E hoʻāʻo i ka loaʻa ʻana o Charles Goodyear a me ka hemahema o Henry Ford

ʻO ke kāpili kūlohelohe ka mea nui i nā kaʻa kaʻa a hiki i kēia lā.

Ma nā kākau a nā mea ʻike ʻAmelika Hema e like me Eranando Cortez, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā moʻolelo o nā kamaʻāina e pāʻani ana me nā pōpō resin, a hoʻohana pū lākou i ka uhi ʻana i kā lākou mau moku. I ʻelua haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehewehe kahi ʻepekema Palani i kahi kumulāʻau ma ka moku ʻo Esmeralda, kahi a nā kamaʻāina i kapa ai heve. Inā hana ʻia nā ʻoki i loko o kona ʻili, e hoʻomaka ke kahe wai keʻokeʻo e like me ka waiū mai loko o lākou, a lilo ia i paʻakikī a ʻeleʻele i ka ea. Na kēia ʻepekema kēia i lawe mai i nā pūʻulu mua loa o kēia kēpau i ʻEulopa, a ka poʻe Indians i kapa ai ʻo ka-hu-chu (kahe kahe). I ka mua, ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ma ke ʻano he peni holoi penikala, akā ua loaʻa mālie i nā noi ʻē aʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea nui loa i loaʻa ma kēia wahi na ka ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Charles Charles Goodyear, nāna i hoʻolilo kālā he nui i nā hoʻokolohua kemika like ʻole e hana i ka kāpili. ʻO kāna moʻolelo nui kāna hana nui loa, ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hana kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo vulcanization, ua hana ʻia me ka pōʻino ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o Dunlop e hana i nā huila pneumatic. I nā makahiki 30, i ka wā o nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua a Goodyear, ua hāʻule hewa ʻole kahi ʻāpana i kahi ipu hao hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, e hāʻawi ana i kahi ʻala ʻala ʻē aʻe. Hoʻoholo ʻo ia e ʻimi hohonu hou a ʻike i ka puhi ʻia o kona mau kihi, akā ua lilo ka mea nui i ikaika a paʻa. Ma hope o nā hoʻokolohua he haneli, ua hiki iā Goodyear ke hoʻoholo i ka lāki hoʻohuihui kūpono a me ka mahana e hiki ai i ke kāpili ke hoʻololi i kona mau ʻano me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke kāʻei ʻana. Ua paʻi ʻo Goodyear i nā hua o kāna hana ma luna o kahi pākeke a wahī ʻia i loko o kahi kāpili synthetic paʻakikī. Hana maʻalahi ʻia i kēia ala ke kāpili (a i ʻole ke kāpili, e like me kā mākou e kāhea aku ai, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo no ka huahana holoʻokoʻa) ua komo nui i loko o nā ola o ka poʻe, e lawelawe ana no ka hana ʻana i nā pacifiers, kāmaʻa, hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻi a pēlā aku. No laila, hoʻi ka moʻolelo iā Dunlop a me Michelin, ka mea e ʻike nei i kēia pakanā ma ke ʻano he mea waiwai no kā lākou huahana, a e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai, e kapa ʻia kahi ʻoihana huila maikaʻi ma hope o Goodyear. Aia nā maka āpau i ka moku Putumayo, ma ka palena ma waena o Brazil, ʻEkuador, Peru a me Colombia. Ma laila kahi e ʻimi lōʻihi nei nā India i ka rubber mai ka hevea Brazil a i ʻole hevea brasiliensis, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia i nā ʻepekema puni. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kāpili Brazil ma ke kauhale ʻo Fara ma kahi o 50 mau makahiki, a ʻo kēia kahi e hele ai ʻo Michelin, Metzeler, Dunlop, Goodyear a me Firestone e kūʻai i nā nui o kēia mea hoʻokalakupua. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻonui koke ʻia ia, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia kahi laina kūikawā kūikawā 400 km lōʻihi. I kēia manawa, ua hiki i ke aupuni kolone Portuguese ke hana i kālā hou, a ua lilo ka hana ʻana o ka lākeke i mea nui. Eia nō naʻe, hihiu ka Hevea ma kēia wahi a ulu hewahewa, e hoʻolaha ana ma nā wahi nui loa. No ka ulu ʻana iā lākou, lawe nā luna o Berazila i mau tausani mau Indians i nā wahi waiwai, no laila ua luku ʻia nā wahi noho a pau ma Brazil.

Mai Brazil a i ka Hikina Hema

ʻO nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o kēia ʻōpala mea kanu ʻōiwi ke kumu mai ka Belgian Congo i kākoʻo ʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻololi maoli ʻana i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau maoli ka hana a ka poʻe Pelekania, nāna e hoʻomaka i ka mahiʻai ʻana ma nā mokupuni nui e like me Borneo a me Sumatra ma ka ʻāina Far Asia-Pacific.

Ua hoʻomaka nā mea a pau ma muli o kahi hana malū a ke aupuni mōʻī, ka mea i hoʻolālā lōʻihi e kanu i nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau ma nā kolone Pelekane a me Dutch ma Asia Hikina Hema, kahi e like ai ke ea me Brazil. Ua hoʻouna ʻia kahi botanist Pelekane i Brazil a, ma ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana i nā orchids i wahī ʻia i ka moss a me ka lau maiʻa, ua hoʻokō ʻia e hoʻokuʻu aku i 70 mau hua hevea. ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, 000 mau ʻanoʻano kanu pono ʻia i ulu aʻe ma ka hale pāma ma Kew Gardens, a ua lawe ʻia kēia mau mea kanu i Ceylon. A laila kanu ʻia nā mea kanu ulu ma Asia Hema, a pēlā e hoʻomaka ai ka mahi ʻana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe. A hiki i kēia lā, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka unuhi i nīnau ʻia ma ʻaneʻi - ʻoi aku ma mua o 3000% o ka lāʻau kūlohelohe i hana ʻia ma Asia Hema - ma Thailand, Malaysia a me Indonesia. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā heves ma nā lālani paʻa o ka ʻāina mahiʻai, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka unuhi ʻana i ka lāʻau ma mua o Brazil. Ma ka makahiki 80, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1909 miliona mau lāʻau e ulu ana ma ia wahi, a ʻaʻole like me ka poʻe hana hoʻomāinoino ma Brazil, ʻo ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau ma Malaya he laʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻoihana - ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he hui hui, i helu ʻia ma ka London Stock Exchange, a ua loaʻa nā hoʻopukapuka kālā. kiʻekiʻe loa. Eia kekahi, hiki ke ʻohi ʻia i ka makahiki a puni, ʻaʻole like me Brazil, kahi hiki ʻole i ka wā ua ʻeono mahina, a ola maikaʻi nā limahana ma Malaya a loaʻa ka uku maikaʻi.

ʻO ka ʻoihana o ka ʻohi ʻana i ka lāʻau kūlohelohe he ʻano like ia me ka ʻoihana o ka ʻili ʻana i ka aila: makemake ka mākeke e hoʻonui i ka ʻai a pane i kēia ma ka ʻimi ʻana i nā māla hou a i ʻole ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu hou. Eia nō naʻe, he manawa ko lākou e komo ai i ke aupuni, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono lākou ma kahi o 6-8 mau makahiki e hāʻawi i ka ʻohi mua ma mua o ko lākou komo ʻana i ke kaʻina mākeke a hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻo ka rubber synthetic, ka mea a mākou e kūkākūkā ai ma lalo nei, ʻo ia kekahi o nā huahana liʻiliʻi o ke kemika synthetic ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i kekahi o nā ʻano waiwai nui o ke ʻano maoli a waiho ʻole i kahi mea ʻē aʻe. I kēia lā, ʻaʻohe mea i hana i nā mea kūpono e hoʻololi iā lākou 100%, a no laila ʻo nā hui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā kaila like ʻole he ʻano like ʻole o ka huahana kūlohelohe a me ka synthetic. No kēia kumu, hilinaʻi loa ke kanaka i nā mea kanu ma Asia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia. He mea kanu palupalu ʻo Hevea, a ke hoʻomanaʻo mau nei ka poʻe Brazil i nā manawa i luku ʻia ai kā lākou mau mahiʻai āpau e kahi ʻano poʻo kūikawā - no kēia kumu, i kēia lā ʻaʻole i waena o nā mea hana nui. ʻAʻole hiki i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e ulu i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, ʻaʻole wale no nā kumu mahiʻai, akā no nā kumu ʻenehana hoʻi - ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hale hana paʻa e hana e like me nā kikoʻī o nā mea kaumaha. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, ua noho ʻo Iapana i nā wahi ulu hevea, me ka koi ʻana iā lākou e hōʻemi nui i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa, hoʻomaka i kahi hoʻolaha hana hou, a ʻimi i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā Chemists ke hana i kahi hui o nā rubbers synthetic a hoʻopau i ka deficit, akā, e like me kā mākou i ʻōlelo mua ai, ʻaʻohe hui e hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe. Aia i nā makahiki XNUMX, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka papahana o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka rubber synthetic maikaʻi i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ua hilinaʻi hou ka ʻoihana i ka ʻōpala kūlohelohe.

Nā hoʻokolohua a Henry Ford

Akā ʻaʻole mākou e ʻike i nā hanana - i ka makahiki 20 o ke kenekulia i hala, ua hopohopo ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka makemake e ulu i ka hevea iā lākou iho a ʻaʻole makemake lākou e hilinaʻi i ka makemake o ka poʻe Pelekania a me ka Dutch. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻo Industrialist Harvey Firestone e ulu i nā mea kanu lāʻau lapaʻau ma Liberia ma ke kumu a Henry Ford, a ua hoʻolilo ʻo Thomas Edison i ka hapa nui o kāna waiwai e ʻimi ana i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe e hiki ke ulu ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Eia naʻe, ʻo Henry Ford ka mea i ʻeha loa ma kēia wahi. I ka makahiki 1927, ua hoʻolako kālā ʻo ia i kahi papahana miliona miliona ma Brazil i kapa ʻia ʻo Fordland, kahi i kūleʻa ai ke kanaka Pelekane ʻo Henry Wickman i ka huki ʻana i nā hua o ka hevea i hoʻokumu ai i ka ʻoihana pāpaʻi Asia. Ua kūkulu ʻo Ford i ke kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa me nā alanui a me nā hale, nā hale hana, nā kula a me nā hale pule. Nui nā ʻāina i lūlū ʻia me nā miliona o nā hua papa mua i lawe ʻia mai Dutch East Indies. I ka makahiki 1934, ua hoʻohiki nā mea a pau i ka holomua o ka papahana. A laila hiki mai ka mea hiki ʻole ke hana - ʻo ka mea nui ke mow i nā mea kanu. E like me ke ahulau, i ka makahiki hoʻokahi wale nō e luku ai i nā mahiko a pau. ʻAʻole haʻalele ʻo Henry Ford a hoʻāʻo ʻelua, ma kahi ʻoi aku ka nui, e kūkulu i ke kūlanakauhale nui aʻe a kanu i nā mea kanu.

Ua like ka hopena, a ʻo ka monopolī o ka Hikina Hema ma ke ʻano he mea hana nui i nā kūpeʻe maoli i koe.

A laila hiki mai ke Kaua Honua II. Ua noho nā Kepanī ma ia wahi a ua hoʻoweliweli i ke ola holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻoihana kapena ʻAmelika. Ke hoʻomaka nei ke aupuni i kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolalelale nui, akā ke kū nei ka ʻāina i ka hapa nui o nā huahana rubber, me nā mea synthetic. Ua hoʻopakele ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika e nā kuʻikahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa a me ka hui ʻana ma luna o ka manaʻo o ka hana wikiwiki ʻana i kahi ʻoihana synthetic - ma ka hopena o ke kaua, ʻoi aku ma mua o 85% o ka hana ʻana i ka lāʻau mai kēia kumu. I kēlā manawa, ua kūʻai ka papahana i ke aupuni US he $ 700 miliona a ʻo ia kekahi o nā hana ʻenehana nui loa o ko mākou manawa.

(e ukali)

Kikokikona: ʻO Georgy Kolev