Hana Husky ʻāpana 1

E lele ana ka moku pae moku LCM ma ka ʻaoʻao o USS Leonard Wood e hele ana i nā kahakai o Sicily; Iulai 10, 1943

Ma ke ʻano o nā kaua ma hope i hāʻawi ʻia ai ka mōʻaukala i mea kaulana, e like me Operation Overlord, ʻo ka pae ʻana o Allied ma Sicily e like paha me kahi hanana liʻiliʻi. Eia naʻe, i ke kauwela o 1943, ʻaʻohe mea i noʻonoʻo. ʻO Operation Husky ka hana hoʻoholo mua i hana ʻia e nā hoa pili Komohana e hoʻokuʻu iā ʻEulopa. Ma luna o nā mea a pau, akā naʻe, ʻo ia ka hana nui mua loa o ka hui ʻana o ke kai, ka ea a me ka ʻāina - ma ka hana, he hoʻomaʻamaʻa lole no ka pae ʻana i Normandy i ka makahiki aʻe. Ua kaumaha ʻia e ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻo ʻApelika ʻĀkau a me ka hopena o ka manaʻoʻiʻo Allied, ua hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻāʻī nui loa i ka mōʻaukala o ka hui Anglo-American.

I ka makahiki 1942/1943, ua piʻi nui ʻo Roosevelt a me Churchill mai Stalin. Ke hoʻomaka nei ke kaua ʻo Stalingrad, a ua koi ka poʻe Lūkini e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi "mua lua" ma ʻEulopa Komohana i ka hiki wawe, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ai iā lākou. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole mākaukau nā pūʻali Anglo-ʻAmelika e hoʻouka i ke Channel English, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka pae ʻana ma Dieppe i ʻAukake 1942. ʻO kahi wale nō ma ʻEulopa kahi e hiki ai i ka Western Allies ke hoʻoweliweli i ka hakakā ʻana i nā Kelemania ma ka ʻāina ʻo ia ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka ʻāina. .

"E lilo mākou i mea ʻakaʻaka"

Ua kū mua ka manaʻo o kahi pae ʻana ma Sicily ma Lākana i ke kauwela o 1942, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka ʻOihana Hoʻolālā Hui Pū ʻIa Kaua e noʻonoʻo i nā hana hiki ke hana ʻia e nā pūʻali koa Pelekania ma 1943. A laila ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau pahuhopu koʻikoʻi ma ke Kai Mediterranean, ʻo Sicily a me Sardinia, i loaʻa nā inoa code Husky a me Sulfur. ʻO Sardinia ka mea i pale ʻole ʻia i hiki ke hopu ʻia i kekahi mau mahina ma mua, akā he mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻOiai ua kūpono ia no nā hana ea mai laila mai, hiki i nā pūʻali honua ke hoʻohana iā ia ma ke ʻano he kumu commando no ka hoʻouka ʻana ma ka hema o Farani a me ka ʻāina nui o Italia. ʻO ka hemahema nui o Sardinia mai ka manaʻo pūʻali koa ʻo ka nele o nā awa a me nā kahakai kūpono no ka pae ʻana mai ke kai.

ʻOiai ʻo ka lanakila ʻana o Pelekania ma El Alamein a me ka pae kūleʻa ʻana o nā Allies ma Morocco a me Algiers (Operation Torch) i Nowemapa 1942 i hāʻawi ai i nā Allies i ka manaʻolana no ka hoʻopau wikiwiki ʻana i nā hakakā ma ʻApelika ʻĀkau, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Churchill: "E lilo mākou i mea ʻakaʻaka inā i ka pūnāwai a i ke kauwela o 1943. ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i kaua nā pūʻali koa Pelekania a me ʻAmelika ma nā wahi āpau me Kelemania a me Italia paha. No laila, i ka hopena, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke koho ʻana o Sicily e like me ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻolaha e hiki mai ana e ka noʻonoʻo politika - i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i nā hana no 1943, pono ʻo Churchill e noʻonoʻo i ka nui o kēlā me kēia hana i hiki iā ia ke hōʻike iā Stalin. he pani hilinaʻi no ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana iā Farani. No laila ua hāʻule ka koho iā Sicily - ʻoiai i kēia manawa ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokele ʻana i kahi hana pae ʻana ma laila ʻaʻole i hoʻāla i ka hoihoi.

Mai kahi manaʻo hoʻolālā, ʻo ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka huakaʻi Italia holoʻokoʻa he kuhihewa, a ʻo ka pae ʻana i Sicily i hōʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi ala i kahi ʻole. ʻO ke kaua ʻo Monte Cassino ke hōʻike nei i ka paʻakikī a me ka pono ʻole o ke koko o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka moku haiki, mauna ʻo Apennine Peninsula. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hoʻokahuli ʻana iā Mussolini he mea hōʻoluʻolu liʻiliʻi ia, ʻoiai ʻo nā Italia, ma ke ʻano he mau hoa pili, ua ʻoi aku ke kaumaha o ka poʻe Kelemania ma mua o ka waiwai. Ma ka manawa lōʻihi, ua hāʻule hou ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa - kū'ē i ka manaʻolana o nā hoa pili, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kā lākou mau hana ʻino ma ke Kai Mediterranean i nā pūʻali ʻenemi nui a ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i kahi kōkua nui i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe (hikina, a laila komohana. ).

ʻO ka poʻe Pelekania, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka hoʻouka ʻana iā Sicily, i kēia manawa ua lanakila lākou i ka manaʻo i nā ʻAmelika ʻoi aku ka kānalua. ʻO ke kumu o kēia ka hālāwai kūkā ma Casablanca i Ianuali 1943. Ma laila, Churchill "sculpted" Roosevelt (Stalin defiantly hōʻole e hele mai) e hoʻokō 'o Operation Husky, ina hiki, i loko o Iune - koke ma hope o ka lanakila i manaoia ma North Africa. Ke mau nei nā kānalua. ʻOiai ʻo Kāpena Butcher, ka ʻelele moku o Eisenhower: Ua lawe ʻia ʻo Sicily, ʻai wale mākou i nā ʻaoʻao.

"ʻO ia ke alakaʻi nui, ʻaʻole wau"

Ma Casablanca, ua hoʻomākaukau maikaʻi ʻia ka poʻe Pelekania no kēia mau kūkākūkā ʻana, ua loaʻa i kahi kūleʻa ʻē aʻe ma ka lilo o ko lākou hoa. ʻOiai ʻo General Dwight Eisenhower ke alakaʻi nui, ʻo ke koena o nā kūlana koʻikoʻi i lawe ʻia e nā Pelekane. ʻO ka hope a me ka luna nui o Eisenhower o ka pūʻali koa hui i ka wā o nā hoʻouka kaua ma Tunisia a me nā hoʻouka kaua ma hope, ʻo ia hoʻi ma Sicily, ʻo General Harold Alexander. Ua hoonohoia na puali kaua moana malalo o ke alakai ana a Adm. ʻO Andrew Cunningham, ke Aliʻi o ka Royal Navy ma ke Kaiwaenahonua. I ka huli ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kuleana o ka mokulele iā Marshal Arthur Tedder, ka luna o ka Allied Air Force ma ke Kaiwaenahonua.