mākou honua - i.e. ʻO ka Pākīpika ʻĀkau a me Hema, ka ʻĀkelanika ʻĀkau a me Hema a me ka Moana Inia, kahi e hōʻiliʻili mālie ai nā mea ʻili a me nā ʻōpala a pau. Hoʻololi hou ʻia kēia kūlana i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
5. Palapala 'āina o ka laha ʻana o nā ʻōpala plastik i loko o ke kai o nā ʻano nui like ʻole.
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā ala neʻe o kēia mau ʻāina ʻo ia ka hopena o nā simulation lōʻihi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana kūikawā (e hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke aniau). Ua aʻo ʻia ke ala i ukali ʻia e kekahi mau miliona ʻōpala plastik. Hōʻike ka hoʻohālike i loko o nā hale i kūkulu ʻia ma kahi o nā haneli haneli mau kilomita, aia nā kahe wai, e lawe ana i kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻōpala ma mua o ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a kuhikuhi iā ia i ka hikina. ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka nalu a me ka ikaika makani ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomākaukau ai i ke aʻo ʻana ma luna, akā ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi ke kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka wikiwiki a me ke kuhikuhi o ka lawe ʻana i ka plastic.
He kaʻa maikaʻi nō hoʻi kēia mau ʻāina ʻōpala e neʻe nei no nā ʻano maʻi maʻi a me nā maʻi bacteria, i hiki ke hoʻolaha maʻalahi.
Pehea e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i "nā ʻāina ʻōpala"
Hiki ke ʻohi ʻia me ka lima. He hōʻino ka ʻōpala palaki no kekahi, a he kumu waiwai no nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. ua hui pū ʻia lākou e nā hui honua. Nā ʻOhi ʻEkolu o ka Honua hoʻokaʻawale i ka plastik ma ka home. Hana lākou ma ka lima a i ʻole me nā mīkini maʻalahi. Ua ʻoki ʻia a ʻokiʻoki ʻia nā plastik i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a kūʻai ʻia no ka hana hou ʻana. ʻO nā mea waena ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka hoʻokele a me nā hui aupuni he mau hui kūikawā. Hāʻawi kēia hui pū ʻana i ka poʻe ʻohi i ka loaʻa kālā paʻa. I ka manawa like, he ala ia e wehe ai i ka ʻōpala plastik mai ke kaiapuni.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kūpono ka hōʻiliʻili lima. No laila, aia nā manaʻo no nā hana ʻoi aku ka makemake. No ka laʻana, hāʻawi ka hui Dutch ʻo Boyan Slat, ma ke ʻano he papahana The Ocean Cleanup hoʻokomo ʻana i nā ʻōpala e lana ana i loko o ke kai.
Ua kūleʻa maikaʻi ʻia kahi hale hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala ma kahi o Tsushima Island, aia ma waena o Iapana a me Korea. ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia e nā kumu ikehu waho. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma muli o ka ʻike i ka hopena o ka makani, ke au o ke kai a me nā nalu. ʻO nā ʻōpala palaka e lana ana, i hopu ʻia i loko o kahi pahele i ʻāwili ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi arc a i ʻole ka slot (6), e hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia i loko o kahi e hōʻiliʻili ai a hiki ke wehe maʻalahi. I kēia manawa ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka hopena ma kahi pānaʻi liʻiliʻi, pono e kūkulu ʻia nā hoʻonohonoho ʻoi aku ka nui, ʻoiai hoʻokahi haneli mau kilomita.
6. ʻOhi ʻōpala ʻōpala e lana ana ma ke ʻano o ka papahana The Ocean Cleanup.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻo James Dyson i ka papahana i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei. MV Recycloneai ole ia, mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe pahu pahu nuiʻO kāna hana ʻo ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā wai kai mai nā ʻōpala, ʻo ka hapa nui o ka plastic. Pono ka mīkini e hopu i ka ʻōpala me ka ʻupena a laila e omo me ka ʻehā centrifugal vacuum cleaners. ʻO ka manaʻo ʻo ia ka hana ʻana i waho o ka wai a ʻaʻole e hoʻopilikia i ka iʻa. ʻO Dyson kahi mea hoʻolālā ʻenehana ʻenehana Pelekane, ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe cyclone ʻeke ʻole.
A he aha kāu e hana ai me kēia ʻōpala, ke loaʻa iā ʻoe ka manawa e ʻohi ai? ʻAʻohe hemahema o nā manaʻo. No ka laʻana, manaʻo ʻo Canadian David Katz i ka hana ʻana i kahi ipu plastik ().
He ʻano kālā ka ʻōpala ma ʻaneʻi. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ke kālā, nā lole, nā meaʻai, nā top-up mobile, a i ʻole kahi paʻi 3D., ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i nā mea hale hou mai ka plastic recycled. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka manaʻo ma Lima, ke kapikala o Peru. I kēia manawa, manaʻo ʻo Katz e hoihoi i nā mana Haitian iā ia.
Hana hou ka hana, akā ʻaʻole nā mea āpau
ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "plastic" ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea, ʻo ka mea nui he synthetic, kūlohelohe a i ʻole nā polymers i hoʻololi ʻia. Hiki ke kiʻi ʻia nā plastik mai nā polymers maʻemaʻe a mai nā polymers i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "plastic" ma ka ʻōlelo colloquial ka uhi ʻana i nā huahana semi-finished no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me nā huahana i hoʻopau ʻia, inā ua hana ʻia lākou mai nā mea hiki ke helu ʻia he plastics.
Aia ma kahi o iwakālua mau ʻano plastic maʻamau. Hele mai kēlā me kēia i nā koho he nui e kōkua iā ʻoe e koho i ka mea maikaʻi loa no kāu noi. ʻElima (a ʻeono) pūʻulu nā ʻilika nui: polyethylene (PE, me ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, HD a me LD), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) a me ka polyethylene terephthalate (PET). ʻO kēia mea i kapa ʻia he ʻelima a ʻeono paha (7) uhi ʻia ma kahi o 75% o ka koi ʻEulopa no nā plastik āpau a hōʻike i ka hui nui loa o nā plastics i hoʻouna ʻia i nā pae ʻāina kūloko.
Ka hoolei ana i keia mau mea ma ka ke ahi ma waho ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia e nā loea a me ka lehulehu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā incinerators e pili ana i ke kaiapuni no kēia kumu, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻōpala a hiki i 90%.
ʻO ka waiho ʻana i nā ʻōpala ma nā ʻōpala ʻAʻole ʻona e like me ke puhi ʻana iā lākou ma waho, akā ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia i ka hapa nui o nā ʻāina kūkulu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka "paʻa paʻa," ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka polymers i ka biodegrade ma mua o ka meaʻai, ka pepa, a i ʻole ka ʻōpala metala. Ua lawa ka lōʻihi, no ka laʻana, ma Polani i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpala palaka i kēia manawa, aia ma kahi o 70 kg i kēlā me kēia kapita i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ma ka helu hoʻihoʻi ʻana a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 10%, hiki i ka puʻu hale o kēia ʻōpala ke piʻi i 30 miliona mau tona i loko o hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki..
ʻO nā mea e like me ke kaiapuni kemika, ka hoʻolaha (UV) a, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ʻāpana waiwai e hoʻopili i ka lohi o ka decomposition o ka plastic. Nui nā ʻenehana hana hou (8) e hilinaʻi nui i ka wikiwiki ʻana i kēia mau kaʻina hana. ʻO ka hopena, loaʻa iā mākou nā ʻāpana maʻalahi mai nā polymers i hiki iā mākou ke hoʻohuli hou i mea no kekahi mea ʻē aʻe, a i ʻole nā mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea maka no ka extrusion, a i ʻole hiki iā mākou ke hele i ka pae kemika - no ka biomass, ka wai, nā ʻano like ʻole. o ke kinoea, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen.
8. Nā ʻenehana hana hana hou a me nā plastik
He maʻalahi ke ala e hoʻopau ai i ka ʻōpala thermoplastic, no ka mea hiki ke hana hou i nā manawa he nui. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana, hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kahi hapa o ka polymer, ka hopena i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka huahana. No kēia kumu, hoʻohui wale ʻia kahi pākēneka o nā mea hana hou i ke kaʻina hana, a i ʻole e hana ʻia ka ʻōpala i nā huahana me nā koi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me nā mea pāʻani.
ʻO kahi pilikia nui aʻe i ka wā e hoʻopau ai i nā huahana thermoplastic i hoʻohana ʻia ka pono e hoʻokaʻawale e pili ana i ka laulā, e koi ana i nā mākau ʻoihana a me ka wehe ʻana i nā haumia mai iā lākou. ʻAʻole maikaʻi kēia i nā manawa a pau. ʻAʻole hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā plastik i hana ʻia mai nā polymers i hoʻopili ʻia.
Hiki ke ahi nā mea ola āpau, akā paʻakikī hoʻi e luku iā lākou ma kēia ʻano. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano no nā mea i loaʻa i ka sulfur, halogens a me ka phosphorus, no ka mea, i ka wā i puhi ʻia ai, hoʻokuʻu lākou i ka lewa i ka nui o nā kinoea ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka ua i kapa ʻia.
ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā pūhui aromatic organochlorine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻona ma mua o ka potassium cyanide, a me nā hydrocarbon oxides i ke ʻano o dioxanes - C4H8O2 a me furanov - C4H4E pili ana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lewa. Hōʻiliʻili lākou i loko o ke kaiapuni akā paʻakikī ke ʻike ma muli o nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka ea a me ka wai a hōʻiliʻili i loko o ke kino, hoʻoulu lākou i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi, hoʻemi i ka pale ʻana o ke kino, he carcinogenic a hiki ke hoʻololi i ka genetic.
ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka dioxin ʻo ia ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōpala i loko o ka chlorine. I mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kēia mau mea ʻino, nā mea hoʻonohonoho i hoʻolako ʻia me ka mea i kapa ʻia. mea puhi hope, ma min. 1200°C.
Hana hou ʻia ka ʻōpala ma nā ʻano like ʻole
Pānaehana ʻōpala hana hou i hana ʻia me ka plastic he kaʻina hana nui. E hoʻomaka kākou me ka hōʻiliʻili kūpono o ka sediment, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka plastic mai ka ʻōpala. Ma ka hale hana, hana mua ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a laila wili a wili, hoʻokaʻawale i nā kino haole, a laila hoʻokaʻawale i nā plastics ma ke ʻano, hoʻomaloʻo a loaʻa i kahi huahana semi-finished mai nā mea waiwai i hoʻihoʻi ʻia.
ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpala i ʻohi ʻia ma ke ʻano. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai lākou e nā ʻano hana like ʻole, maʻamau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka mechanical a me ke kemika. Loaʻa nā ʻano hana mechanical: hoʻokaʻawale lima, lele a i ʻole pneumatic. Inā haumia ka ʻōpala, hana ʻia kēlā ʻano ʻano ma ke ʻano pulu. Loaʻa nā ʻano hana kemika hydrolysis - ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mahu o nā polymers (nā mea maka no ka hana hou ʻana i nā polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes a me nā polycarbonates) a i ʻole pyrolysis wela haʻahaʻa, me ia, no ka laʻana, hoʻolei ʻia nā hue PET a me nā kaila i hoʻohana ʻia.
Ma lalo o ka pyrolysis e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻololi wela o nā mea ola i loko o kahi kaiapuni piha anoxic a i ʻole me ka oxygen liʻiliʻi. Hoʻomaka ka pyrolysis haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kahi mahana o 450-700 ° C a alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, ke kinoea pyrolysis, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai mahu, hydrogen, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide a me dioxide, a me ka hydrogen sulfide a me ammonia, aila, tar, wai a me nā mea olaola, pyrolysis coke a me ka lepo me ka nui o nā metala kaumaha. ʻAʻole pono ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka mana, no ka mea, hana ia ma ke kinoea pyrolysis i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka recirculation.
Hoʻopau ʻia a hiki i ka 15% o ke kinoea pyrolysis no ka hana o ke kau ʻana. Ke kaʻina hana no hoi produces a hiki i ka 30% pyrolysis wai, e like me ka wahie aila, i hiki ke maheleia i na hakina e like me: 30% 'aila, solvent, 50% wahie aila a me 20% wahie aila.
ʻO ke koena o nā mea waiwai lua i loaʻa mai hoʻokahi tona o ka ʻōpala: a hiki i ka 50% carbon pyrocarbonate he ʻōpala paʻa, ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai calorific kokoke i ka coke, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i wahie paʻa, carbon activated no nā kānana a i ʻole pauka e like me ka puaʻa no ka pena a hiki i ka 5% metala (stern scrap) i ka wā pyrolysis o nā kaʻa kaʻa.
Nā hale, nā alanui a me ka wahie
ʻO nā ʻano hana hana hou i wehewehe ʻia he mau hana ʻoihana koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole loaʻa lākou i kēlā me kēia kūlana. Ua loaʻa mai i ka haumāna ʻenekinia Denemaka ʻo Lisa Fuglsang Vestergaard (9) me kahi manaʻo ʻokoʻa ʻoiai ʻo ia ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Joygopalpur ma West Bengal - no ke aha e hana ʻole ai i nā pōhaku lepo i hiki i nā kānaka ke hoʻohana i ke kūkulu hale mai nā ʻeke a me nā ʻeke i hoʻopuehu ʻia?
9. Lisa Fuglsang Westergaard
ʻAʻole wale ia e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo, akā ʻo ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa i pōmaikaʻi maoli ka poʻe i komo i ka papahana. Wahi a kāna hoʻolālā, ʻohi mua ʻia ka ʻōpala a, inā pono, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka mea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi me nā ʻoki a i ʻole nā pahi. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mea maka i ʻoki ʻia i loko o kahi moʻo a kau ʻia ma luna o ka lā i hoʻomehana ʻia ai ka plastic. Ma hope o hoʻokahi hola, e hoʻoheheʻe ka plastic, a ma hope o ka maʻalili ʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke wehe i ka pōhaku i hoʻopau ʻia mai ka ʻōpala.
pōhaku lepo ʻelua mau puka e hiki ai ke wili ʻia nā lāʻau ʻohe, e hana ana i nā paia paʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka sima a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopaʻa ʻē aʻe. A laila hiki ke kāpili ʻia kēlā mau pā palaka ma ke ʻano kuʻuna, no ka laʻana, me kahi papa lepo e pale ai iā lākou mai ka lā. Loaʻa i nā hale i hana ʻia i nā pōhaku lepo, ʻaʻole e like me nā pōhaku lepo, kū lākou, no ka laʻana, i ka ua monsoon, ʻo ia ka mea e ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi.
Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia e hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻōpala plastic ma India. hana alanui. Pono nā mea hoʻomohala alanui āpau ma ka ʻāina e hoʻohana i ka ʻōpala palaka a me nā hui bituminous e like me ke kānāwai aupuni o India o Nowemapa 2015. Pono kēia e kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia e ulu nei o ka hana hou ʻana i ka plastic. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kēia ʻenehana e Prof. ʻO Rajagopalan Vasudevan o ke kula ʻenehana ʻo Madurai.
He maʻalahi loa ka hana holoʻokoʻa. Hoʻopili mua ʻia ka ʻōpala i kahi nui me ka mīkini kūikawā. A laila hoʻohui ʻia lākou i kahi hui i hoʻomākaukau pono ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻōpala i hoʻihoʻi ʻia me ka asphalt wela. Hoʻomoe ʻia ke alanui ma kahi mahana o 110 a 120 ° C.
Nui nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka palaka palaka no ke kūkulu alanui. He maʻalahi ke kaʻina hana a ʻaʻole koi i nā mea hana hou. No kēlā me kēia kilokani pōhaku, hoʻohana ʻia he 50 kalama o ka asphalt. ʻO ka hapaʻumi o ia mea he ʻōpala palaka, e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o ka asphalt i hoʻohana ʻia. Hoʻomaikaʻi pū ka ʻōpala plastik i ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili.
Ua kūkulu ʻo Martin Olazar, he ʻenekinia ma ke Kulanui o ka ʻāina Basque, i kahi laina kaʻina hana hoihoi a hoʻohiki paha no ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻōpala i nā wahie hydrocarbon. ʻO ka mea kanu, kahi i wehewehe ʻia e ka mea hoʻokumu koʻu hale hoʻoheheʻe, Hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka pyrolysis o nā meaʻai biofuel no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenekini.
Ua kūkulu ʻo Olazar i ʻelua ʻano laina hana. Hana ka mea mua i ka biomass. ʻO ka lua, ʻoi aku ka hoihoi, hoʻohana ʻia e hana hou i ka ʻōpala plastik i mau mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, no ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i nā kaila. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻōpala i kahi kaʻina pyrolysis wikiwiki i loko o ka reactor ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 500 ° C, e kōkua ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.
ʻOiai nā manaʻo hou a me nā holomua o ka ʻenehana hana hou ʻana, he hapa liʻiliʻi wale nō o 300 miliona mau tona o ka ʻōpala palaka i hana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa i kēlā me kēia makahiki i uhi ʻia e ia.
Wahi a kahi noiʻi a ka Ellen MacArthur Foundation, ʻo 15% wale nō o ka pahu i hoʻouna ʻia i nā pahu a ʻo 5% wale nō ke hana hou ʻia. Ma kahi kokoke i kahi hapakolu o nā plastics e hoʻohaumia i ke kaiapuni, kahi e noho ai lākou no nā makahiki he mau makahiki, i kekahi manawa he mau haneli mau makahiki.
E hehee ka ʻōpala iā ia iho
ʻO ka hana hou ʻana i ka ʻōpala plastik kekahi o nā kuhikuhi. He mea nui ia, no ka mea, ua hana mua mākou i ka nui o kēia ʻōpala, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻoihana e hoʻolako mau nei i nā huahana he nui mai nā mea o nā plastik nui ʻelima mau tona. Eia naʻe i ka wā lōʻihi, ʻo ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokele waiwai o nā plastic biodegradable, nā mea hana hanauna hou i hoʻokumu ʻia, no ka laʻana, ma nā derivatives o ka starch, polylactic acid a i ʻole ... siliki, e piʻi aʻe paha..
10. d2w mau ʻeke lepo ʻīlio biodegradable.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i kēia mau mea waiwai, e like me ka mea maʻamau me nā hoʻonā hou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia ka bila holoʻokoʻa no ka mea e kāpae ʻia nā kumukūʻai e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻopau ʻana.
ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo hoihoi loa i ke kahua o nā plastic biodegradable i hana ʻia mai ka polyethylene, polypropylene a me ka polystyrene, me he mea lā he ʻenehana e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hoʻohui like ʻole i kā lākou hana, ʻike ʻia e nā ʻaha kūkā. d2w (10) a i ʻole ʻO FIR.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Polani, no nā makahiki he nui i kēia manawa ka huahana d2w o ka hui Pelekane ʻo Symphony Environmental. He mea hoʻohui ia no ka hana ʻana i nā plastics palupalu a semi-rigid, kahi a mākou e koi ai i ka wikiwiki a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa pilikino. ʻO ka ʻoihana, ua kapa ʻia ka hana d2w oxybiodegradation o nā plastic. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mea i loko o ka wai, carbon dioxide, biomass a me nā trace element me ka ʻole o nā koena ʻē aʻe a me ka ʻole o ka methane.
ʻO ka inoa maʻamau d2w e pili ana i kahi ʻano o nā kemika i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i mea hoʻohui i ka polyethylene, polypropylene a me ka polystyrene. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo d2w prodegradant, ka mea e kākoʻo a hoʻolōʻihi i ke kaʻina kūlohelohe o ka decomposition ma muli o ka hopena o nā mea i koho ʻia e hāpai i ka decomposition, e like me ka mahana, Kāhu, kaomi, pōʻino mechanical a i ʻole ka hoʻolōʻihi maʻalahi.
ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kemika o ka polyethylene, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kalapona a me ka hydrogen atoms, hiki i ka wā i haki ai ka paʻa kalapona-carbon, ka mea, e hoʻemi i ke kaumaha molekala a alakaʻi i ka nalowale o ka ikaika kaulahao a me ka lōʻihi. Mahalo iā d2w, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa o nā mea a hiki i ke kanaono lā. wā hoʻomaha - ʻo ia ka mea nui, no ka laʻana, i ka ʻenehana hoʻopili - hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o ka mea ma o ka hoʻokele kūpono ʻana i nā ʻike a me nā ʻano mea hoʻohui. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, e hoʻomau ʻia ke kaʻina hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa a hiki i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa piha ʻana o ka huahana, inā he hohonu i lalo, lalo o ka wai a i waho paha.
Ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka wehe ʻana iā ia iho mai d2w. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā plastik i loaʻa i ka d2w i loko o nā laboratories ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻāʻo ka hale hana Smithers/RAPRA i ke kūpono o ka d2w no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai a ua hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea kūʻai meaʻai nui ma ʻEnelani no kekahi mau makahiki. ʻAʻohe hopena ʻawaʻawa ka mea hoʻohui a palekana no ka lepo.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole e hoʻololi koke nā hopena e like me d2w i ka hana hou ʻana i wehewehe mua ʻia, akā hiki ke komo mālie i ke kaʻina hana hou. ʻO ka hopena, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia kahi prodegradant i nā mea maka i loaʻa mai kēia mau kaʻina hana, a loaʻa iā mākou kahi mea oxybiodegradable.
ʻO ka hana aʻe he plastics, e decompose me ka ʻole o nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana. ʻO ia, no ka laʻana, e like me nā mea i hana ʻia nā uila uila ultra-thin, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kā lākou hana i ke kino kanaka., hōʻike ʻia no ka manawa mua ma ʻOkakopa i ka makahiki i hala.
Invente kaapuni uila hehee he ʻāpana o ka noiʻi nui o ka mea i kapa ʻia he fleeting - a, inā makemake ʻoe, "manawa" - uila () a me nā mea e nalowale ma hope o ka pau ʻana o kā lākou hana. Ua hoʻomohala mua nā ʻepekema i kahi ʻano hana no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ʻāpana mai nā ʻāpana lahilahi loa, i kapa ʻia nanomembrane. Hoʻopau lākou i loko o kekahi mau lā a i ʻole pule. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lōʻihi o kēia kaʻina e nā waiwai o ka papa siliki e uhi ana i nā ʻōnaehana. Hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻomalu i kēia mau waiwai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke koho ʻana i nā ʻāpana papa kūpono, hoʻoholo lākou i ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana i ka pale mau no ka ʻōnaehana.
E like me ka wehewehe ʻana e BBC Prof. ʻO Fiorenzo Omenetto o ke Kulanui o Tufts ma US: "E hana like nā mea uila hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me ka hilinaʻi e like me nā kaapuni kuʻuna, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ko lākou wahi e noho ai, i ka manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia e ka mea hoʻolālā. He mau lā a mau makahiki paha. "
Wahi a prof. ʻO John Rogers o ke Kulanui o Ilinoi, e ʻike ana i nā hiki a me nā hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻomalu ʻia e hiki mai ana. Malia paha ʻo nā manaʻo hoihoi loa no kēia mea hou i ke kahua o ka hoʻolei ʻōpala kaiapuni.
E kōkua ka bacteria?
ʻO nā plastic soluble kekahi o nā ʻano o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā mea hou loa. ʻO ka lua, e ʻimi i nā ala e hoʻoheheʻe koke ai i nā mea pōʻino i ke kaiapuni i loko o ke kaiapuni a maikaʻi inā nalo lākou mai laila.
Aʻole wale nō Ua nānā ka Kyoto Institute of Technology i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōmole plastik. I ka wā o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia aia kahi hua bacteria hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā plastics. Kāhea lākou iā ia . Ua wehewehe ʻia ka ʻike i loko o ka puke moʻolelo kaulana ʻo Science.
Hoʻohana kēia hana i ʻelua enzymes e wehe i ka polymer PET. Hoʻomaka kekahi i nā hopena kemika e wāwahi i nā molekala, kōkua kekahi e hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu. Loaʻa ka hua bacteria ma kekahi o 250 mau laʻana i lawe ʻia ma kahi kokoke i kahi mea kanu ʻōmole PET. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka pūʻulu o nā microorganisms i decomposed i ka ʻili o ka membrane PET ma ka wikiwiki o 130 mg/cm² i kēlā me kēia lā ma 30 ° C. Ua loaʻa i nā kānaka ʻepekema kahi pūʻulu like ʻole o nā microorganism ʻaʻole i loaʻa, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke metabolize PET. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau haʻawina ua hana maoli ia i ka plastic biodegrade.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu mai ka PET, hoʻoheheʻe mua ka bacteria i ka PET me kahi enzyme English (PET hydrolase) i ka mono(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalic acid (MBET), a laila hydrolyzed i ka pae aʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi enzyme English (MBET hydrolase) . ma luna o nā monomer plastik mua: ethylene glycol a me terephthalic acid. Hiki i ka bacteria ke hoʻohana pololei i kēia mau kemika e hana i ka ikehu (11).
11. Hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka PET e ka bacteria
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, he ʻeono pule piha a me nā kūlana kūpono (me kahi mahana o 30 ° C) no kahi kolone holoʻokoʻa e wehe i kahi ʻāpana ʻilika lahilahi. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻololi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki i kahi ʻike ke hoʻololi i ka helehelena o ka hana hou ʻana.
ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou e noho me nā ʻōpala plastik i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma nā wahi āpau (12). E like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea i ʻike hou ʻia ma ke kahua o ka ʻepekema waiwai, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻopau i ka plastic nui a paʻakikī hoʻi e wehe mau loa. Eia nō naʻe, inā e hoʻololi koke mākou i ka plastik biodegradable piha, pono mākou a me kā mākou mau keiki e hana i nā mea ʻai no ka manawa lōʻihi e hiki mai ana. ke au o ka plastic i hooleiia. Malia paha he haʻawina maikaʻi kēia no ke kanaka, ʻaʻole loa e haʻalele i ka ʻenehana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻana no ka mea he maʻalahi a maʻalahi?
