Mai Kahiko a hiki i nā haʻuki nani
ʻAʻole i kaulana ʻo Polani no kahi ʻoihana kaʻa ikaika a hou, akā i ka wā interwar a i ka wā o ka Polani People's Republic, ua hana ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona hoihoi a me nā prototypes o nā kaʻa. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e hoʻomanaʻo mākou i nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana automotive Polish a hiki i 1939.
I ka manawa a ma hea i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kaʻa kaʻa mua ma Polani? Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o nā kumu i hiki mai iā mākou, paʻakikī ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi pane maopopo ʻole i kēia nīnau. Eia kekahi, i kēlā me kēia manawa, ʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā mea hou i loko o ka waihona e wehewehe ana i nā hiʻohiʻona i ʻike ʻole ʻia. Eia naʻe, nui nā hōʻailona e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pāma ʻO Warsaw Society no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa ka liʻiliʻi nā kaʻa ʻekolu. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, liʻiliʻi ka ʻike e pili ana iā lākou no ka mea ua banekorupa ka hui ma hope o kekahi mau mahina o ka hana.
No laila, ʻo ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa mua i kākau ʻia i kūkulu ʻia ma Polani Kahikokūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1912 hale kaʻa a me nā kaʻa ma Krakow. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o Nymburk, i hānau ʻia ma Czech Republic Bogumila Behine I kēlā manawa, ua hana ʻia ʻelua prototypes o nā "car trolleys" - nā kaʻa liʻiliʻi ʻelua mau noho o ke ʻano he 2,2 m wale nō ka lōʻihi. Ma muli o ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole o nā alanui ma Galicia, ua loaʻa i ke kaʻa Krakow kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina o 25 cm. Ua lako ia me ka 1385 cc ʻehā pahu.3 a me 10-12 hp, ea-cooled, i pau i ka 7-10 l / 100 km. Ma ka palapala hoʻolaha, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana hoʻokele o ke kaʻa. ʻO ka ʻenekini "ua kaulike maikaʻi ʻia a he holo mālie loa me ka haʻalulu ʻole. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻā ʻana me ke kōkua ʻana o kahi magnet Ruthard, ʻoiai ma ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā kipi, e hāʻawi i kahi ʻālohilohi lōʻihi a ikaika, no laila ʻaʻole ia he mea paʻakikī loa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka ʻenekini. Hiki ke loli ka wikiwiki ma muli o kahi hoʻolālā patent e hiki ai i ʻelua mau wikiwiki i mua a me hoʻokahi wikiwiki hoʻohuli. Ua hoʻoili ʻia ka mana i nā huila hope ma o nā kaulahao a me kahi kumu kākoʻo. " ʻO nā hoʻolālā o nā mea hana o ka Star he mea makemake nui - he kanalima mau kaʻa e kūkulu ʻia ma 1913, a ʻo XNUMX mau kaʻa i ka makahiki i nā makahiki ma hope, akā ʻo ka nele o ke kālā i pale i kēia pahuhopu mai ka hoʻokō ʻana.
SCAF, Polani a me Stetische
I ka lua o ka Polani-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ua hana ʻia kekahi mau kaʻa prototype i haʻahaʻa loa i nā kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia ma ke Komohana, a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o lākou i nā mea he nui. Ua hana ʻia nā hoʻolālā kūloko i nā makahiki 20 a me 30, ʻoiai i ka makahiki i hala aku nei ua kāohi ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana kaʻa Polani e kahi palapala laikini i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma 1932 me ka Italian Fiat, kahi i kāpae ʻia ai ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana aku i nā kaʻa kūloko holoʻokoʻa. he umi makahiki. . . . Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e waiho nā mea hoʻolālā Polani i ko lākou mau lima no kēia kumu. A ʻaʻole i nele ko lākou manaʻo. I loko o ka wā interwar, ua hana ʻia nā prototypes hoihoi loa o nā kaʻa - i manaʻo ʻia no ka mea kūʻai waiwai, a me nā hoa Polish o ka Volkswagen Beetle, i.e. kaʻa no ka lehulehu.
I ka makahiki 1920, ʻelua mau mea hoʻolālā akamai mai Warsaw. Stefan Kozlowski i Anthony Fronczkowski, kūkulu i prototype me kahi inoa huna SCAF
"ʻAʻole nā kaʻa o kā mākou hui i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa i hana ʻia ma ʻaneʻi a ma ʻaneʻi, akā koho wale ʻia ma aneʻi: ʻo ke kaʻa holoʻokoʻa a me nā kaʻa kaʻa, koe naʻe nā kaila, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hana ʻia i loko o kā mākou mau hale hana, ua hoʻololi kūikawā ʻia nā ʻāpana āpau. i kekahi i kekahi e hana i kahi hoʻolālā slender a me ka ʻoluʻolu, kahi holoʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka makemakika," hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea hana o ke kaʻa i loko o kahi palapala hoʻolaha. ʻO ka inoa o ke kaʻa i loaʻa mai nā hua mua o nā mea hoʻolālā ʻelua, a aia ka mea kanu ma Warsaw, ma ke alanui. ʻO Rakowiecka 23. ʻO ke kumu hoʻohālike SKAF mua he kaʻa liʻiliʻi ʻelua noho me kahi huila o 2,2 m, i hoʻolako ʻia me ka mīkini pahu hoʻokahi me ka neʻe ʻana o 500 cmXNUMX.3, wai anuanu. ʻO ke kaumaha o ke kaʻa he 300 kg wale nō, kahi i hoʻolimalima nui ai ke kaʻa - 8 lita o ka ʻaila lāʻau lapaʻau a me 1 lita o ka aila i pau no 100 km. ʻO ka mea pōʻino,ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ke kaʻa i nā mea kūʻai aʻaʻole i hele i ka hana nui.
Ua like ka hopena iā ia kaiaulu Polani, he kaʻa i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1924 Pelekania Mykola Karpovski, he loea kaulana i Warsaw ma ke kahua o nā hoʻololi i hoʻokomo ʻia ma nā kaʻa e holo a puni ke kapikala - incl. kaulana ʻo "MK gasoline saving system" i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa Ford, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo T. Karpovsky i kāna kaʻa mai nā ʻāpana o nā mea kaulana Western, akā i ka manawa like i hoʻohana i nā hopena he nui i kēlā manawa, e like me ka hōʻailona hoʻohana aila a i ʻole nā paia lahilahi. lawe i nā pūpū ma nā lāʻau hoʻohui. Hoʻokahi wale nō kope o ka diaspora Polani i hana ʻia, a ua pau i ka puka makani o ka hale kūʻai ʻono ʻo Franboli ma ke alanui Marszałkowska, a laila kūʻai ʻia ma ke ʻano he makana loteri aloha.
ʻElua mau kaʻa Polish Ralf-Stetysz i hōʻike ʻia ma ka International Salon ma Palisa i ka makahiki 1927 (kohi NAC)
Pōmaikaʻi iki lākou. Jan Laski ʻO Odraz Helu Stefan Tyshkevich. ʻO ka mea mua o lākou i hana ʻia ma Warsaw ma 1927 ma ke alanui. Kālā kala Hui Kaʻa Kaʻa AS, a ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā kaʻa i hana ʻia ma laila i nā moʻo liʻiliʻi Eng. ʻO Alexander Liberman, lawelawe lākou i nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā minibuses. Ua wehe ʻo Tyszkiewicz i kahi hale hana liʻiliʻi ma Paris i ka makahiki 1924: ʻO ka mahiʻai, kaʻa a me ka mea kanu mokulele o Count Stefan Tyszkiewicz, a laila hoʻoneʻe i ka hana i Warsaw, ma ke alanui. Hale Hana 3. ʻO ke kaʻa o Count Tyshkevich - Ralph Stetish - hoʻomaka e lanakila i ka mākeke no ka mea he mau ʻenekini 1500 cc maikaʻi kāna3 i 2760 knm3, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i nā alanui Polani pōʻino. ʻO ka ʻike hoʻolālā he ʻokoʻa paʻa, kahi i hiki ai, no ka laʻana, ke kaʻa i ka ʻāina puʻu. Ua komo maikaʻi ʻo Stetishes i nā hoʻokūkū kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē. Hōʻike ʻia lākou e like me ke kaʻa mua mai Polani, ma ka International Motor Show ma Paris i ka makahiki 1926. ʻO ka pōʻino, i ka makahiki 1929, ua hoʻopau ke ahi i kahi pūʻulu nui o nā kaʻa a me nā mīkini a pau e pono ai no ka hana hou. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Tyszkiewicz e hoʻomaka hou a ʻo ia ke kumu i komo ai ʻo ia i ka māhele ʻana o Fiats a me Mercedes.
Nā hale kūʻai hoʻoponopono kaʻa waena
Hoʻonanea a haʻuki
Ua kūkulu ʻia nā kaʻa ʻelua ma mua o ke kaua Nā hale kūʻai hoʻoponopono kaʻa waena ma Warsaw (mai ka makahiki 1928 ua hoʻololi lākou i ko lākou inoa i Nā Hana ʻEnekinia Mokuʻāina). Ka mua CWS T-1 - ke kaʻa Polani nui nui mua. Ua hoʻolālā ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1922-1924. Pelekania Tadeusz Tanski. Ua lilo ia i mea ʻano honua e hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻa a hui hou me hoʻokahi kī (pono wale nō kahi mea hana hou e wehe i nā ihoiho)! Ua ho'āla ka kaʻa i ka hoihoi nui ma waena o nā poʻe pilikino a me ka pūʻali koa, no laila mai ka makahiki 1927 ua komo ia i ka hana nui. Ma ka makahiki 1932, i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai ka ʻaelike Fiat i ʻōlelo ʻia, ma kahi o ʻewalu haneli CWS T-1 i kūkulu ʻia. He mea nui nō hoʻi ia i hoʻolako ʻia me kahi mana mana 3-cylinder hou me ka mana o 61 lita a me XNUMX hp, me nā kīwaha i kahi poʻo alumini.
I ka wā o Fiat, ʻaʻole i haʻalele nā mea ʻenekini CWS/PZInż i ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana i kahi limousine nani Polish. I ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻomaka ka hana hoʻolālā, no laila ua kapa ʻia ka mīkini haʻuki makamae. Hui ma lalo o ka hooponopono Pelekania Mieczyslaw Dembicki I loko o ʻelima mau mahina, ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi chassis hou loa, a ma hope o kekahi manawa ua lako ʻia me kahi ʻenekini 8-cylinder waiwai o kāna hoʻolālā ponoʻī, me ka neʻe ʻana o 3888 cc.3 a me 96 hp Eia naʻe, ʻo ke kino ka mea kupanaha loa - he hana noʻeau. engl. Stanislav Panchakevich.
Aerodynamic, streamline kino me nā kukui i hūnā ʻia i nā fenders i hana ʻo Lux-Sport i kaʻa hou. ʻO ka nui o nā hoʻonā hou i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia kaʻa ma mua o ko lākou manawa. ʻO nā hopena o ka hana a nā mea hoʻolālā Polani, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe: kahi hoʻolālā chassis frame, kahi hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa double wishbone i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā huila ʻehā, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe hydraulic hana pālua, ka lubrication maʻalahi o nā mea chassis pili, ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana me nā torsion bar, Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻāʻī o loko o ka hale, kānana aila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ponoʻī, wipers pneumatic a me ka mana hoʻomāmā. ʻO ka wikiwiki loa o ke kaʻa ma kahi o 135 km / h.
ʻO kekahi o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e hoʻokele i kahi kaʻa prototype ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoponopono o ke kaua mua "Avtomobil" Tadeusz Grabowski. ʻO kāna hōʻike e pili ana i kēia huakaʻi e hopu pono i nā pono o ka limousine Polish:
"ʻO ka mea mua, ua pā wau i ka maʻalahi o ka hana: hoʻohana ʻia ka clutch i ka wā e huki wale ai, a laila ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka pahu e hoʻohana ana i ka lever ma lalo o ka huila, me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā mana ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia me ke kinoea ʻole, me ke kinoea, wikiwiki a lohi paha - e hana maʻalahi ka pahu uila Cotala a ʻaʻole ʻae i nā hewa. (...) Hoʻohui koke wau i ke kinoea: lele ke kaʻa i mua, me he mea lā mai kahi maʻa, hiki koke i 118 km / h. (…) ʻIke au i ke kaʻa, ʻaʻole like me nā kaʻa maʻamau me ke kino, ʻaʻole e hālāwai me ka nui o ka pale ʻana i ka ea. (...) Ke hoʻomau nei mākou i ko mākou ala, ʻike wau i kahi laina ʻokoʻa o nā cobblestones i hana ʻia me nā pōhaku kula. Manaʻo wau e lohi i ka XNUMX a paʻi i nā puʻupuʻu e manaʻo ana i kahi ʻōwili paʻakikī e like me ke kaʻa maʻamau. Ua hauʻoli wau, ke holo maikaʻi nei ke kaʻa.
I kēlā manawa, ʻo ia kekahi o nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa hou loa o ka honua, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka poʻe Kelemania i kope i nā hopena Polish ma nā leka Hanomag 1,3 a me Adler 2,5 lita kaʻa. 58 ʻO ka puka ʻana o ke kaua i hoʻopau i kēia mau manaʻo.
Maikaʻi a maikaʻi
hiki ke hoʻolālā Polani Pelekania Adam Gluck-Gluchowski 'o ia ka hana 'ana i ka'a li'ili'i, ma'alahi e 'ākoakoa a maka'u "no nā kānaka." ʻAʻole kumu maoli ka manaʻo ponoʻī. nui nā hui o ke Komohana i hana ma ia mau kaʻa, akā ua ʻike lākou ma ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā kaʻa waiwai nui, ʻoiai ʻIradam (ua loaʻa ka inoa mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā inoa o ka ʻenekinia a me kāna wahine ʻo Irena), i hoʻolauna ʻia i ka makahiki 1926, he hale i hana ʻia mai ka wā ʻōpala ma nā manaʻo hou loa. ʻO ka noho ʻekolu i hoʻolako mua ʻia me nā ʻenekini 500, 600 a me 980 cc hoʻokahi a me ʻelua pahu.3. Ua hoʻolālā pū ʻo Glukhovsky e hoʻohana i kahi pahu pahu pahu 1-lita a kūkulu pū i kahi mana ʻehā noho. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻekolu wale nō kope o kēia kaʻa hou i hana ʻia.
ʻO nā hoʻāʻo hoihoi ʻē aʻe e hana i kahi kaʻa haʻahaʻa he mau hiʻohiʻona AW, Antoni Ventskovski ai ole ia, VM Vladislav Mrajski. Eia naʻe, ʻo nā prototypes kaʻa hoihoi loa no ka lehulehu he mau hana noʻeau. Pelekania ʻO Stefan Praglovsky, he limahana o ka Galician-Carpathian Oil Joint Stock Company ma Lviv. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā kaʻa i kapa ʻia e ia Galkar i ʻO Radwan.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Stefan Praglovsky i ka papahana mua i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 30. No ka mea he mea maʻalahi ke kaʻa, ua manaʻo ka ʻenekinia e ʻae ka ʻenehana no kāna hana ʻana i ka hana ʻana o nā mea āpau ma nā mīkini maʻalahi a maʻalahi. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Pragłowski i kekahi o kāna mau hoʻolālā hoʻolālā ponoʻī a me kēia manawa ma Galkar, incl. torque converter e hāʻawi ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kaʻa stepless (ʻaʻohe paʻa) a me ka hoʻokuʻu kūʻokoʻa o nā huila āpau. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka prototype i ka hāʻule o 1932, akā ʻo ka hāʻule ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai honua a me ke kau inoa ʻana e ke aupuni Polani o ka ʻaelike i ʻōlelo ʻia me Fiat i hoʻōki i ka hana hou ma ka Galcar.
Eia naʻe, he kanaka paʻakikī a kūpaʻa ʻo Stefan Praglovsky. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ʻike i loaʻa i ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kāna prototype mua, i ka makahiki 1933 ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana ma kahi mīkini hou - ʻo Radwan, nona ka inoa i kapa ʻia i ka lole ʻohana Praglowski. ʻO ke kaʻa hou he ʻehā-puka, ʻehā noho ʻelua-stroke, i lako me ka SS-25 engine, i hana ʻia ma Polani (Steinhagen a me Stransky). No ka ho'ēmiʻana i nā kumukūʻai hana, hanaʻia ka hale me ka dermatoid, he plastic e like me kaʻili. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā hopena hou a pau i ʻike ʻia mai Galkar ma Radwan. ʻO ke kaʻa hou naʻe, he hana kino hou loa ia, i kuʻi me kona ʻano hou a hāʻawi i ke kaʻa i kahi hiʻohiʻona haʻuki. ʻO ke kaʻa, i hōʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu, ua hoʻāla i ka makemake nui (e like me Galkar a me WM, he 4 zł wale nō ke kumu kūʻai), a ʻo nā ʻāpana Radwan mua i manaʻo ʻia e ʻōwili i ka laina hui i nā makahiki 40.
Polani Fiat
Hoʻolaha no Polish Fiat 508
I ka pau ʻana o ka huakaʻi huakaʻi i nā manawa o ka lua o ka Commonwealth Polish-Lithuanian, e haʻi pū mākou Polani Fiat 508 Junak (e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike i hana ʻia ma ko mākou ʻāina i kapa inoa ʻia), ʻo ka "keiki" koʻikoʻi o ka ʻaelike laikini me Italia. Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kaʻa ma ka prototype Italia, akā ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻomaikaʻi ma Polani - ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ke kiʻi, ua hoʻoikaika ʻia ka axle mua, hope axle, nā pūnāwai a me nā cardan shafts, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka pahu pahu ʻekolu me ka wikiwiki ʻehā. ʻekahi. , ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mana engine i 24 hp, a ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻano hoʻomaha. ʻOi aku ka poepoe o ke kino. I ka pau ʻana o ka hana ʻana, ʻaneʻane hana ʻia ke kaʻa ma Polani mai nā ʻāpana Polani; ʻaʻole i emi iho ma mua o 5% o nā mea i lawe ʻia mai. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia lākou ma lalo o ka slogan catchy "ʻo ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka maʻalahi o ka ʻoihana." ʻO ka Fiat 508 ka mea kānalua ka kaʻa kaulana loa ma mua o ke kaua Polani. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kaua, ma kahi o 7 tausani mau kaʻa i hana ʻia. kope. Ma waho aʻe o ka hiʻohiʻona 508, ua hana pū mākou: kahi hiʻohiʻona nui 518 Mazuria, nā kaʻa kaʻa 618 Hekili i 621 L a me nā pūʻali koa o ka 508, i kapa ʻia Jeep.
ʻO ka papa inoa o nā prototypes pre-war prototypes a me nā hiʻohiʻona, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi. Me he mea lā e komo mākou i nā makahiki 40 me nā hoʻolālā hou a me nā hoʻolālā kumu. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II a me kāna mau hopena pōʻino, pono mākou e hoʻomaka mai ka ʻōpala. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o kēlā ma ka ʻatikala aʻe.
