No ke aha ka nui o ke gula ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa?

Nui loa ke gula ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa, a i ʻole ma kahi o ko mākou wahi e noho nei. ʻAʻole paha he pilikia kēia, no ka mea, ua waiwai nui mākou i ke gula. ʻO ka mea, ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike mai hea mai ia. A hoʻopiʻi kēia i nā ʻepekema.

No ka mea, ua hooheheeia ka honua i kona wa i hanaia'i. ʻaneʻane o ke gula a pau o ko kākou honua i kēlā manawa, ua hāʻule paha i loko o ka piko o ka honua. No laila, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o ke gula i loaʻa ma honua loloa a ua lawe ʻia ka ʻaʻahu i ka Honua ma hope mai e nā hopena asteroid i ka wā o ka Late Heavy Bombardment, ma kahi o 4 biliona makahiki aku nei.

ʻO kahi laʻana nā waihona gula ma ke kahawai ʻo Witwatersrand ma ʻApelika Hema, ka waiwai waiwai loa i ʻike ʻia gula ma ka honua, hiʻona. Eia naʻe, ke nīnau ʻia nei kēia hiʻohiʻona i kēia manawa. Nā pōhaku kalai gula o ka Witwatersrand (1) ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma waena o 700 a me 950 miliona mau makahiki ma mua o ka hopena ka Vredefort meteorite. ʻO kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ia paha kekahi mana o waho. ʻOiai ke manaʻo nei mākou ʻo ke gula i loaʻa iā mākou i loko o nā pūpū no loko mai ia, no loko mai nō paha ia.

1. ʻO nā pōhaku gula o ke kahawai ʻo Witwatersrand ma ʻApelika Hema.

No laila mai hea mai kā mākou gula a pau ʻaʻole kā mākou? Aia kekahi mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā pahū supernova ikaika loa a hiki i nā hōkū ke hoʻohiolo. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka pilikia.

ʻo ia hoʻi he mea hiki ʻole ke hana, ʻoiai ua hoʻāʻo ka poʻe alchemist i nā makahiki he nui aku nei. E kiʻi metala ʻālohilohiHe kanahikukūmāiwa mau protons a he 90 a hiki i ka 126 neutrons pono e hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia e hana i kahi nucleus atomika like ʻole. ʻo kēia . ʻAʻole hiki pinepine ʻia kēlā hui ʻana, a i ʻole ma ka liʻiliʻi o ko mākou kaiāulu cosmic, e wehewehe. waiwai nui o ke gulai loaa ia kakou ma ka Honua a ma. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi hou i nā manaʻo maʻamau o ke kumu o ke gula, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻAʻole hāʻawi ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron (2) i ka pane piha i ka nīnau o kāna ʻike.

E hāʻule ke gula i loko o ka lua ʻeleʻele

I kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia kēlā nā mea kaumaha loa hana ʻia i ka wā e hopu ai ka nuclei o nā ʻātoma ma nā hōkū i nā molekala i kapa ʻia nā neutrons. No ka hapanui o nā hōkū kahiko, me nā mea i loaʻa ma nā hōkūhele dwarf mai kēia haʻawina, wikiwiki ke kaʻina hana a no laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo "r-process", kahi "r" e kū nei no ka "wikiwiki". ʻElua mau wahi i koho ʻia kahi e hana ʻia ai ke kaʻina hana. ʻO ka manaʻo mua loa he pahū supernova e hana ana i nā māla magnetic nui - kahi supernova magnetorotation. ʻO ka lua ka hui ʻana a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana ʻelua hoku neutron.

Nānā i ka hana nā mea kaumaha ma nā galaxia Ma keʻano laulā, ua aʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ma California Institute of Technology i nā makahiki i hala nā hōkūhele dwarf kokoke loa от Keka Telescope aia ma Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Makemake lākou e ʻike i ka wā a me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea kaumaha loa o nā galaxies. Hāʻawi nā hopena o kēia mau haʻawina i nā hōʻike hou no ka thesis e ala mai nā kumu nui o nā kaʻina hana i nā galaxes dwarf ma nā unahi lōʻihi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua hana ʻia nā mea kaumaha ma hope o ka mōʻaukala o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. No ka mea, ua manaʻo ʻia nā supernovae magnetorotational he ʻano o ke ao holoʻokoʻa mua, ʻo ka lag o ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaumaha e kuhikuhi ana i ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron ma ke kumu nui.

Nā hōʻailona spectroscopic o nā mea kaumaha, me ke gula, ua nānā 'ia i loko o August 2017 e electromagnetic observatories i loko o ka neutron star merger hanana GW170817 ma hope o ka hanana i hooiaioia e like me neutron hoku hui. Hōʻike nā kumu hoʻohālike astrophysical i kēia manawa e hoʻohua ʻia kahi hanana hui hoku neutron hoʻokahi ma waena o 3 a me 13 mau nui gula. ʻoi aku ma mua o ke gula a pau o ka honua.

Hoʻokumu nā hoku Neutron i ke gula, no ka mea, hoʻohui lākou i nā protons a me nā neutrons i loko o ka nuclei atomic, a laila hoʻokuʻu i ka nuclei kaumaha i loaʻa i loko. ākea. ʻO nā kaʻina hana like, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka nui o ke gula i makemake ʻia, hiki ke hana i ka wā o ka pahū supernova. "Akā, nui ka nui o nā hōkū e hana i ke gula i loko o ia pele i loko o nā lua ʻeleʻele," ʻo Chiaki Kobayashi (3), he astrophysicist ma ke Kulanui o Hertfordshire ma UK a me ka mea kākau alakaʻi o ka noiʻi hou loa ma ke kumuhana, i haʻi aku iā LiveScience. No laila, i loko o kahi supernova maʻamau, ʻo ke gula, inā paha i hana ʻia, ua omo ʻia i loko o ka lua ʻeleʻele.

3. ʻO Chiaki Kobayashi o ke Kulanui o Hertfordshire

Pehea kēlā mau supernova ʻē aʻe? ʻO kēia ʻano pahū hōkū, ka mea i kapa ʻia supernova magnetorotation, he supernova kakaikahi loa. hoku make milo wikiwiki ʻo ia i loko a hoʻopuni ʻia e ia papa ikaikaua olokaa wale ia i ka wa i pahū ai. Ke make ʻo ia, hoʻokuʻu ka hōkū i nā jet keʻokeʻo wela i ka lewa. Ma muli o ka huli ʻana o ka hōkū i waho, ua piha kona mau jet i nā kiko gula. ʻOiai i kēia manawa, ʻo nā hōkū i hana i ke gula he mea laha loa. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā hōkū e hana ana i ke gula a hoʻokuʻu iā ia i ka lewa.

Eia naʻe, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻo ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron a me nā supernovae magnetorotational ʻaʻole i wehewehe i kahi i loaʻa mai ai ka nui o ke gula ma ko mākou honua. "ʻAʻole lawa nā hui hōkū ʻo Neutron," wahi āna. Kobayashi. "A ʻo ka mea pōʻino, ʻoiai me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kēia kumu lua o ke gula, ua hewa kēia helu."

He paʻakikī ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka manawa pinepine nā hōkū neutron liʻiliʻi, he mau koena paʻa loa o nā supernovae kahiko, e kuʻi kekahi i kekahi. Akā ʻaʻole maʻamau kēia. Hoʻokahi wale nō ʻike ʻana o nā kānaka ʻepekema i kēia. Hōʻike nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike ʻaʻole lākou e hui pinepine e hana i ke gula i loaʻa. ʻO kēia ka hopena o ka lede Kobayashi a me kāna mau hoa hana, i paʻi ʻia ma Kepakemapa 2020 ma The Astrophysical Journal. ʻAʻole kēia ka ʻike mua loa a nā ʻepekema, akā ua hōʻiliʻili kāna hui i ka nui o ka ʻikepili noiʻi.

ʻO ka mea hoihoi, wehewehe nā mea kākau i kekahi mau kikoʻī ka nui o nā mea māmā i loaʻa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e like me ke kalapona ¹²C, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ke kaumaha ma mua o ke gula, e like me ka uranium ²³⁸U. Ma kā lākou mau hiʻohiʻona, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka nui o ia mea e like me ka strontium e ka hui ʻana o nā hōkū neutron, a me ka europium ma ka hana a nā supernovae magnetorotational. ʻO ia nā mea i pilikia ai ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka nui o ko lākou hanana ʻana ma ka lewa, akā ʻo ke gula, a i ʻole ka nui, he mea pohihihi.