Noʻonoʻo o ka Philippines 1944-1945

Hoʻokokoke nā moku hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā pūʻali koa i nā kahakai o Leyte ma ʻOkakopa 20, 1944. Ua koho ʻia ka ʻaoʻao hikina o ka mokupuni no ka pae ʻana, a ʻehā mau māhele i hui pū ʻia me ʻelua mau pūʻali koa, a pau mai ka pūʻali koa ʻAmelika, ua kau koke ʻia ma luna. ʻAʻole i komo ka Marine Corps, koe naʻe ka pūʻali koa i nā hana ma Philippines.

ʻO ka hana naval Allied nui loa ma ka Pākīpika ʻo ia ka hoʻouka kaua Pilipine, mai ka hāʻule 1944 a i ke kauwela 1945. ko lakou poho kino mai ka hanohano a me ka noonoo. Eia kekahi, ua ʻoki ʻia ʻo Iapana mai kāna kumu waiwai ma Indonesia, Malaya a me Indochina, a ua loaʻa i nā ʻAmelika kahi kahua paʻa no ka lele hope loa - i nā mokupuni home Iapana. ʻO ka hoʻouka kaua Pilipine i ka makahiki 1944-1945 ʻo ia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana a Douglas MacArthur, he pūʻali koa "hōkū ʻelima" ʻAmelika, ʻo ia kekahi o nā alakaʻi nui ʻelua o ka hana keaka o ka Pākīpika.

Ua puka 'o Douglas MacArthur (1880–1962) me ka hanohano mai West Point i ka makahiki 1903 a ua ho'onoho 'ia i ka Corps of Engineers. Ma hope koke iho o kona puka 'ana mai ke kula ha'awina, hele 'o ia i Philippines, kahi i kūkulu ai 'o ia i nā pū'ali koa. He alakaʻi ʻo ia no kekahi hui ʻenekinia ma Fort Leavenworth i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ua huakaʻi pū me kona makuakāne (he pūkaua nui) i Iapana, Indonesia a me India i ka makahiki 1905-1906. I ka makahiki 1914, ua komo ʻo ia i ka huakaʻi hoʻopaʻi ʻAmelika i ke awa ʻo Mekiko o Veracruz i ka wā o ka Mexican Revolution. Ua loaʻa iā ia ka Medal of Honor no kāna mau hana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Veracruz a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe koke ʻia ʻo ia i mea nui. Ua komo ʻo ia i ka hakakā ʻana o ke Kaua Honua Mua ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o nā limahana o ka 42nd Infantry Division a piʻi aʻe i ke kūlana kolonela. Mai 1919-1922 ʻo ia ke alakaʻi o ka West Point Military Academy me ke kūlana brigadier general. I ka makahiki 1922, ua hoʻi ʻo ia i Philippines ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi o ka ʻĀpana Koa o Manila a ma hope o ke alakaʻi o ka 23rd Infantry Brigade. I ka makahiki 1925, lilo ʻo ia i pūkaua nui a hoʻi i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e noho alakaʻi i ka 1928th Corps ma Atlanta, Georgia. Mai ka makahiki 1930 a hiki i ka makahiki 1932, ua lawelawe hou ʻo ia ma Manila, Philippines, a laila—ʻoiai ʻo ia ka muli loa o ka mōʻaukala—ua lawe ʻo ia i ke kūlana Nui o nā limahana o ka pūʻali koa US ma Wakinekona, a piʻi aʻe i ke kūlana ʻehā-hōkū kenerala. Mai ka makahiki XNUMX, ʻo Major Dwight D. Eisenhower ka mea kōkua-de-camp o General MacArthur.

I ka makahiki 1935, i ka pau ʻana o ka noho aliʻi ʻana o MacArthur ma ke ʻano he poʻokela o nā limahana o ka pūʻali koa US, ua loaʻa i ka Philippines ke kūʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai ua hilinaʻi ʻia ia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ka pelekikena mua o Pilipine ma hope o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻana, ʻo Manuel L. Quezon, he hoaaloha o ka makua kāne ʻo Douglas MacArthur i hala, i hele aku i ka hope no ke kōkua ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka pūʻali koa Pilipine. Ua hōʻea koke ʻo MacArthur i Philippines a loaʻa iā ia ke kūlana o ka ilamuku Pilipine, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka pūkaua ʻAmelika. I ka pau ʻana o ka makahiki 1937, ua hoʻomaha ʻo General Douglas MacArthur.

I Iulai 1941, i ka wā i kāhea aku ai ʻo Pelekikena Roosevelt i ka pūʻali koa o ka Philippines e lawelawe federala ma mua o ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ke kaua ma ka Pākīpika, ua kauoha hou ʻo ia iā MacArthur e hana ma ke ʻano he Lutanela Kenerala, a ma Dekemaba ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ʻo ia i ke kūlana paʻa o laulaha. ʻO ka hana oihana a MacArthur ma ke ʻano he Aliʻi o ka pūʻali koa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma ka Hikina mamao - United States Army Forces Far East (USAFFE).

Ma hope o ka pale nui ʻana o ka Philippines i ka lā 12 o Malaki, 1942, ua lele ʻo MacArthur, kāna wahine a me kāna keiki, a me kekahi o kāna mau limahana limahana i Australia. Ma ʻApelila 17, 18, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kauoha hou, ka Pākīpika Hema Komohana, a ua lilo ʻo General Douglas MacArthur i luna. ʻO ia ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana o nā pūʻali hui (ka hapa nui o ʻAmelika) mai Australia a hiki i New Guinea, Philippines, Indonesia a hiki i kahakai o Kina. ʻO ia kekahi o nā kauoha ʻelua ma ka Pākīpika; he wahi ʻāina nui ia, no laila ua hoʻonoho ʻia kahi pūkaua o ka ʻāina ma ke poʻo o kēia kauoha. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo Adimarala Chester W. Nimitz ka luna o ka Central Pacific Command, kahi i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā wahi moana me nā pae moku liʻiliʻi. Ua hele lōʻihi a paʻakikī nā pūʻali koa o General MacArthur i New Guinea a me nā mokupuni ʻo Papua. I ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1942, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ke aupuni o Iapana e pohā i nā hili, ua kū mai ka nīnau - he aha ka mea e hiki mai ana?

Nā papahana hana e hiki mai ana

I ka pūnāwai o 1944, ua maopopo i nā mea a pau ke kokoke mai nei ka manawa o ka lanakila hope o Iapana. Ma ke kahua o ka hana a General MacArthur, ua hoʻolālā mua ʻia ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o ka Philippines, a laila ma Formosa (i kēia manawa ʻo Taiwan). Ua noʻonoʻo ʻia hoʻi ka hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia i ke kahakai o Kina i noho ʻia e Iapana ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā mokupuni ʻo Iapana.

I kēia manawa, ua ala mai kahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hiki ke kāʻalo i ka Philippines a hoʻouka pololei iā Formosa ma ke ʻano he kahua kūpono e hoʻouka ai iā Iapana. Ua pale ʻia kēia koho e ka adm. ʻO Ernest King, ke poʻokela o nā hana Naval ma Wakinekona (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka Luna Nui o ka US Navy) a - me ke kūlana - pū kekahi ʻo General George C. Marshall, Luna Nui o nā limahana o ka US Army. Akā naʻe, ua manaʻo ka hapa nui o nā luna koa o ka Pākīpika, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo General MacArthur a me kona poʻe ma lalo, he mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻouka ʻia i ka Philippines—no nā kumu he nui. Hāʻawi ʻo Adm. Ua hilinaʻi ʻo Nimitz i ka hihiʻo o General MacArthur ma mua o ko Wakinekona. He nui nā kumu hoʻolālā, kālai'āina a hanohano no kēia, a ma ka hihia o General MacArthur aia kekahi mau ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi (ʻaʻole me ke kumu ʻole) ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo ia e nā manaʻo pilikino; ʻO ka Philippines kahi kokoke i kona home ʻelua.